Effects of Saengshik, a natural raw meal, on Dextran Sulfate Sodium(DSS)-Induced Colitis and Azoxymethane(AOM)/DSS-Induced Colitis-Associated Colon Cancer
in C57BL/6J Mice
Shin Sung-Ho
Department of Food Science and Nutrition,
Graduate School
Pusan National University
Abstra...
Effects of Saengshik, a natural raw meal, on Dextran Sulfate Sodium(DSS)-Induced Colitis and Azoxymethane(AOM)/DSS-Induced Colitis-Associated Colon Cancer
in C57BL/6J Mice
Shin Sung-Ho
Department of Food Science and Nutrition,
Graduate School
Pusan National University
Abstract
Traditionally, natural raw meal, also called Saengshik in Korea, has been eaten as health food instead of normal diets by Buddhist monks practicing meditation in Korean temples. Saengshik is a mixture of powdered raw meals containing whole grains, fruits, vegetables, and other natural materials, and easily eaten by mixing it with water, milk, or other liquids. In this study, we evaluated anti-colitis and colon cancer inhibiting effect of Saengshik in animal test respectively.
In colitis animal test, we found that natural raw meal-Korean style Saengshik (NK) was better than natural raw meal-cooked Korean style Saengshik (NCK) in inhibiting reduction of colon length, increasing ratio colon weight to length, and reducing the crypts induced by Dextran Sulfate Sodium (DSS). In addition NK decreased the serum and colonic levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6 and reduced the expressions of inflammatory iNOS and COX-2 in mRNA of colon tissues in DSS-induced colitis.
We also determined the effects of Saengshik on high fat diet (HFD, 45%) and DSS-induced colitis in C57BL/6J mice. NA prevented shortening of colon length and gaining of colon weight to length ratio in HFD-and/or DSS treated mice. Furthermore, NA reduced the infiltrations of inflammatory cells and suppressed mucosal injury in the colon tissues of HFD and/or DSS-treated mice by modulating pro-inflammatory cytokine (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, IL-17A and MCP-1) levels in serum and colon tissues and by reducing the expressions of inflammatory iNOS and COX-2. High levels of NA maintained body weights in HFD+DSS-treated mice similar to level of normal diet treated group. Serum levels of obesity-related biomarkers, triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein (LDL), high density lipoprotein (HDL), insulin, leptin, and adiponectin were determined using commercial kits. NA showed anti-obesity effects by modulating serum lipid profiles (TG, TC, LDL, and HDL), serum insulin and leptin levels, and by increasing adiponectin in HFD-and/or DSS-treated mice. When calorie was restricted in HFD+DSS treated group, both Saengshik groups (NA and NK) were significantly effective in aforementioned measurements compared to the group without Saengshik in diet. These results suggest that Saengshik might have a significant obesity and colitis inhibitory effect in C57BL/6J mice.
The effect of NA on colitis-associated colon cancer (CAC) in C57BL/6J mice was investigated. Colon length, ratio of colon weight-to-length and numbers of tumor in the colon tissue were used to evaluate the preventive effects of NA in the C57BL/6J mice. NA significantly suppressed AOM/DSS-induced neoplasia and shortening of colon length, and decreased the ratio of colon weight-to-length. Histological observation suggested that NA effectively suppressed neoplasia induced by AOM/DSS compared to treatment groups. NA also decreased the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines including TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and INF-γ in serum and mRNA expression of colon tissues. Additionally, NA reduced the expressions of inflammatory iNOS and COX-2 in mRNA of colon tissues. When gene expression in cell cycle of colon cancer was evaluated, NA also decreased the expressions of cyclin D1 and increased the expressions of p53 in mRNA of colon tissues. NA also decreased the expressions of caudin-1 and increased the expressions of zo-1 in mRNA of colon tissues. When calorie was restricted in AOM/DSS treated group, both Saengshik groups (NA and NK) were significantly effective in aforementioned measurements compared to the group without Saengshik in diet. These results suggest that Saengshik may have an anti-inflammatory effect on CAC in C57BL/6J mice, through reduction of the serum pro-inflammatory cytokine levels.
In concusion, Saengshik exhibited a significant inhibitory effect in obesity-associated colitis mice. Also, preventive effect on CAC in AOM/DSS-induced mice. As Saengshik is a mixture of multiple food ingredients, no single ingredient can represent the efficacy of Saengshik; such efficacy might be due to increased bioactive compounds from the ingredients and/or synergistic effect of each ingredient in Saengshik. Thus, further studies are required to determine the mechanisms of how Saengshik prevents the inflammation associated with colitis and colon cancer.
Effects of Saengshik, a natural raw meal, on Dextran Sulfate Sodium(DSS)-Induced Colitis and Azoxymethane(AOM)/DSS-Induced Colitis-Associated Colon Cancer
in C57BL/6J Mice
Shin Sung-Ho
Department of Food Science and Nutrition,
Graduate School
Pusan National University
Abstract
Traditionally, natural raw meal, also called Saengshik in Korea, has been eaten as health food instead of normal diets by Buddhist monks practicing meditation in Korean temples. Saengshik is a mixture of powdered raw meals containing whole grains, fruits, vegetables, and other natural materials, and easily eaten by mixing it with water, milk, or other liquids. In this study, we evaluated anti-colitis and colon cancer inhibiting effect of Saengshik in animal test respectively.
In colitis animal test, we found that natural raw meal-Korean style Saengshik (NK) was better than natural raw meal-cooked Korean style Saengshik (NCK) in inhibiting reduction of colon length, increasing ratio colon weight to length, and reducing the crypts induced by Dextran Sulfate Sodium (DSS). In addition NK decreased the serum and colonic levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6 and reduced the expressions of inflammatory iNOS and COX-2 in mRNA of colon tissues in DSS-induced colitis.
We also determined the effects of Saengshik on high fat diet (HFD, 45%) and DSS-induced colitis in C57BL/6J mice. NA prevented shortening of colon length and gaining of colon weight to length ratio in HFD-and/or DSS treated mice. Furthermore, NA reduced the infiltrations of inflammatory cells and suppressed mucosal injury in the colon tissues of HFD and/or DSS-treated mice by modulating pro-inflammatory cytokine (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, IL-17A and MCP-1) levels in serum and colon tissues and by reducing the expressions of inflammatory iNOS and COX-2. High levels of NA maintained body weights in HFD+DSS-treated mice similar to level of normal diet treated group. Serum levels of obesity-related biomarkers, triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein (LDL), high density lipoprotein (HDL), insulin, leptin, and adiponectin were determined using commercial kits. NA showed anti-obesity effects by modulating serum lipid profiles (TG, TC, LDL, and HDL), serum insulin and leptin levels, and by increasing adiponectin in HFD-and/or DSS-treated mice. When calorie was restricted in HFD+DSS treated group, both Saengshik groups (NA and NK) were significantly effective in aforementioned measurements compared to the group without Saengshik in diet. These results suggest that Saengshik might have a significant obesity and colitis inhibitory effect in C57BL/6J mice.
The effect of NA on colitis-associated colon cancer (CAC) in C57BL/6J mice was investigated. Colon length, ratio of colon weight-to-length and numbers of tumor in the colon tissue were used to evaluate the preventive effects of NA in the C57BL/6J mice. NA significantly suppressed AOM/DSS-induced neoplasia and shortening of colon length, and decreased the ratio of colon weight-to-length. Histological observation suggested that NA effectively suppressed neoplasia induced by AOM/DSS compared to treatment groups. NA also decreased the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines including TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and INF-γ in serum and mRNA expression of colon tissues. Additionally, NA reduced the expressions of inflammatory iNOS and COX-2 in mRNA of colon tissues. When gene expression in cell cycle of colon cancer was evaluated, NA also decreased the expressions of cyclin D1 and increased the expressions of p53 in mRNA of colon tissues. NA also decreased the expressions of caudin-1 and increased the expressions of zo-1 in mRNA of colon tissues. When calorie was restricted in AOM/DSS treated group, both Saengshik groups (NA and NK) were significantly effective in aforementioned measurements compared to the group without Saengshik in diet. These results suggest that Saengshik may have an anti-inflammatory effect on CAC in C57BL/6J mice, through reduction of the serum pro-inflammatory cytokine levels.
In concusion, Saengshik exhibited a significant inhibitory effect in obesity-associated colitis mice. Also, preventive effect on CAC in AOM/DSS-induced mice. As Saengshik is a mixture of multiple food ingredients, no single ingredient can represent the efficacy of Saengshik; such efficacy might be due to increased bioactive compounds from the ingredients and/or synergistic effect of each ingredient in Saengshik. Thus, further studies are required to determine the mechanisms of how Saengshik prevents the inflammation associated with colitis and colon cancer.
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