Recently, whitening events has been progressively expanded even at the artificial reefs for seaweed forest restoration in Jeju-do, Korea. In order to effective restoration of seaweed forest, equipment for rocky clearing was developed for removal useless organisms. The changes of seaweed assemblage o...
Recently, whitening events has been progressively expanded even at the artificial reefs for seaweed forest restoration in Jeju-do, Korea. In order to effective restoration of seaweed forest, equipment for rocky clearing was developed for removal useless organisms. The changes of seaweed assemblage on the artificial reef after rocky clearing proved the effectiveness of the equipment. Additionally, seaweed transplantation block was also developed to effectively prevent herbivore predation. Using the techniques developed in the study, a project of seaweed forest restoration successfully carried out at three costal areas in Jeju, Korea. I, therefore, report some useful research findings for restoration of seaweed forests like below. To clarify the progressive phase of whitening events, the coverage of crustose coralline algae and seaweed were investigated. The dominant species were calculated by the coverage and the importance value index. The results of this study showed that the dominant crustose coralline algae in the Yukyo-type artificial reef in the Haengwon region, Bangoo-type artificial reef in the Geumneung region and Bangoo-type artificial reef in the Pyoseon region were Hydrolithon masakii and Synarthrophyton chejuensis. According to the results obtained from 16 stations at the Yukyo-type artificial reef in the Haengwon region, Jeju-do, the coverage of the crustose coralline algae ranged from 45.06 to 80.80% (average 60.78%), while that of seaweed ranged from 19.20 to 51.19% (average 37.97%). The number of sea urchins at the station in barren ground ranged from approximately 8–14 inds/㎡. The coverage of the crustose coralline algae and seaweed based on diagnosis and acceptance criteria of whitening events (NFRDI, 2008), the barren ground in Jeju-do is considered to be in the secondary phase (progressing). At 16 stations around the Bangoo-type artificial reef in the Geumneung region, Jeju-do, the coverage/station of the crustose coralline algae ranged from 41.69 to 79.12% (average 55.05%), while that of seaweed ranged from 20.88 to 58.31% (average 44.95%). The number of sea urchins found at the station in the barren ground was approximately 9–12 inds/㎡. According to the diagnosis and acceptan cecriteria of whitening events (NFRDI, 2008), barren ground in Jeju-do is considered to be in the secondary phase (progressing). According to the results obtained for 16 stations around the Bangoo artificial reef in Pyoseon region, Jeju-do, the coverage/station of the crustose coralline algae ranged from 49.65 to 75.58% (average 60.30%), while those of seaweed ranged from 24.42 to 50.35% (average 44.95%). The number of sea urchins (herbivorous animal) found at the station in the barren ground was approximately 9–12 inds/㎡. Comparison of the coverage of the crustose coralline algae and seaweed with the diagnosis and acceptance criteria for whitening events (NFRDI, 2008) indicated that the barren ground in Jeju-do is in the secondary phase (progressing). Overall, these findings indicate that the progression of whitening in the three artificial reefs in the three regions of Jeju-do investigated herein are in the secondary phase (progressing). Evaluation of the benthic community investigated in three artificial reefs in three regions of Jeju-do coastal waters in July 2012, there were 21 algal species in the Yukkyo-type artificial reef at Haengwon, four species in the Bangoo-type artificial reef at Geumneung and ten total species in the Bangoo-type artificial reef at Pyoseon. The number of species in the benthic assemblages was largest in the artificial reef at Haengwon. In July 2013, there were 15 algal species in the Yukyo-type artificial reef at Haengwon, three species in the Bangoo-type artificial reef at Geumneung, and ten species in the Bangoo-type artificial reef at Pyoseon. Overall, the greatest number of algal species was observed in the Haengwon region. In July 2012, there were 498 inds/㎡ in the Yukyo-type artificial reef in the Haengwon region, 64 inds/㎡ in the Bangoo-type artificial reef in the Geumneung region, and 160 inds/㎡ in the Bangoo-type artificial reef in the Pyoseon region. Among the benthic communities in three regions, that in Haengwon had the greatest number of individuals. In July 2013, there were 643 inds/㎡ in the Yukyo-type artificial reef in the Haengwon region, 64 inds/㎡ in the Bangoo-type artificial reef at Geumneung ,and total 209 inds/㎡ in the Bangoo-type artificial reef at Pyoseon. The number of individuals was greatest in the Haengwon region. In July 2012, the biomass/station was 919.98 98 g wet wt./㎡ in the Yukyo-type artificial reef at Haengwon, 137.10 g wet wt./㎡ in the Bangoo-type artificial reef at Geumneung, and 429.69 g wet wt./㎡ in the Bangoo-type artificial reef at Pyoseon. The biomass was greatest in the Haengwon region. In July 2013, the biomass/station was 1,370 g wet wt./㎡ in the Yukyo-type artificial reef at Haengwon, 34.02 g wet wt./㎡ in the Bangoo-type artificial reef at Geumneung, and 560.00 g wet wt./㎡ in the Bangoo-type artificial reef at Pyoseon. The Haengwon region had the greatest biomass. The shell height of Batillus cornutus, which inhabited the artificial seaweed reef (Bangoo-type artificial reef) and seaweed forest (rock) in Pyoseon, was also evaluated. In the artificial seaweed reef (Bangoo-type artificial reef) region, the shell height ranged from approximately 3.5–8.0 ㎝ in the artificial seaweed reef (Bangoo-type artificial reef), and there was a large number of individuals with a shell height of 5.0 ㎝. However, in the seaweed forest (rock) region, the shell height ranged from approximately 4.5–9.0 ㎝ and there was a large number of individuals with a shell height of 5.5 ㎝. Based on these findings, the shell heights in the seaweed forest (rock) region were larger than those in the artificial seaweed reef (Bangoo-type artificial reef) because the environmental conditions of habitat and food available in the seaweed forest (rock) were better than those of the artificial seaweed reef (Bangoo-type artificial reef). The shell heights of Anthocidaris crassispina, which inhabited the artificial seaweed reef (Bangoo-type artificial reef) and seaweed forest (rock) in Pyoseon, were also measured. In the artificial seaweed reef (Bangoo-type artificial reef), the shell height ranged from approximately 3.5–5.0 ㎝, with the largest number of individuals being 4.0 ㎝. Also, radius was used but you specified shell height above, please ensure that this is correct .In the seaweed forest (rock) region, the shell height ranged from approximately 4.0–8.0 ㎝, with the largest number of individuals being 5.5 ㎝. Extermination of the spiny top shell, B. cornutus, which inhabited the Pyoseon region in Jeju-do, should be conducted from June to October to correspond with its reproductive season. Therefore, the optimum time for extermination of the spiny top shell is considered to be from early April to late May. Extermination of the sea urchin, A. crassispina, which was found in the Pyoseon region in Jeju-do, should be conducted from June to July to correspond with its reproductive season. Therefore, the optimum time for extermination of the sea urchin is considered to be from April to late May. However, it is assumed that extermination of B. cornutus, and A. crassispina will need to be conducted frequently for successful restoration of the artificial seaweed reef. Marine algal assemblages on the artificial reefs at three stations (Haengwon, Geumneung, Pyoseon in Jeju-do) were studied before and after rock clearing. Nine algal species occurred at three artificial reefs before rock clearing in July 2012. However, 19 algal species were found at three artificial reefs after rock clearing in July 2013. In particular, 13 of 19 species in 2013 were replaced with different species that were not found in July 2012. Algal biomass rapidly increased in July 2013 after rock clearing. The nMDS plot based on the presence and absence of macro-algal assemblages on the artificial reefs showed that the species compositions between artificial reefs were similar before rock clearing operations in July of 2012. However, after rock clearing, the species composition of macro-algal assemblages in the Haengwon region was similar to that in the Pyoseon region, while that in Geumneung region was different from those in the Haengwon and Pyseon regions in July 2013. Further study is needed to clarify the suitable water depth for transplantation of perennial Phaeophyta Eclonia cava. Based on the seasonal changes in total length, total weight, blade length, blade width, and blade weight of E. cava, it begins to grow rapidly in April and reaches its maximum occurrence in June, then decreases from July to early August. Although the total length of E. cava at 10 m was larger than at 5 m and 15 m, ANOVA revealed no significant difference among water depths. However, evaluation of the total weight, blade length, blade width, and blade weight revealed that the growth patterns at 5 m were larger than those at 10 m and 15 m. Taken together, these findings indicate that the most suitable water depth for transplantation and the maximum growth and effective release of zoospores of E. cava is 7–10 m.
Recently, whitening events has been progressively expanded even at the artificial reefs for seaweed forest restoration in Jeju-do, Korea. In order to effective restoration of seaweed forest, equipment for rocky clearing was developed for removal useless organisms. The changes of seaweed assemblage on the artificial reef after rocky clearing proved the effectiveness of the equipment. Additionally, seaweed transplantation block was also developed to effectively prevent herbivore predation. Using the techniques developed in the study, a project of seaweed forest restoration successfully carried out at three costal areas in Jeju, Korea. I, therefore, report some useful research findings for restoration of seaweed forests like below. To clarify the progressive phase of whitening events, the coverage of crustose coralline algae and seaweed were investigated. The dominant species were calculated by the coverage and the importance value index. The results of this study showed that the dominant crustose coralline algae in the Yukyo-type artificial reef in the Haengwon region, Bangoo-type artificial reef in the Geumneung region and Bangoo-type artificial reef in the Pyoseon region were Hydrolithon masakii and Synarthrophyton chejuensis. According to the results obtained from 16 stations at the Yukyo-type artificial reef in the Haengwon region, Jeju-do, the coverage of the crustose coralline algae ranged from 45.06 to 80.80% (average 60.78%), while that of seaweed ranged from 19.20 to 51.19% (average 37.97%). The number of sea urchins at the station in barren ground ranged from approximately 8–14 inds/㎡. The coverage of the crustose coralline algae and seaweed based on diagnosis and acceptance criteria of whitening events (NFRDI, 2008), the barren ground in Jeju-do is considered to be in the secondary phase (progressing). At 16 stations around the Bangoo-type artificial reef in the Geumneung region, Jeju-do, the coverage/station of the crustose coralline algae ranged from 41.69 to 79.12% (average 55.05%), while that of seaweed ranged from 20.88 to 58.31% (average 44.95%). The number of sea urchins found at the station in the barren ground was approximately 9–12 inds/㎡. According to the diagnosis and acceptan cecriteria of whitening events (NFRDI, 2008), barren ground in Jeju-do is considered to be in the secondary phase (progressing). According to the results obtained for 16 stations around the Bangoo artificial reef in Pyoseon region, Jeju-do, the coverage/station of the crustose coralline algae ranged from 49.65 to 75.58% (average 60.30%), while those of seaweed ranged from 24.42 to 50.35% (average 44.95%). The number of sea urchins (herbivorous animal) found at the station in the barren ground was approximately 9–12 inds/㎡. Comparison of the coverage of the crustose coralline algae and seaweed with the diagnosis and acceptance criteria for whitening events (NFRDI, 2008) indicated that the barren ground in Jeju-do is in the secondary phase (progressing). Overall, these findings indicate that the progression of whitening in the three artificial reefs in the three regions of Jeju-do investigated herein are in the secondary phase (progressing). Evaluation of the benthic community investigated in three artificial reefs in three regions of Jeju-do coastal waters in July 2012, there were 21 algal species in the Yukkyo-type artificial reef at Haengwon, four species in the Bangoo-type artificial reef at Geumneung and ten total species in the Bangoo-type artificial reef at Pyoseon. The number of species in the benthic assemblages was largest in the artificial reef at Haengwon. In July 2013, there were 15 algal species in the Yukyo-type artificial reef at Haengwon, three species in the Bangoo-type artificial reef at Geumneung, and ten species in the Bangoo-type artificial reef at Pyoseon. Overall, the greatest number of algal species was observed in the Haengwon region. In July 2012, there were 498 inds/㎡ in the Yukyo-type artificial reef in the Haengwon region, 64 inds/㎡ in the Bangoo-type artificial reef in the Geumneung region, and 160 inds/㎡ in the Bangoo-type artificial reef in the Pyoseon region. Among the benthic communities in three regions, that in Haengwon had the greatest number of individuals. In July 2013, there were 643 inds/㎡ in the Yukyo-type artificial reef in the Haengwon region, 64 inds/㎡ in the Bangoo-type artificial reef at Geumneung ,and total 209 inds/㎡ in the Bangoo-type artificial reef at Pyoseon. The number of individuals was greatest in the Haengwon region. In July 2012, the biomass/station was 919.98 98 g wet wt./㎡ in the Yukyo-type artificial reef at Haengwon, 137.10 g wet wt./㎡ in the Bangoo-type artificial reef at Geumneung, and 429.69 g wet wt./㎡ in the Bangoo-type artificial reef at Pyoseon. The biomass was greatest in the Haengwon region. In July 2013, the biomass/station was 1,370 g wet wt./㎡ in the Yukyo-type artificial reef at Haengwon, 34.02 g wet wt./㎡ in the Bangoo-type artificial reef at Geumneung, and 560.00 g wet wt./㎡ in the Bangoo-type artificial reef at Pyoseon. The Haengwon region had the greatest biomass. The shell height of Batillus cornutus, which inhabited the artificial seaweed reef (Bangoo-type artificial reef) and seaweed forest (rock) in Pyoseon, was also evaluated. In the artificial seaweed reef (Bangoo-type artificial reef) region, the shell height ranged from approximately 3.5–8.0 ㎝ in the artificial seaweed reef (Bangoo-type artificial reef), and there was a large number of individuals with a shell height of 5.0 ㎝. However, in the seaweed forest (rock) region, the shell height ranged from approximately 4.5–9.0 ㎝ and there was a large number of individuals with a shell height of 5.5 ㎝. Based on these findings, the shell heights in the seaweed forest (rock) region were larger than those in the artificial seaweed reef (Bangoo-type artificial reef) because the environmental conditions of habitat and food available in the seaweed forest (rock) were better than those of the artificial seaweed reef (Bangoo-type artificial reef). The shell heights of Anthocidaris crassispina, which inhabited the artificial seaweed reef (Bangoo-type artificial reef) and seaweed forest (rock) in Pyoseon, were also measured. In the artificial seaweed reef (Bangoo-type artificial reef), the shell height ranged from approximately 3.5–5.0 ㎝, with the largest number of individuals being 4.0 ㎝. Also, radius was used but you specified shell height above, please ensure that this is correct .In the seaweed forest (rock) region, the shell height ranged from approximately 4.0–8.0 ㎝, with the largest number of individuals being 5.5 ㎝. Extermination of the spiny top shell, B. cornutus, which inhabited the Pyoseon region in Jeju-do, should be conducted from June to October to correspond with its reproductive season. Therefore, the optimum time for extermination of the spiny top shell is considered to be from early April to late May. Extermination of the sea urchin, A. crassispina, which was found in the Pyoseon region in Jeju-do, should be conducted from June to July to correspond with its reproductive season. Therefore, the optimum time for extermination of the sea urchin is considered to be from April to late May. However, it is assumed that extermination of B. cornutus, and A. crassispina will need to be conducted frequently for successful restoration of the artificial seaweed reef. Marine algal assemblages on the artificial reefs at three stations (Haengwon, Geumneung, Pyoseon in Jeju-do) were studied before and after rock clearing. Nine algal species occurred at three artificial reefs before rock clearing in July 2012. However, 19 algal species were found at three artificial reefs after rock clearing in July 2013. In particular, 13 of 19 species in 2013 were replaced with different species that were not found in July 2012. Algal biomass rapidly increased in July 2013 after rock clearing. The nMDS plot based on the presence and absence of macro-algal assemblages on the artificial reefs showed that the species compositions between artificial reefs were similar before rock clearing operations in July of 2012. However, after rock clearing, the species composition of macro-algal assemblages in the Haengwon region was similar to that in the Pyoseon region, while that in Geumneung region was different from those in the Haengwon and Pyseon regions in July 2013. Further study is needed to clarify the suitable water depth for transplantation of perennial Phaeophyta Eclonia cava. Based on the seasonal changes in total length, total weight, blade length, blade width, and blade weight of E. cava, it begins to grow rapidly in April and reaches its maximum occurrence in June, then decreases from July to early August. Although the total length of E. cava at 10 m was larger than at 5 m and 15 m, ANOVA revealed no significant difference among water depths. However, evaluation of the total weight, blade length, blade width, and blade weight revealed that the growth patterns at 5 m were larger than those at 10 m and 15 m. Taken together, these findings indicate that the most suitable water depth for transplantation and the maximum growth and effective release of zoospores of E. cava is 7–10 m.
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