본 연구는 중국 안휘성의 황산시(옛 지명 휘주)에 위치한 병산촌을 대상으로 지역문화의 고유성과 특수성을 반영하는 향토경관 선정과 향토경관 특성 및 경관요인을 파악하고자 하며 향후 농촌경관 계획 및 정비 시 그 방향성을 제시하는 것이 본 연구의 목적이다. 이를 위해 본 연구는 문헌조사와 현장조사 그리고 설문조사로 수행되었으며, 그 연구의 실증적 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 병산촌 향토경관 특성을 살펴보면, 풍수지리사상에 의해 병산촌은 북쪽의 산을 배경으로 좌우의 낮은 구릉지와 하천이 흐르는 곳의 한가운데 입지하고 있다. 또한 종법제도에 의해 서씨 종족의 자긍심과 종족의 단결을 도모하고자 사당을 여러 곳에 건립하였다. 정주이학에 의해 신분별로 공간을 사용할 수 있는 권한을 부여한 바, 공간을 명확히 구별하였다. 그리고 병산촌은 상인들의 재력으로 호화롭고 품위 있는 사당과 문루 그리고 정자 등을 건설하였다. 마을 내에서의 중요 향토경관은 좁은 외부공간과 가로로 인하여 조망지점을 찾기가 매우 어렵다. 따라서 중요 사당과 고건축물의 식별성은 매우 낮다. 둘째, 병산촌에서 향토경관의 가장 중요한 인자는 역사성이고 그 다음이 보전성으로 인식되었다. 그리고 총 20개의 마을경관을 대상으로 주민과 관광객에게 사진으로 대표향토경관 선정조사를 실시했다. 분석 결과 응답자 중 1/3이상이 묘지 1곳 사당 3곳, 우물 1곳, 그리고 정자가 1곳을 선택하였다. 사진분석 대상 응답자로부터 높은 평가를 받은 6곳의 경관은 점적 경관으로 비교적 높은 ...
중국전통마을의 향토경관 특성 - 휘주의 병산촌을 중심으로 -
(요약)
본 연구는 중국 안휘성의 황산시(옛 지명 휘주)에 위치한 병산촌을 대상으로 지역문화의 고유성과 특수성을 반영하는 향토경관 선정과 향토경관 특성 및 경관요인을 파악하고자 하며 향후 농촌경관 계획 및 정비 시 그 방향성을 제시하는 것이 본 연구의 목적이다. 이를 위해 본 연구는 문헌조사와 현장조사 그리고 설문조사로 수행되었으며, 그 연구의 실증적 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 병산촌 향토경관 특성을 살펴보면, 풍수지리사상에 의해 병산촌은 북쪽의 산을 배경으로 좌우의 낮은 구릉지와 하천이 흐르는 곳의 한가운데 입지하고 있다. 또한 종법제도에 의해 서씨 종족의 자긍심과 종족의 단결을 도모하고자 사당을 여러 곳에 건립하였다. 정주이학에 의해 신분별로 공간을 사용할 수 있는 권한을 부여한 바, 공간을 명확히 구별하였다. 그리고 병산촌은 상인들의 재력으로 호화롭고 품위 있는 사당과 문루 그리고 정자 등을 건설하였다. 마을 내에서의 중요 향토경관은 좁은 외부공간과 가로로 인하여 조망지점을 찾기가 매우 어렵다. 따라서 중요 사당과 고건축물의 식별성은 매우 낮다. 둘째, 병산촌에서 향토경관의 가장 중요한 인자는 역사성이고 그 다음이 보전성으로 인식되었다. 그리고 총 20개의 마을경관을 대상으로 주민과 관광객에게 사진으로 대표향토경관 선정조사를 실시했다. 분석 결과 응답자 중 1/3이상이 묘지 1곳 사당 3곳, 우물 1곳, 그리고 정자가 1곳을 선택하였다. 사진분석 대상 응답자로부터 높은 평가를 받은 6곳의 경관은 점적 경관으로 비교적 높은 개방성을 가진 문화와 생활경관으로서 종법과 정주이학이론으로부터 형성된 경관으로 예술미를 지닌 경관으로 판단된다. 하지만 6장소 모두 시설중심의 사진이었다는 점이 마을전체와 경관중심의 보전을 원하는 전문가와 시설중심의 경관사진을 선택한 일반인과는 차이가 있음을 인식할 수 있었다. 셋째, 농촌고유의 경관을 간직하려는 방향으로 경관계획 및 정비방향은 첫째, 농촌생산과 생활경관의 보전 둘째, 전통 문화와 향토경관의 보전 셋째, 지방향토자원이용 그리고 넷째 전통예술계승이다. 그리고 농촌경관은 전통농촌마을의 역사적 중요성을 전달할 수 있을 정도로 물리적 외형을 잘 유지하고 관리하여야 할 것이다. 이를 위해서는 정주패턴에 대한 통제, 서정적인 경관 유지 그리고 색채경관 통일성 유지 등이 고려되어야 할 것이다.
중국전통마을의 향토경관 특성 - 휘주의 병산촌을 중심으로 -
(요약)
본 연구는 중국 안휘성의 황산시(옛 지명 휘주)에 위치한 병산촌을 대상으로 지역문화의 고유성과 특수성을 반영하는 향토경관 선정과 향토경관 특성 및 경관요인을 파악하고자 하며 향후 농촌경관 계획 및 정비 시 그 방향성을 제시하는 것이 본 연구의 목적이다. 이를 위해 본 연구는 문헌조사와 현장조사 그리고 설문조사로 수행되었으며, 그 연구의 실증적 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 병산촌 향토경관 특성을 살펴보면, 풍수지리사상에 의해 병산촌은 북쪽의 산을 배경으로 좌우의 낮은 구릉지와 하천이 흐르는 곳의 한가운데 입지하고 있다. 또한 종법제도에 의해 서씨 종족의 자긍심과 종족의 단결을 도모하고자 사당을 여러 곳에 건립하였다. 정주이학에 의해 신분별로 공간을 사용할 수 있는 권한을 부여한 바, 공간을 명확히 구별하였다. 그리고 병산촌은 상인들의 재력으로 호화롭고 품위 있는 사당과 문루 그리고 정자 등을 건설하였다. 마을 내에서의 중요 향토경관은 좁은 외부공간과 가로로 인하여 조망지점을 찾기가 매우 어렵다. 따라서 중요 사당과 고건축물의 식별성은 매우 낮다. 둘째, 병산촌에서 향토경관의 가장 중요한 인자는 역사성이고 그 다음이 보전성으로 인식되었다. 그리고 총 20개의 마을경관을 대상으로 주민과 관광객에게 사진으로 대표향토경관 선정조사를 실시했다. 분석 결과 응답자 중 1/3이상이 묘지 1곳 사당 3곳, 우물 1곳, 그리고 정자가 1곳을 선택하였다. 사진분석 대상 응답자로부터 높은 평가를 받은 6곳의 경관은 점적 경관으로 비교적 높은 개방성을 가진 문화와 생활경관으로서 종법과 정주이학이론으로부터 형성된 경관으로 예술미를 지닌 경관으로 판단된다. 하지만 6장소 모두 시설중심의 사진이었다는 점이 마을전체와 경관중심의 보전을 원하는 전문가와 시설중심의 경관사진을 선택한 일반인과는 차이가 있음을 인식할 수 있었다. 셋째, 농촌고유의 경관을 간직하려는 방향으로 경관계획 및 정비방향은 첫째, 농촌생산과 생활경관의 보전 둘째, 전통 문화와 향토경관의 보전 셋째, 지방향토자원이용 그리고 넷째 전통예술계승이다. 그리고 농촌경관은 전통농촌마을의 역사적 중요성을 전달할 수 있을 정도로 물리적 외형을 잘 유지하고 관리하여야 할 것이다. 이를 위해서는 정주패턴에 대한 통제, 서정적인 경관 유지 그리고 색채경관 통일성 유지 등이 고려되어야 할 것이다.
Characteristics of Vernacular Landscapes in Chinese Traditional Villages; Focused on Pingshan Village in Huizhou
Huai Kang
Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture Graduate School, Daegu University Gyeongbuk, Korea
Supervised by prof. Jang,...
Characteristics of Vernacular Landscapes in Chinese Traditional Villages; Focused on Pingshan Village in Huizhou
Huai Kang
Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture Graduate School, Daegu University Gyeongbuk, Korea
Supervised by prof. Jang, Byoung-Kwan
(Abstract) This paper introduces the concept of vernacular landscape based on the problems of belittling China’s inherent cultural landscapes and creating the uniform rural landscapes during the construction of rural residential environment in the “Outline of 11th Five-Year Plan” of “ A link in New Rural Construction” carried out by Chinese government, and emphatically studies the characteristics of vernacular landscapes which are considered as China’s inherent rural residential landscapes. For this reason, Pingshan Village, which has many vernacular landscape elements and is located in Huangshan (its ancient name was Huizhou), Anhui, was selected among the traditional villages representing the Chinese lifestyle as the object; besides, the characteristics andf actors of vernacular village reflecting the inherent nature and particularity of regional culture were analyzed. Furthermore, this paper provides an improving direction for creating rural landscapes with the inherent identity of region in the future. The scope of content in this paper is as follows: firstly, the concept, characteristics, formation background and other contents of vernacular landscape was learned so as to clarify the concept of vernacular landscape. Secondly, Pingshan Village, Huangshan (Huizhou), China was selected as the practical object of research; the representative vernacular landscapes in Pingshan Village were selected through documents and field investigation and their respective characteristics were analyzed. Thirdly, vernacular landscapes were learned through questionnaire survey and a cause analysis was made on the space selected. The research results in this paper are shown below: Characteristics of vernacular landscapes in traditional villages in Yixian County, China with the background of geomantic theory, based on the water in the front and hills on the back, patriarchal system and Neo-Confucianism thought, people built an ancestral hall for the sake of clanship and sense of pride and ungated residential spaces were formed with the center of ancestral hall at traditional villages in Yixian County. Especially, they created water gap gardens, through which they separated their villages from the external world and reached the goal of village defense. The ancestral hall, which is located at the center of a village, is the most representative place in a village and a space for people to make offerings to their ancestors and discuss the racial problem. The space of a village is basically divided by a water way, which runs through a village and provides villagers with water the need to wash clothes and wash the dishes in their life. According to the functions, villagers divide ways into street, lane and road. A street is the major place for public life in a village and there are mostly commercial facilities around a street. A lane refers to a road whose grade is lower than that of a street and is a street inside the residential place of a family and kin group. Besides, there are also streets which divide boundaries such as roads which divide a village from another one, the residential place from the production area, the residential place of a clan from that of another clan. The major landscapes of the traditional villages in Yixian County are located at the nodes between the street network and water ways. The main landscape elements at traditional villages in Yixian County include the water gap garden, memorial archway, door, ancestral hall, residential house, pavilion and bridge etc. The landscapes between the inside and outside of a village consist of water gap garden, memorial archway and door provided to defend against the external intrusion. The memorial archway together with the water gap garden is a building symbolizing the entrance of a traditional village. As a main landscape inside of a village, the memorial archway, which is a building in honor of an official or a person who made contributions to filial piety, fraternal duty, ethnics, chastity and other ethics and morals, is located at the center of a village. There is a square called altar in front of the ancestral hall. As for the plane structure of a folk house in Yixian County, an axis is formed by the gate, open yard and lobby; on left and right sides of a lobby, there are one or two symmetrical rooms. Besides, there are arch bridges on the water ways to a village or inside a village and pavilions in the surrounding areas. All of them add the style of water town in southern Yangtze River. Characteristics of vernacular landscapes in Pingshan Village as well as the selection and factors of vernacular landscapes. According to the geomantic thought, there are hills on the north of Pingshan Village, which is located in the middle position of left and right low hills and rivers. Besides, based on the patriarchal system, ancestral halls were built throughout the village for the sake of the clan’s sense of pride and clanship. In addition, spaces were explicitly differentiated in accordance with the permission of using spaces based on statuses endowed by the Neo-Confucianism, so there is a rank difference between the clan head’s house and others’ houses. The merchants of Pingshan Village invested to build luxurious ancestral halls, gate towers, pavilions and other buildings. The magnificent sculptures on the external wall show the unique vernacular landscapes at Pingshan Village. Centering on the ancestral hall in the early and middle stages, Pingshan Village formed its village streets and living space. However, in Qing Dynasty, great streets were formed around the center of Jiyang Stream due to the need of convenient transportation. From the perspective of landscape structures of the main regions, we can overlook the whole village in several places on the north side of the hilly land, but it is difficult to identify the important vernacular landscapes such as major ancestral halls and buildings because they are shielded by the narrow external space and streets and it is difficult to find a overlooking point. The most important factor of vernacular landscapes in Pingshan Village is the historical significance and the second important factor is the maintainability. Then, a questionnaire survey on the photos of 20 village landscapes was carried out with residents living in Pingshan Village and tourists as the objects. As shown in the analytical result of questionnaire survey, three landscape photos selected by more than one half of respondents and another three landscape photos selected by 1/3 respondents (i.e. six photos in total) were considered as vernacular landscapes. Namely, the three landscapes selected by more than a half of respondents were a graveyard and two ancestral halls; the landscapes selected by 1/3 respondents were an ancestral hall, a water well and a pavilion. The six landscapes valued highly by respondents are highly open cultural and living landscapes, which were formed according to the patriarchal system and Neo-Confucianism, so they are considered as landscapes with artistic beauty. Enlightenment on the planning and repair of rural landscapes in China in the future. As for the future planning and repair of vernacular landscapes, the following points must be kept in mind. Firstly, emphasize the rural production and living landscapes because they are the most important media, through which one can identify the rural atmosphere (Wang Yongjing, 2012). Secondly, emphasize the traditional culture and vernacular landscapes. It is very important to re-identify and invigorate such landscapes from the perspectives of landscape identification and structure. Thirdly, emphasize the utilization of local vernacular resources. It is especially important to localize traditional landscapes by using the local vernacular plants and materials. Fourthly, emphasize the inheritance of traditional arts, because spiritual interest has a great influence on the consciousness of rural landscapes. As for the protection of rural landscapes, it is required to be able to inherit the significant physical forms of rural history through maintenance and management, so it is extremely important to maintain the rural character of a rural village and the inherent landscapes in the form of a village. The contents are mainly the control over the Neo-Confucianism pattern, maintenance of lyric landscapes and the maintenance of the uniformity of color landscapes etc.
Characteristics of Vernacular Landscapes in Chinese Traditional Villages; Focused on Pingshan Village in Huizhou
Huai Kang
Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture Graduate School, Daegu University Gyeongbuk, Korea
Supervised by prof. Jang, Byoung-Kwan
(Abstract) This paper introduces the concept of vernacular landscape based on the problems of belittling China’s inherent cultural landscapes and creating the uniform rural landscapes during the construction of rural residential environment in the “Outline of 11th Five-Year Plan” of “ A link in New Rural Construction” carried out by Chinese government, and emphatically studies the characteristics of vernacular landscapes which are considered as China’s inherent rural residential landscapes. For this reason, Pingshan Village, which has many vernacular landscape elements and is located in Huangshan (its ancient name was Huizhou), Anhui, was selected among the traditional villages representing the Chinese lifestyle as the object; besides, the characteristics andf actors of vernacular village reflecting the inherent nature and particularity of regional culture were analyzed. Furthermore, this paper provides an improving direction for creating rural landscapes with the inherent identity of region in the future. The scope of content in this paper is as follows: firstly, the concept, characteristics, formation background and other contents of vernacular landscape was learned so as to clarify the concept of vernacular landscape. Secondly, Pingshan Village, Huangshan (Huizhou), China was selected as the practical object of research; the representative vernacular landscapes in Pingshan Village were selected through documents and field investigation and their respective characteristics were analyzed. Thirdly, vernacular landscapes were learned through questionnaire survey and a cause analysis was made on the space selected. The research results in this paper are shown below: Characteristics of vernacular landscapes in traditional villages in Yixian County, China with the background of geomantic theory, based on the water in the front and hills on the back, patriarchal system and Neo-Confucianism thought, people built an ancestral hall for the sake of clanship and sense of pride and ungated residential spaces were formed with the center of ancestral hall at traditional villages in Yixian County. Especially, they created water gap gardens, through which they separated their villages from the external world and reached the goal of village defense. The ancestral hall, which is located at the center of a village, is the most representative place in a village and a space for people to make offerings to their ancestors and discuss the racial problem. The space of a village is basically divided by a water way, which runs through a village and provides villagers with water the need to wash clothes and wash the dishes in their life. According to the functions, villagers divide ways into street, lane and road. A street is the major place for public life in a village and there are mostly commercial facilities around a street. A lane refers to a road whose grade is lower than that of a street and is a street inside the residential place of a family and kin group. Besides, there are also streets which divide boundaries such as roads which divide a village from another one, the residential place from the production area, the residential place of a clan from that of another clan. The major landscapes of the traditional villages in Yixian County are located at the nodes between the street network and water ways. The main landscape elements at traditional villages in Yixian County include the water gap garden, memorial archway, door, ancestral hall, residential house, pavilion and bridge etc. The landscapes between the inside and outside of a village consist of water gap garden, memorial archway and door provided to defend against the external intrusion. The memorial archway together with the water gap garden is a building symbolizing the entrance of a traditional village. As a main landscape inside of a village, the memorial archway, which is a building in honor of an official or a person who made contributions to filial piety, fraternal duty, ethnics, chastity and other ethics and morals, is located at the center of a village. There is a square called altar in front of the ancestral hall. As for the plane structure of a folk house in Yixian County, an axis is formed by the gate, open yard and lobby; on left and right sides of a lobby, there are one or two symmetrical rooms. Besides, there are arch bridges on the water ways to a village or inside a village and pavilions in the surrounding areas. All of them add the style of water town in southern Yangtze River. Characteristics of vernacular landscapes in Pingshan Village as well as the selection and factors of vernacular landscapes. According to the geomantic thought, there are hills on the north of Pingshan Village, which is located in the middle position of left and right low hills and rivers. Besides, based on the patriarchal system, ancestral halls were built throughout the village for the sake of the clan’s sense of pride and clanship. In addition, spaces were explicitly differentiated in accordance with the permission of using spaces based on statuses endowed by the Neo-Confucianism, so there is a rank difference between the clan head’s house and others’ houses. The merchants of Pingshan Village invested to build luxurious ancestral halls, gate towers, pavilions and other buildings. The magnificent sculptures on the external wall show the unique vernacular landscapes at Pingshan Village. Centering on the ancestral hall in the early and middle stages, Pingshan Village formed its village streets and living space. However, in Qing Dynasty, great streets were formed around the center of Jiyang Stream due to the need of convenient transportation. From the perspective of landscape structures of the main regions, we can overlook the whole village in several places on the north side of the hilly land, but it is difficult to identify the important vernacular landscapes such as major ancestral halls and buildings because they are shielded by the narrow external space and streets and it is difficult to find a overlooking point. The most important factor of vernacular landscapes in Pingshan Village is the historical significance and the second important factor is the maintainability. Then, a questionnaire survey on the photos of 20 village landscapes was carried out with residents living in Pingshan Village and tourists as the objects. As shown in the analytical result of questionnaire survey, three landscape photos selected by more than one half of respondents and another three landscape photos selected by 1/3 respondents (i.e. six photos in total) were considered as vernacular landscapes. Namely, the three landscapes selected by more than a half of respondents were a graveyard and two ancestral halls; the landscapes selected by 1/3 respondents were an ancestral hall, a water well and a pavilion. The six landscapes valued highly by respondents are highly open cultural and living landscapes, which were formed according to the patriarchal system and Neo-Confucianism, so they are considered as landscapes with artistic beauty. Enlightenment on the planning and repair of rural landscapes in China in the future. As for the future planning and repair of vernacular landscapes, the following points must be kept in mind. Firstly, emphasize the rural production and living landscapes because they are the most important media, through which one can identify the rural atmosphere (Wang Yongjing, 2012). Secondly, emphasize the traditional culture and vernacular landscapes. It is very important to re-identify and invigorate such landscapes from the perspectives of landscape identification and structure. Thirdly, emphasize the utilization of local vernacular resources. It is especially important to localize traditional landscapes by using the local vernacular plants and materials. Fourthly, emphasize the inheritance of traditional arts, because spiritual interest has a great influence on the consciousness of rural landscapes. As for the protection of rural landscapes, it is required to be able to inherit the significant physical forms of rural history through maintenance and management, so it is extremely important to maintain the rural character of a rural village and the inherent landscapes in the form of a village. The contents are mainly the control over the Neo-Confucianism pattern, maintenance of lyric landscapes and the maintenance of the uniformity of color landscapes etc.
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