This study conducted expert interviews, the project status analysis of urban regeneration projects, and resident consciousness analysis in order to evaluate the effects of the general neighborhood-type urban regeneration projects. Based on the results of these analyses, this study analyzed the effec...
This study conducted expert interviews, the project status analysis of urban regeneration projects, and resident consciousness analysis in order to evaluate the effects of the general neighborhood-type urban regeneration projects. Based on the results of these analyses, this study analyzed the effects of urban regeneration projects and proposed the improvement direction for each region. Lastly, this study evaluated the effects of urban regeneration projects on place attachment, residential satisfaction, and settlement consciousness.
The results of this study can be summarized as follows. This study selected urban regeneration and place attachment indices in order to analyze the effects of general neighborhood-type urban regeneration projects. Twenty-six evaluation indices such as ‘pavement status and street facilities’ and ‘parking environment’ were extracted using the results of a first expert survey, MCB analysis, and brainstorming processes. Fifteen evaluation indices were selected for place attachment through the brainstorming process based on the frequency of use. These indices include ‘I can tell a lot about this neighborhood’ and ‘This neighborhood is a big part of my life’. Afterward, a second expert survey and AHP analysis were performed to extract the weights for urban regeneration sectors and evaluation factors.‘Physical environment’ had the highest weight among urban regeneration sectors, followed by ‘social environment’ and ‘economic environment’. In terms of the physical environment, the weight of ‘residential (housing) environment’ was the highest. ‘Resident participation’ and ‘local economic revitalization’ were the highest for the social environment and economic environment, respectively. The composite weight was analyzed based on the weights of urban regeneration sectors and those of evaluation factors. The results of the analysis showed that ‘residential (housing) environment’ had the highest weight of 0.108, followed by ‘local economic revitalization’ of 0.099 and ‘residence participation’ of 0.091, while ‘resident education’ had the lowest weight of 0.044. It is believed that, when implementing a general neighborhood-type urban regeneration project or an environment improvement project, it would be more efficient to carry out the project with emphasizing the evaluation factor with high weight values considering the weight of each urban rehabilitation sector and evaluation factor.
The resident consciousness of the urban regeneration project was analyzed. The results showed that cleanliness was the most important factor in the physical environment, followed by crime prevention facilities and lighting facilities. It is believed that the importance of crime prevention facilities and lighting facilities is high because the area where an urban regeneration project is being implemented is generally a deprived area with the poor physical environment and a high crime rate. Resident welfare service and the reflection of residents’ opinion were important factors in the social environment. Contrarily, the results showed that the importance of resident education was low. In terms of the economic environment, ‘maintaining existing commercial supremacy’ and ‘revitalization’ were the most important factors.
The satisfaction of each factor was analyzed for areas where urban regeneration projects were being implemented. It was found that lighting facility, pavement status and street facilities and crime prevention facilities were importance in the order of magnitude in the physical environment. It is believed that the satisfaction was high for these factors because lighting facility, pavement status and street facilities and crime prevention facilities among physical environment factors were implemented in priority. Moreover, it could be because these areas were deteriorated and became twilight zones. Consequently, the sidewalk was repaved or safety fences were installed to improve the walking environment. In terms of the social environment, evaluation indices associated with community revitalization were highly appreciated. It is believed that it was because residents’ support centers and cooperative societies were established for each region to help residents have diverse activities. In terms of the economic environment, the improvement of the commercial and business environment showed high satisfaction, while the improvement of occupational abilities and job application support had low satisfaction. The analysis results of place attachment, residential satisfaction, and settlement consciousness revealed that ‘I would be very sad if I leave this neighborhood’ had 4.86, while ‘I have many relatives living in this neighborhood’ had 2.70, the lowest value. Moreover, it was found that residential satisfaction and settlement consciousness were 4.52 and 4.64, respectively, which indicated that the former was slightly lower than the latter.
This study conducted IPA analysis in order to suggest improvement directions for each region, where an urban regeneration project was implemented. It used the composite weight extracted from AHP analysis. The results of IPA analysis revealed that there were six evaluation indices in the second quadrant, indicating the area requiring major improvements, including parking environment, residents’ participation opportunity, environment for founding town and social enterprises, and commercial and business environment. The regions, where urban regeneration projects are commonly implemented, are generally low-rise residential areas and have relatively less parking space compared to apartment complexes, which have an underground parking lot or a large parking lot. Therefore, people living in these areas often park cars on the shoulder of the main road or the sidewalk. Moreover, the implemented urban regeneration projects generally aimed to improve the residential and neighborhood living environment. Consequently, there are not enough policies or programs to revitalize the local economy such as a local economy revitalization project. As a result, it is necessary to open school playground and government offices’ parking lots to the local residents and install parking towers and parking lots by organizing vacant houses and idle land. Additionally, a wide range of local economy revitalization programs such as education program operation, local food sales, and woodcraft production are needed by developing unique contents for each neighborhood centered on neighborhood cooperatives.
First of all, urban regeneration evaluation indices and place attachment evaluation indices were categorized using factor analysis in order to evaluate the effects of urban regeneration projects on place attachment, residential satisfaction, and settlement consciousness. The results of factor analysis showed that urban regeneration evaluation indices were categorized into ‘social environment’, ‘living environment’, ‘green space and public space’, and ‘economic environment’, while place attachment evaluation indices were classified into ‘dependency and identity’ and ‘social closeness’. Subsequently, the effects of the categorized factors on place attachment, residential satisfaction, and settlement consciousness were analyzed using path analysis. Among factors of place attachment, ‘social environment’, ‘living environment’, ‘green space and public space’ and ‘economic environment’ influenced ‘dependence and identity’. Especially, ‘social environment’ affected it the most. The results of the analysis revealed that only ‘social environment’ affected ‘social closeness’.
When the effects on ‘residential satisfaction’ were analyzed, ‘social environment’ had an indirectly effect of 0.241 on ‘residential satisfaction’ with a full mediator of ‘place attachment(dependency and identity, social closeness)’. Moreover, ‘living environment’ and ‘green space and public space’ had direct effects on ‘residential satisfaction’ of 0.110 and 0.070, respectively. They also had indirectly effects on ‘residential satisfaction’ of 0.144 and 0.136, respectively, with a partial mediator of ‘dependency and identity’. The analysis results also indicated that ‘economic environment’ had an indirect effect on ‘residential satisfaction’ of 0.079 with a full mediator of ‘dependency and identity’. ‘Social environment’ had a direct effect on ‘settlement consciousness’ of -0.077 and an indirect effect on ‘place attachment(dependency and identity, and social closeness)’ of 0.287 with a partial mediator of ‘place attachment’. The total effect was 0.210. ‘Living environment’ and ‘green space and public space’ had indirect effects on settlement consciousness of 0.152 and 0.142, respectively, with a full mediator of ‘dependency and identity’. The analysis results revealed that ‘economic environment’ had a direct effect of -0.091 and an indirect effect of 0.084 with a partial mediator of ‘dependency and identity’ on ‘settlement consciousness’. The total effect was -0.077 but it was not significant.
This study identified evaluation factors and indices by examining previous studies and surveying experts for general neighborhood-type urban regeneration projects. Moreover, this study analyzed the weights for urban regeneration sectors and evaluation indices based on them. This study also analyzed the urban regeneration projects through the project status analysis and resident consciousness analysis of the urban regeneration project region. As a result, the improvement direction for each region was proposed by using weights estimated from the importance, satisfaction, and AHP analyses for each region. Lastly, the effects of the urban regeneration project on place attachment, residential satisfaction, and settlement consciousness were evaluated using path analysis. It will be possible to prioritize the urban regeneration sectors and evaluation factors based on the results for implementing a general neighborhood-type urban regeneration project for the region or improving the region. Moreover, by conducting IPA analysis and evaluating the effects of the urban regeneration project on place attachment, residential satisfaction and settlement consciousness, it will be possible to present efficient improvement directions and a guideline for each region. However, this study has limitations that the selection of evaluation indices and urban regeneration project analyses relied on the subjective awareness of experts and local residents. Future studies shall need to analyze the effects of the urban regeneration projects in various aspects such as objective economic value analyses such as demographic changes and price changes in real estate, and spatial analysis using GIS in addition to the subjective awareness of experts and local residents.
This study conducted expert interviews, the project status analysis of urban regeneration projects, and resident consciousness analysis in order to evaluate the effects of the general neighborhood-type urban regeneration projects. Based on the results of these analyses, this study analyzed the effects of urban regeneration projects and proposed the improvement direction for each region. Lastly, this study evaluated the effects of urban regeneration projects on place attachment, residential satisfaction, and settlement consciousness.
The results of this study can be summarized as follows. This study selected urban regeneration and place attachment indices in order to analyze the effects of general neighborhood-type urban regeneration projects. Twenty-six evaluation indices such as ‘pavement status and street facilities’ and ‘parking environment’ were extracted using the results of a first expert survey, MCB analysis, and brainstorming processes. Fifteen evaluation indices were selected for place attachment through the brainstorming process based on the frequency of use. These indices include ‘I can tell a lot about this neighborhood’ and ‘This neighborhood is a big part of my life’. Afterward, a second expert survey and AHP analysis were performed to extract the weights for urban regeneration sectors and evaluation factors.‘Physical environment’ had the highest weight among urban regeneration sectors, followed by ‘social environment’ and ‘economic environment’. In terms of the physical environment, the weight of ‘residential (housing) environment’ was the highest. ‘Resident participation’ and ‘local economic revitalization’ were the highest for the social environment and economic environment, respectively. The composite weight was analyzed based on the weights of urban regeneration sectors and those of evaluation factors. The results of the analysis showed that ‘residential (housing) environment’ had the highest weight of 0.108, followed by ‘local economic revitalization’ of 0.099 and ‘residence participation’ of 0.091, while ‘resident education’ had the lowest weight of 0.044. It is believed that, when implementing a general neighborhood-type urban regeneration project or an environment improvement project, it would be more efficient to carry out the project with emphasizing the evaluation factor with high weight values considering the weight of each urban rehabilitation sector and evaluation factor.
The resident consciousness of the urban regeneration project was analyzed. The results showed that cleanliness was the most important factor in the physical environment, followed by crime prevention facilities and lighting facilities. It is believed that the importance of crime prevention facilities and lighting facilities is high because the area where an urban regeneration project is being implemented is generally a deprived area with the poor physical environment and a high crime rate. Resident welfare service and the reflection of residents’ opinion were important factors in the social environment. Contrarily, the results showed that the importance of resident education was low. In terms of the economic environment, ‘maintaining existing commercial supremacy’ and ‘revitalization’ were the most important factors.
The satisfaction of each factor was analyzed for areas where urban regeneration projects were being implemented. It was found that lighting facility, pavement status and street facilities and crime prevention facilities were importance in the order of magnitude in the physical environment. It is believed that the satisfaction was high for these factors because lighting facility, pavement status and street facilities and crime prevention facilities among physical environment factors were implemented in priority. Moreover, it could be because these areas were deteriorated and became twilight zones. Consequently, the sidewalk was repaved or safety fences were installed to improve the walking environment. In terms of the social environment, evaluation indices associated with community revitalization were highly appreciated. It is believed that it was because residents’ support centers and cooperative societies were established for each region to help residents have diverse activities. In terms of the economic environment, the improvement of the commercial and business environment showed high satisfaction, while the improvement of occupational abilities and job application support had low satisfaction. The analysis results of place attachment, residential satisfaction, and settlement consciousness revealed that ‘I would be very sad if I leave this neighborhood’ had 4.86, while ‘I have many relatives living in this neighborhood’ had 2.70, the lowest value. Moreover, it was found that residential satisfaction and settlement consciousness were 4.52 and 4.64, respectively, which indicated that the former was slightly lower than the latter.
This study conducted IPA analysis in order to suggest improvement directions for each region, where an urban regeneration project was implemented. It used the composite weight extracted from AHP analysis. The results of IPA analysis revealed that there were six evaluation indices in the second quadrant, indicating the area requiring major improvements, including parking environment, residents’ participation opportunity, environment for founding town and social enterprises, and commercial and business environment. The regions, where urban regeneration projects are commonly implemented, are generally low-rise residential areas and have relatively less parking space compared to apartment complexes, which have an underground parking lot or a large parking lot. Therefore, people living in these areas often park cars on the shoulder of the main road or the sidewalk. Moreover, the implemented urban regeneration projects generally aimed to improve the residential and neighborhood living environment. Consequently, there are not enough policies or programs to revitalize the local economy such as a local economy revitalization project. As a result, it is necessary to open school playground and government offices’ parking lots to the local residents and install parking towers and parking lots by organizing vacant houses and idle land. Additionally, a wide range of local economy revitalization programs such as education program operation, local food sales, and woodcraft production are needed by developing unique contents for each neighborhood centered on neighborhood cooperatives.
First of all, urban regeneration evaluation indices and place attachment evaluation indices were categorized using factor analysis in order to evaluate the effects of urban regeneration projects on place attachment, residential satisfaction, and settlement consciousness. The results of factor analysis showed that urban regeneration evaluation indices were categorized into ‘social environment’, ‘living environment’, ‘green space and public space’, and ‘economic environment’, while place attachment evaluation indices were classified into ‘dependency and identity’ and ‘social closeness’. Subsequently, the effects of the categorized factors on place attachment, residential satisfaction, and settlement consciousness were analyzed using path analysis. Among factors of place attachment, ‘social environment’, ‘living environment’, ‘green space and public space’ and ‘economic environment’ influenced ‘dependence and identity’. Especially, ‘social environment’ affected it the most. The results of the analysis revealed that only ‘social environment’ affected ‘social closeness’.
When the effects on ‘residential satisfaction’ were analyzed, ‘social environment’ had an indirectly effect of 0.241 on ‘residential satisfaction’ with a full mediator of ‘place attachment(dependency and identity, social closeness)’. Moreover, ‘living environment’ and ‘green space and public space’ had direct effects on ‘residential satisfaction’ of 0.110 and 0.070, respectively. They also had indirectly effects on ‘residential satisfaction’ of 0.144 and 0.136, respectively, with a partial mediator of ‘dependency and identity’. The analysis results also indicated that ‘economic environment’ had an indirect effect on ‘residential satisfaction’ of 0.079 with a full mediator of ‘dependency and identity’. ‘Social environment’ had a direct effect on ‘settlement consciousness’ of -0.077 and an indirect effect on ‘place attachment(dependency and identity, and social closeness)’ of 0.287 with a partial mediator of ‘place attachment’. The total effect was 0.210. ‘Living environment’ and ‘green space and public space’ had indirect effects on settlement consciousness of 0.152 and 0.142, respectively, with a full mediator of ‘dependency and identity’. The analysis results revealed that ‘economic environment’ had a direct effect of -0.091 and an indirect effect of 0.084 with a partial mediator of ‘dependency and identity’ on ‘settlement consciousness’. The total effect was -0.077 but it was not significant.
This study identified evaluation factors and indices by examining previous studies and surveying experts for general neighborhood-type urban regeneration projects. Moreover, this study analyzed the weights for urban regeneration sectors and evaluation indices based on them. This study also analyzed the urban regeneration projects through the project status analysis and resident consciousness analysis of the urban regeneration project region. As a result, the improvement direction for each region was proposed by using weights estimated from the importance, satisfaction, and AHP analyses for each region. Lastly, the effects of the urban regeneration project on place attachment, residential satisfaction, and settlement consciousness were evaluated using path analysis. It will be possible to prioritize the urban regeneration sectors and evaluation factors based on the results for implementing a general neighborhood-type urban regeneration project for the region or improving the region. Moreover, by conducting IPA analysis and evaluating the effects of the urban regeneration project on place attachment, residential satisfaction and settlement consciousness, it will be possible to present efficient improvement directions and a guideline for each region. However, this study has limitations that the selection of evaluation indices and urban regeneration project analyses relied on the subjective awareness of experts and local residents. Future studies shall need to analyze the effects of the urban regeneration projects in various aspects such as objective economic value analyses such as demographic changes and price changes in real estate, and spatial analysis using GIS in addition to the subjective awareness of experts and local residents.
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