This study applied the basic gravity model to analyze the relationship between the level of environmental management in the importing country and Korea's exports. Economic size, distance, exchange rate, cultural distance, stringency of environmental regulation, FTA agreement with Korea, and relative...
This study applied the basic gravity model to analyze the relationship between the level of environmental management in the importing country and Korea's exports. Economic size, distance, exchange rate, cultural distance, stringency of environmental regulation, FTA agreement with Korea, and relative management level with Korea as dummy variables. We will examine the impact of changes in environmental management levels on Korea's exports by dividing them into countries with relatively higher environmental management levels than those with lower environmental standards. Also, we analyze empirically the relation between export and environmental management level by technology level of industry based on R&D intensities. In addition, we analyze CO₂ emissions, which is the stringency of environmental regulation. This will provide the explanation of the difference between environmental management level and environmental regulation intensity.
As a result of analyzing the effect of environmental management level on Korea 's exports, the level of environmental management showed a positive (+) correlation with exports. This is because, as the environmental regulation becomes institutionalized, it develops into a system considering the stakeholders, the economy and society as a whole. This interpretation can be interpreted as an affirmation of regulation when interpreted as a mutual trust approach (Winsemius & Guntram, 1992 ).
The results of countries with relatively high levels of environmental management showed positive correlation between environmental management level and exports. The analysis based on the relative difference means that the results differ depending on the characteristics of the region in which the company exports. The high level of environmental management in the other country can be defined as the requirement of the consumer in the market and the environmental regulation reflecting the effect of participation of various stakeholders. The results of countries with relatively low levels of environmental management did not yield significant results for EML. It can be interpreted that the increase in the management level of the partner country in the relatively low level of environmental management does not affect the export of Korea.
As a result of analyzing the effect of differences in relative environmental management level and technology level on exports, it was found that the increase in the level of environmental management in a country relatively higher than that in Korea increases exports of high technology and low technology. According to the results by technology level, The value is 5.2359, the standard deviation is 0.8365, low technology industry Coef. Value of 2.0236 and a standard deviation of 0.8753. Therefore, Coef. The significance of the difference between the values was verified by the Chow test. (F (8,160) is 2.51 or more, the difference between the two regression equations is 99%. This means that we reject the null hypothesis that the two equations are the same. Value indicates a significant difference.
The results of countries with relatively lower environmental management levels than Korea show significant results only in low technology industries. Looking at the results by industry, the low technology industry Coef. The value was -1.1286, and the standard deviation was 0.5550. This is because the environmental regulation introduced by the first partner to achieve environmental performance is a trade barrier to Korea, which is the exporting country. It can be inferred that Korea's exports have been reduced by applying regulations for environmental performance related to low technology industries, which are dominated by food, textile, paper, and wood industries. The second is a decrease in exports due to the competitiveness of eco-friendly innovation in the importing country. When governments increase support for environmental performance and apply appropriate regulations, companies are strengthening their products' competitiveness through compliance and innovation (Nielsen, 2011). This means that the level of environmental management of the importing country can lead to innovation that strengthens domestic companies and international competitiveness and can replace imports from Korea.
As a result of analyzing the effect of relative environmental management level on export of high technology industry, high technology industry showed positive correlation at 99% level in high management level countries. On the other hand, it did not show a meaningful value in the low management level countries. In low-regulated countries, Korean companies are not sensitive to changes in the environmental management level, and Korean firms are not sensitive to environmental changes at low environmental management levels. It seems that no significant change has occurred.
This study investigated the relation between export intensity and environmental control level by supplementing the measurement limit and conceptual limit of environmental regulation. In the case of the stringency of the environmental regulation, exports and positive (+) correlations were shown in all models 1 and 3. When analyzed according to the relative environmental management level, only the positive correlation was shown when exporting to relatively low countries, and when analyzed according to the technology level, positive (+) Correlation. The low level of environmental management means that the level of regulation and environmental management performance is lower than that of exporting country, and the consumer 's needs in the market and green innovation performance are also relatively low. It is more likely that Porter's assumption that export-oriented firms increase exports through eco-friendly innovation would be due to the increase in imports for the transfer of domestic production facilities and substitution of existing products due to the strengthening of environmental regulations of other countries, Do. Therefore, we can not fully explain the development of eco-friendly innovation based on the strength of environmental regulations. However, the environmental management level shows a positive correlation when exporting to a relatively high level country. This can be seen as an eco-friendly innovation activity of the exporting country to catch up with relatively higher technology.
1) The academic implications
This study examines the effect of exporting country 's environmental management level on Korea' s exports and has the following academic implications. First, it is the expansion of the discussion through applying the concept of environmental management level in the study on environmental regulation and export. Studies on existing environmental regulations have been studied with a focus on strength. However, there are conceptually many limitations in the method of measuring strength. To overcome these limitations, the institutionalization concept of environmental regulation was applied. In the early stage of introduction, environmental regulation has the characteristic of arbitrary and compulsive intensity, but after time it develops into a level system considering stakeholders, economy and society as a whole (Winsemius & Guntram, 1992). This implies that the institutionalized environmental regulation has a low uncertainty, a consistent direction, and a mutual trust between the market and the economic entity (Paternoster & Simpson, 1996). This study suggests that it is necessary to apply not only the stringency of regulation but also the performance of the regulation applied by the state and the concept of management level.
The second is confirmation of the need to complement the study of the environmental management level of the other country. Existing studies have mainly examined how the strengthening of environmental regulation in one country affects the competitiveness of the country and its own enterprises. (1995), and others (eg, Porter and van de Linde et al., 1995). However, in the global market, the environmental regulation of one country can affect the import and export of trading partners. The impact of changes in environmental management levels on domestic and exporting countries was considered by studying how changes in the level of environmental management, reflecting market and consumer needs of exporting nations, affect exports to Korea. This suggests that studies on the level of environmental management should be conducted in consideration of the other countries.
Third, we have identified the need for research on the impact of relative environmental management differences on exports. Empirical results show that the increase in the level of environmental management has a different effect on Korea 's exports by countries with higher management levels than Korea and lower countries. Especially, high technology industry showed the highest positive correlation in the change of countries with higher management level than Korea. However, changes in countries with lower management levels than Korea show that there is a negative relationship in low technology industries. This implies that the absolute level of management is also important, but that relative analysis based on Korea is important.
Finally, the scope of the study is expanded by the effect of environmental management level on exports by technology level. By analyzing the effect of environmental management level according to the characteristics of each industry market, we derive more detailed and detailed results by deriving the results by industry. High technology industries actively invest in technological innovation to cope with uncertainties in the high management environment and gain competitive advantage, which ultimately increases export performance (Sandu & Ciocanel, 2014). On the other hand, low technology industries are passive because of low market and technology uncertainty (Jensen et al., 2007). Green innovation is indispensable to overcome the environmental regulations that appear as green protectionism. In terms of market characteristics according to technology level, innovation performance and export are different. In this way, it is necessary to study the innovation activity and export performance of companies responding to the change of environmental management level of other countries by reflecting the characteristics by technology level. It is expected that the industry - specific analysis according to the level of technology will contribute to expanding the scope of environmental management level research.
2) The Policy implications
Policy implications are as follows. First, it is necessary to establish export support policy through understanding environmental management level. Countries are pushing for management trade to protect their industries due to the economic downturn. It stands for free trade, but it has various measures to protect its own industry. Therefore, considering the number of regulations and the stringency of regulation, as well as the environmental management performance of the importing country, it is necessary to find out the export opportunities and to increase the exports by supporting the innovation of the enterprises. Second, a support policy that takes into account the relative environmental management level is needed. As a result of this study, it can be seen that there are many export opportunities through innovation in countries with relatively high environmental management level. This can be confirmed by examining the performance of export regions and companies in previous research. Exporting more products to developed countries than exporting countries leads to higher productivity (Vacek, Pavel, 2010). This implies that if the exporting country has a highly developed and highly competitive market, or if it is dealing with companies using the latest capital and advanced management techniques to produce innovative products, will be. This suggests that it is necessary to support the companies to find out more opportunities to expand their exports by comparing the environmental management level of the regions they export to the future. Third, there is a need for export support policy by technology level. As can be seen from the results, it can be seen that the high technology industry responds more sensitively to changes in the level of environmental management than the medium and low technologies. Moving export structures from low-tech to high-tech products is an indicator of the sustainability of competitiveness (Bayraktutan & Bidirdi, 2015). Therefore, eco-friendly innovation and export support for high technology industries are needed.
3) Limitations and Further Research
This study has the following limitations, though it has led to many discussions through application of new concept and various analysis. First, this study investigated the relationship between the environmental management level of the partner country and Korea's exports. The variables that can explain the change of environmental management level and the change of corporate strategic behavior were not applied. Intermediate variables such as increase in R & D investment and change in productivity have not been applied. Second, We have not been able to address at what level of trade, it is an important step in trade research, the level of environmental management of the other country at the enterprise level. Studying these areas will lead to more effective and practical implications. Finally, the level of environmental management in one country does not take account of changes in the amount of trade given to the exporting country and the importing country at the same time. As in the study, changes in the level of environmental management of the other country affect the exporting country. This, in turn, could affect the volume of trade if it can affect the importing country due to changes in the level of environmental management of the exporting country. This study should be considered.
In the future, it is required to extend the study to reflect these limitations. First, it is necessary to study the additional variables of the enterprise level that can be influenced by the change of the environmental management level of the other country. Also, it is necessary to select the industries that have the most regulation recently and apply the environmental management performance indicators of the relevant industries. These studies will enable more efficient analysis and provide concrete implications.
This study applied the basic gravity model to analyze the relationship between the level of environmental management in the importing country and Korea's exports. Economic size, distance, exchange rate, cultural distance, stringency of environmental regulation, FTA agreement with Korea, and relative management level with Korea as dummy variables. We will examine the impact of changes in environmental management levels on Korea's exports by dividing them into countries with relatively higher environmental management levels than those with lower environmental standards. Also, we analyze empirically the relation between export and environmental management level by technology level of industry based on R&D intensities. In addition, we analyze CO₂ emissions, which is the stringency of environmental regulation. This will provide the explanation of the difference between environmental management level and environmental regulation intensity.
As a result of analyzing the effect of environmental management level on Korea 's exports, the level of environmental management showed a positive (+) correlation with exports. This is because, as the environmental regulation becomes institutionalized, it develops into a system considering the stakeholders, the economy and society as a whole. This interpretation can be interpreted as an affirmation of regulation when interpreted as a mutual trust approach (Winsemius & Guntram, 1992 ).
The results of countries with relatively high levels of environmental management showed positive correlation between environmental management level and exports. The analysis based on the relative difference means that the results differ depending on the characteristics of the region in which the company exports. The high level of environmental management in the other country can be defined as the requirement of the consumer in the market and the environmental regulation reflecting the effect of participation of various stakeholders. The results of countries with relatively low levels of environmental management did not yield significant results for EML. It can be interpreted that the increase in the management level of the partner country in the relatively low level of environmental management does not affect the export of Korea.
As a result of analyzing the effect of differences in relative environmental management level and technology level on exports, it was found that the increase in the level of environmental management in a country relatively higher than that in Korea increases exports of high technology and low technology. According to the results by technology level, The value is 5.2359, the standard deviation is 0.8365, low technology industry Coef. Value of 2.0236 and a standard deviation of 0.8753. Therefore, Coef. The significance of the difference between the values was verified by the Chow test. (F (8,160) is 2.51 or more, the difference between the two regression equations is 99%. This means that we reject the null hypothesis that the two equations are the same. Value indicates a significant difference.
The results of countries with relatively lower environmental management levels than Korea show significant results only in low technology industries. Looking at the results by industry, the low technology industry Coef. The value was -1.1286, and the standard deviation was 0.5550. This is because the environmental regulation introduced by the first partner to achieve environmental performance is a trade barrier to Korea, which is the exporting country. It can be inferred that Korea's exports have been reduced by applying regulations for environmental performance related to low technology industries, which are dominated by food, textile, paper, and wood industries. The second is a decrease in exports due to the competitiveness of eco-friendly innovation in the importing country. When governments increase support for environmental performance and apply appropriate regulations, companies are strengthening their products' competitiveness through compliance and innovation (Nielsen, 2011). This means that the level of environmental management of the importing country can lead to innovation that strengthens domestic companies and international competitiveness and can replace imports from Korea.
As a result of analyzing the effect of relative environmental management level on export of high technology industry, high technology industry showed positive correlation at 99% level in high management level countries. On the other hand, it did not show a meaningful value in the low management level countries. In low-regulated countries, Korean companies are not sensitive to changes in the environmental management level, and Korean firms are not sensitive to environmental changes at low environmental management levels. It seems that no significant change has occurred.
This study investigated the relation between export intensity and environmental control level by supplementing the measurement limit and conceptual limit of environmental regulation. In the case of the stringency of the environmental regulation, exports and positive (+) correlations were shown in all models 1 and 3. When analyzed according to the relative environmental management level, only the positive correlation was shown when exporting to relatively low countries, and when analyzed according to the technology level, positive (+) Correlation. The low level of environmental management means that the level of regulation and environmental management performance is lower than that of exporting country, and the consumer 's needs in the market and green innovation performance are also relatively low. It is more likely that Porter's assumption that export-oriented firms increase exports through eco-friendly innovation would be due to the increase in imports for the transfer of domestic production facilities and substitution of existing products due to the strengthening of environmental regulations of other countries, Do. Therefore, we can not fully explain the development of eco-friendly innovation based on the strength of environmental regulations. However, the environmental management level shows a positive correlation when exporting to a relatively high level country. This can be seen as an eco-friendly innovation activity of the exporting country to catch up with relatively higher technology.
1) The academic implications
This study examines the effect of exporting country 's environmental management level on Korea' s exports and has the following academic implications. First, it is the expansion of the discussion through applying the concept of environmental management level in the study on environmental regulation and export. Studies on existing environmental regulations have been studied with a focus on strength. However, there are conceptually many limitations in the method of measuring strength. To overcome these limitations, the institutionalization concept of environmental regulation was applied. In the early stage of introduction, environmental regulation has the characteristic of arbitrary and compulsive intensity, but after time it develops into a level system considering stakeholders, economy and society as a whole (Winsemius & Guntram, 1992). This implies that the institutionalized environmental regulation has a low uncertainty, a consistent direction, and a mutual trust between the market and the economic entity (Paternoster & Simpson, 1996). This study suggests that it is necessary to apply not only the stringency of regulation but also the performance of the regulation applied by the state and the concept of management level.
The second is confirmation of the need to complement the study of the environmental management level of the other country. Existing studies have mainly examined how the strengthening of environmental regulation in one country affects the competitiveness of the country and its own enterprises. (1995), and others (eg, Porter and van de Linde et al., 1995). However, in the global market, the environmental regulation of one country can affect the import and export of trading partners. The impact of changes in environmental management levels on domestic and exporting countries was considered by studying how changes in the level of environmental management, reflecting market and consumer needs of exporting nations, affect exports to Korea. This suggests that studies on the level of environmental management should be conducted in consideration of the other countries.
Third, we have identified the need for research on the impact of relative environmental management differences on exports. Empirical results show that the increase in the level of environmental management has a different effect on Korea 's exports by countries with higher management levels than Korea and lower countries. Especially, high technology industry showed the highest positive correlation in the change of countries with higher management level than Korea. However, changes in countries with lower management levels than Korea show that there is a negative relationship in low technology industries. This implies that the absolute level of management is also important, but that relative analysis based on Korea is important.
Finally, the scope of the study is expanded by the effect of environmental management level on exports by technology level. By analyzing the effect of environmental management level according to the characteristics of each industry market, we derive more detailed and detailed results by deriving the results by industry. High technology industries actively invest in technological innovation to cope with uncertainties in the high management environment and gain competitive advantage, which ultimately increases export performance (Sandu & Ciocanel, 2014). On the other hand, low technology industries are passive because of low market and technology uncertainty (Jensen et al., 2007). Green innovation is indispensable to overcome the environmental regulations that appear as green protectionism. In terms of market characteristics according to technology level, innovation performance and export are different. In this way, it is necessary to study the innovation activity and export performance of companies responding to the change of environmental management level of other countries by reflecting the characteristics by technology level. It is expected that the industry - specific analysis according to the level of technology will contribute to expanding the scope of environmental management level research.
2) The Policy implications
Policy implications are as follows. First, it is necessary to establish export support policy through understanding environmental management level. Countries are pushing for management trade to protect their industries due to the economic downturn. It stands for free trade, but it has various measures to protect its own industry. Therefore, considering the number of regulations and the stringency of regulation, as well as the environmental management performance of the importing country, it is necessary to find out the export opportunities and to increase the exports by supporting the innovation of the enterprises. Second, a support policy that takes into account the relative environmental management level is needed. As a result of this study, it can be seen that there are many export opportunities through innovation in countries with relatively high environmental management level. This can be confirmed by examining the performance of export regions and companies in previous research. Exporting more products to developed countries than exporting countries leads to higher productivity (Vacek, Pavel, 2010). This implies that if the exporting country has a highly developed and highly competitive market, or if it is dealing with companies using the latest capital and advanced management techniques to produce innovative products, will be. This suggests that it is necessary to support the companies to find out more opportunities to expand their exports by comparing the environmental management level of the regions they export to the future. Third, there is a need for export support policy by technology level. As can be seen from the results, it can be seen that the high technology industry responds more sensitively to changes in the level of environmental management than the medium and low technologies. Moving export structures from low-tech to high-tech products is an indicator of the sustainability of competitiveness (Bayraktutan & Bidirdi, 2015). Therefore, eco-friendly innovation and export support for high technology industries are needed.
3) Limitations and Further Research
This study has the following limitations, though it has led to many discussions through application of new concept and various analysis. First, this study investigated the relationship between the environmental management level of the partner country and Korea's exports. The variables that can explain the change of environmental management level and the change of corporate strategic behavior were not applied. Intermediate variables such as increase in R & D investment and change in productivity have not been applied. Second, We have not been able to address at what level of trade, it is an important step in trade research, the level of environmental management of the other country at the enterprise level. Studying these areas will lead to more effective and practical implications. Finally, the level of environmental management in one country does not take account of changes in the amount of trade given to the exporting country and the importing country at the same time. As in the study, changes in the level of environmental management of the other country affect the exporting country. This, in turn, could affect the volume of trade if it can affect the importing country due to changes in the level of environmental management of the exporting country. This study should be considered.
In the future, it is required to extend the study to reflect these limitations. First, it is necessary to study the additional variables of the enterprise level that can be influenced by the change of the environmental management level of the other country. Also, it is necessary to select the industries that have the most regulation recently and apply the environmental management performance indicators of the relevant industries. These studies will enable more efficient analysis and provide concrete implications.
주제어
#Gravity model, Environment management level, Environment regulation stringency, Relative gap of environment management level, Industry by technology level
※ AI-Helper는 부적절한 답변을 할 수 있습니다.