Harmful cyanobacterial blooms, caused by harmful cyanobacteria such as Microcystis, Anabaena, Oscillatoria, and Aphanizomenon, have been emerging a global issue because it is routinely occurred in the aquatic environments in every summer worldwidely. These harmful cyanobacteria can produce a variety...
Harmful cyanobacterial blooms, caused by harmful cyanobacteria such as Microcystis, Anabaena, Oscillatoria, and Aphanizomenon, have been emerging a global issue because it is routinely occurred in the aquatic environments in every summer worldwidely. These harmful cyanobacteria can produce a variety of cyanotoxins, including microcystins, cylindrospermopsins, anatoxins-a, nodularins, and saxitoxins. The aim of this study was to optimize the multiplex PCR method to detect the genes involved in synthesis of five kinds of cyanotoxins simultaneously, and to verify the applicability of the optimized method in the aquatic environments in Korea. In order to optimize the multiplex PCR the appropriate primers which specific to the five kinds of cyanotoxins were selected or developed, and the PCR conditions such as the annealing temperature and the concentrations of primers were optimized. The PCR results with the standard positive control samples showed that the optimized multiplex PCR method can be used to monitor the existence of five kinds of cyanotoxins in the environmental samples simultaneously, accurately, and quickly. In the samples taken from six rivers and seven reservoirs in summer season in Korea, only mcyE involved in microcystins synthesis was detected among the five kinds of cyanotoxin synthetase genes, indicating the risk management against microcystins are required among the these toxins in the Korean freshwaters. In the samples taken from the Gangjeong-Goryung and Dalseong Weirs, microcystins were detected in all of samples in which the mcyE gene were also detected. The optimized multiplex PCR method in this study can quickly and accurately analyse the presence of cyanotoxin synthetase genes in the samples. Therefore, it can be used as a method for managing the risk of cyanotoxins in the Korean rivers and reservoirs.
Harmful cyanobacterial blooms, caused by harmful cyanobacteria such as Microcystis, Anabaena, Oscillatoria, and Aphanizomenon, have been emerging a global issue because it is routinely occurred in the aquatic environments in every summer worldwidely. These harmful cyanobacteria can produce a variety of cyanotoxins, including microcystins, cylindrospermopsins, anatoxins-a, nodularins, and saxitoxins. The aim of this study was to optimize the multiplex PCR method to detect the genes involved in synthesis of five kinds of cyanotoxins simultaneously, and to verify the applicability of the optimized method in the aquatic environments in Korea. In order to optimize the multiplex PCR the appropriate primers which specific to the five kinds of cyanotoxins were selected or developed, and the PCR conditions such as the annealing temperature and the concentrations of primers were optimized. The PCR results with the standard positive control samples showed that the optimized multiplex PCR method can be used to monitor the existence of five kinds of cyanotoxins in the environmental samples simultaneously, accurately, and quickly. In the samples taken from six rivers and seven reservoirs in summer season in Korea, only mcyE involved in microcystins synthesis was detected among the five kinds of cyanotoxin synthetase genes, indicating the risk management against microcystins are required among the these toxins in the Korean freshwaters. In the samples taken from the Gangjeong-Goryung and Dalseong Weirs, microcystins were detected in all of samples in which the mcyE gene were also detected. The optimized multiplex PCR method in this study can quickly and accurately analyse the presence of cyanotoxin synthetase genes in the samples. Therefore, it can be used as a method for managing the risk of cyanotoxins in the Korean rivers and reservoirs.
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