본 연구에서는 첨가제가 포함되지 않은 High density polyethylene(HDPE), Low density polyethylene(LDPE), Polypropylene(PP), ...
본 연구에서는 첨가제가 포함되지 않은 High density polyethylene(HDPE), Low density polyethylene(LDPE), Polypropylene(PP), Polystyrene(PS) 및 Polyethylene terephthalate(PET)를 Fiber 형식으로 제조한 후 UV 조사 여부에 따른 토양 미생물 효소 활성과 미생물 군집의 변화를 평가하였다. UVC(254 nm) 조사에 따른 플라스틱 시료의 표면 작용기 변화를 확인하기 위해 Attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared(ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy을 이용하여 분석을 수행한 결과, 광산화(Photo oxidation)의 지표로서 Carbonyl group의 C=O 이중 결합 신축 진동의 변화를 관찰할 수 있었다. 토양 기능 평가의 대표적 방법으로서 Fluorescein diacetate(FDA) hydrolysis를 수행한 결과, 플라스틱이 첨가되지 않은 대조군 시료에 비해 LDPE, HDPE, PP, PS, PET를 첨가한 시료의 경우 13.2-24.8%의 효소활성저해가 관찰되었다(p < 0.05). 특히 PP와 PS는 UV를 조사함에 따라 각각 17.2% 및 5.2%의 효소활성저해가 추가적으로 관찰되었다. 미세플라스틱 주입에 따른 FDA 효소활성변화를 근거로, 미생물 군집 분석(Microbial community structure analysis)을 수행하였다. 목(Order) 수준의 Burkholderiales의 분류학적 분포는 PP 및 PS가 첨가된 토양에서 0.3-1.1%의 증가를 했으며, UV 조사된 PP 및 PS가 첨가된 토양에서는 3.2-3.4%의 증가를 보였다. 또한, 풍부도(Richness)를 의미하는 ACE, Chao1, Jackknife 및 phylogenetic diversity는 PP 첨가 후 대조군에 비해 120-156이 증가하고 UV 조사된 PP를 첨가한 후에는 27-86의 추가적인 증가가 관찰되었다. 그러나 PS를 첨가한 경우, 5-12가 감소되었으며, UV 조사된 PS를 첨가한 후에는 48-257로 감소하였다. 종의 개수, 균등성(Evenness)에 기초한 NPShannon, Shannon index는 PP 및 PS 첨가 후 0.02-0.03의 증가를 나타냈지만, UV 조사된 PP 및 PS 첨가 후에는 0.05-0.16의 감소를 보였다. 또한 주성분분석(Principal component analysis; PCA)을 통해 플라스틱 또는 광분해 환경 모사(UV 조사)에 따른 차이가 51.0%와 25.7%의 분산도를 나타냈다. 이는, 미세플라스틱의 풍화에 따라 토양 미생물 군집에 차이가 발생함을 의미한다.
본 연구에서는 첨가제가 포함되지 않은 High density polyethylene(HDPE), Low density polyethylene(LDPE), Polypropylene(PP), Polystyrene(PS) 및 Polyethylene terephthalate(PET)를 Fiber 형식으로 제조한 후 UV 조사 여부에 따른 토양 미생물 효소 활성과 미생물 군집의 변화를 평가하였다. UVC(254 nm) 조사에 따른 플라스틱 시료의 표면 작용기 변화를 확인하기 위해 Attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared(ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy을 이용하여 분석을 수행한 결과, 광산화(Photo oxidation)의 지표로서 Carbonyl group의 C=O 이중 결합 신축 진동의 변화를 관찰할 수 있었다. 토양 기능 평가의 대표적 방법으로서 Fluorescein diacetate(FDA) hydrolysis를 수행한 결과, 플라스틱이 첨가되지 않은 대조군 시료에 비해 LDPE, HDPE, PP, PS, PET를 첨가한 시료의 경우 13.2-24.8%의 효소활성저해가 관찰되었다(p < 0.05). 특히 PP와 PS는 UV를 조사함에 따라 각각 17.2% 및 5.2%의 효소활성저해가 추가적으로 관찰되었다. 미세플라스틱 주입에 따른 FDA 효소활성변화를 근거로, 미생물 군집 분석(Microbial community structure analysis)을 수행하였다. 목(Order) 수준의 Burkholderiales의 분류학적 분포는 PP 및 PS가 첨가된 토양에서 0.3-1.1%의 증가를 했으며, UV 조사된 PP 및 PS가 첨가된 토양에서는 3.2-3.4%의 증가를 보였다. 또한, 풍부도(Richness)를 의미하는 ACE, Chao1, Jackknife 및 phylogenetic diversity는 PP 첨가 후 대조군에 비해 120-156이 증가하고 UV 조사된 PP를 첨가한 후에는 27-86의 추가적인 증가가 관찰되었다. 그러나 PS를 첨가한 경우, 5-12가 감소되었으며, UV 조사된 PS를 첨가한 후에는 48-257로 감소하였다. 종의 개수, 균등성(Evenness)에 기초한 NPShannon, Shannon index는 PP 및 PS 첨가 후 0.02-0.03의 증가를 나타냈지만, UV 조사된 PP 및 PS 첨가 후에는 0.05-0.16의 감소를 보였다. 또한 주성분분석(Principal component analysis; PCA)을 통해 플라스틱 또는 광분해 환경 모사(UV 조사)에 따른 차이가 51.0%와 25.7%의 분산도를 나타냈다. 이는, 미세플라스틱의 풍화에 따라 토양 미생물 군집에 차이가 발생함을 의미한다.
In this study, high density polyethylene (HDPE), low density polyethylene (LDPE), polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS), and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) without any additives were produced in fiber forms (1-5 mm). Also, five different plastics in fiber forms were injected a soil sample to assess...
In this study, high density polyethylene (HDPE), low density polyethylene (LDPE), polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS), and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) without any additives were produced in fiber forms (1-5 mm). Also, five different plastics in fiber forms were injected a soil sample to assess soil enzymatic activity and microbial community structure with the respect to the UV irradiation (254 nm). An attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy was used to confirm the change of surface functionality in UV-irradiated microplastics. The change of C=O double bond stretching vibration in carbonyl group was observed as an index of photo oxidation. Fluorescein diacetate (FDA) hydrolysis assessment as a representative methodology of soil function evaluation showed that 13.2-24.8% of enzyme activity (p <0.05) was inhibited in whole soil samples containing LDPE, HDPE, PP, PS, and PET compared to the control sample (without microplastics). In particular, 17.2% and 5.2% of enzyme activity inhibition was additionally observed in PP and PS, respectively, when irradiated with UV. The taxonomic distribution of Burkholderiales at the order level increased by 0.3-1.1% in soils with PP and PS, and increased by 3.2-3.4% in soils with UV-irradiated PP and PS. Furthermore, ACE, Chao1, Jackknife, and phylogenetic diversity, which mean richness, increased 120-156 in the PP injected soil sample compared to the control sample. Also, an additional increase of 27-86 was observed in the soil sample with the UV-irradiated PP. However, when virgin PS and UV-irradiated PS were added, 5-12 and 48-257 decreased, respectively. NPShannon and Shannon index based on the number of species and evenness showed an increase of 0.02-0.03 after addition of PP and PS, but a decrease of 0.05-0.16 after addition of PP and PS irradiated with UV. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed a difference of 51.0% and 25.7% of variation according to existence of microplastics in soil and the simulation of photo degradation circumstance (i.e., UV irradiation). It indicates that soil microbial community structure was changed by the weathering of the microplastics.
In this study, high density polyethylene (HDPE), low density polyethylene (LDPE), polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS), and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) without any additives were produced in fiber forms (1-5 mm). Also, five different plastics in fiber forms were injected a soil sample to assess soil enzymatic activity and microbial community structure with the respect to the UV irradiation (254 nm). An attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy was used to confirm the change of surface functionality in UV-irradiated microplastics. The change of C=O double bond stretching vibration in carbonyl group was observed as an index of photo oxidation. Fluorescein diacetate (FDA) hydrolysis assessment as a representative methodology of soil function evaluation showed that 13.2-24.8% of enzyme activity (p <0.05) was inhibited in whole soil samples containing LDPE, HDPE, PP, PS, and PET compared to the control sample (without microplastics). In particular, 17.2% and 5.2% of enzyme activity inhibition was additionally observed in PP and PS, respectively, when irradiated with UV. The taxonomic distribution of Burkholderiales at the order level increased by 0.3-1.1% in soils with PP and PS, and increased by 3.2-3.4% in soils with UV-irradiated PP and PS. Furthermore, ACE, Chao1, Jackknife, and phylogenetic diversity, which mean richness, increased 120-156 in the PP injected soil sample compared to the control sample. Also, an additional increase of 27-86 was observed in the soil sample with the UV-irradiated PP. However, when virgin PS and UV-irradiated PS were added, 5-12 and 48-257 decreased, respectively. NPShannon and Shannon index based on the number of species and evenness showed an increase of 0.02-0.03 after addition of PP and PS, but a decrease of 0.05-0.16 after addition of PP and PS irradiated with UV. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed a difference of 51.0% and 25.7% of variation according to existence of microplastics in soil and the simulation of photo degradation circumstance (i.e., UV irradiation). It indicates that soil microbial community structure was changed by the weathering of the microplastics.
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