선택한 단어 수는 입니다.
최소 단어 이상 선택하여야 합니다.
최소 단어 이상 선택하여야 합니다.
선택한 단어 수는 30입니다.
최대 10 단어까지만 선택 가능합니다.
최대 10 단어까지만 선택 가능합니다.
문제 정의
- Thus, the purpose of this present research is to examine whether forest landscape has beneficial effect on stressed Koreans, using psychological and physiological responses as research measures. Specifically, it aims to compare the stress-reducing effect of a forest landscape with that of an artificial landscape.
제안 방법
- Before testing the two hypotheses, Relative changes in the two physiological changes from base line were analyzed (Figures 3 and 4). In order to find the unbiased change patterns from baseline to stressor and landscape phases, all the physiological data of each participant was standardized from his/her baseline.
- The pretest was comprised of three 아eps. First, a simple survey was conducted on 96 undergraduates in order to find out the representative physical characteristics of forest and artificial landscapes. The results showed that a forest landscape was heavily associated with water and trees (woods), whereas an artificial landscape was mostly associated with man-made constructions such as industrial, residential, and commercial buildings.
- In order to carry out the research, two research hypotheses were formulated The first was about the quantity of stress-recovery, and the second was about the speed and completeness of stress-recovery.
- In order to test this hypothesis, the changes of each 11 ZIPERS ratings were calculated by subtracting the ratings after the landscape phase from those before the landscape phase (i.e. first ZIPERS - second ZIPERS). Then, factor analysis was applied to the 11 changes in order to categorize the data.
- In the landscape phase, the participant viewed one of two landscape videotapes (forest or artificial) for 10 minutes. In the second ZIPERS phase, the participant filled out the questionnaire again.
- These measures were continuously recorded throughout the three experimental phases, such as baseline, stressor, and landscape phase. The ECG records information about cardiovascular activity such as interbeat interval of heart rate (IBI), and GSR measures activity in the sweat glands lying under the recording devices. Both measures record activity that is con* trolled by autonomic nervous system (ANS).
- The general statistical model was comprized of the factors of Gender (2), Landscape type (2), Epoch (4), and each participants physiological changes that was expressed as the difference. The physiological changes due to landscape were calculated by subtracting the average data of each epoch in the landscape phase from the average data of the four epoch in the stressor phase(i.e., average data of the four epochs in the stressor phase - average data of each epoch in the landscape phase).
- experiment. The purpose of the experiment was explained to find out the psycho-physiological change of a body during interaction with various environmental stimuli. All the participants did not have any neurological or health disorders, and were paid W10, 000 for their participation after the experiment.
- Thus, the full experimental design consisted of two between-subject factors and one within-subject factor. The between subject factors were Gender (male, female) and Landscape type (forest, industrial).
- Thus, two separate ANOVAs were conducted in order to examine the effect of landscape on physiological responses. The general statistical model was comprized of the factors of Gender (2), Landscape type (2), Epoch (4), and each participants physiological changes that was expressed as the difference.
대상 데이터
- Among the seventy participants, the data of seventeen participants were lost due to severe body movement or experimenter error. As a result, the data of fifty three participants were used in the analysis. Thus, twenty six females (average age: 22.
- Second, 30 forest landscapes with water and trees and 90 artificial landscapes (30 industrial, 30 residential, 30 commercial) were photographed. In the third step, the 120 landscape slides were evaluated by 152 undergraduates on a 11 point bipolar scale. One axis of the scale represented the naturalness of landscape with 5 point degree (l=a little natural, 2=somewhat natural, 3=fairly natural, 4= very natural, 5=most natural).
- The results showed that a forest landscape was heavily associated with water and trees (woods), whereas an artificial landscape was mostly associated with man-made constructions such as industrial, residential, and commercial buildings. Second, 30 forest landscapes with water and trees and 90 artificial landscapes (30 industrial, 30 residential, 30 commercial) were photographed. In the third step, the 120 landscape slides were evaluated by 152 undergraduates on a 11 point bipolar scale.
- The measuring tool was Biopac that was made in U.S.A. GSR was measured through two transducers attached on the skin surface over the thenar eminence of the distal phalanges of the 3rd and 4th fingers of left hand. ECG was measured through three transducers, two of which were attached on the right collar bone and on the lowest left rib bone.
- The participants consisted of seventy undergraduate students who volunteered after reading the paper that explained the purpose and the procedure of the experiment. The purpose of the experiment was explained to find out the psycho-physiological change of a body during interaction with various environmental stimuli.
- The pretest was comprised of three 아eps. First, a simple survey was conducted on 96 undergraduates in order to find out the representative physical characteristics of forest and artificial landscapes.
- As a result, the data of fifty three participants were used in the analysis. Thus, twenty six females (average age: 22.7) and twenty seven males (average age: 24.7) participated in the experiment. Since the purpose of present research was to examine the stress-reducing effect of a forest landscape on stressed individuals, the research participants should be stressed first.
데이터처리
- Second, the speed of recovery was operationalized as the epoch in which the converted value either crossed or were equal to zero, and the completeness of recovery was opera-tionalized as the actual values at this point of recovery. For each physiological data, two separate ANOVAs were conducted in order to find the effect of landscape type on the speed of recovery and on the completeness of recovery.
이론/모형
- ZIPERS (Zuckerman Inventory of Personal Reactions' Zuckerman, 1977) was used to record psychological responses. The ZIPERS was used in the previous research (Ulrich et al.
성능/효과
- Between the two axis, there was 0 in order to prevent confusion. Data analysis showed that a valley landscape with water and vegetation was evaluated as the most natural 처nd that an industrial landscape with a big factory building was evaluated as the most artificial (Figures 1 and 2). Then, the two landscapes were selected as environmental surrogates for forest and artificial landscapes.
- On the whole, the study findings supported that forest landscape has beneficial effect in relieving Koreans' stress psycho-physiologically, even though they failed to support the function of forest landscape to induce involuntary attention. The findings also prove that only the visual encounters with forest landscape, not a direct experience of it, can cause stress reduction in both psychological and physiological aspects.
- First, the data of each epoch in the landscape phase was converted to the difference according to the formula (data-average of baseline). Second, the speed of recovery was operationalized as the epoch in which the converted value either crossed or were equal to zero, and the completeness of recovery was opera-tionalized as the actual values at this point of recovery. For each physiological data, two separate ANOVAs were conducted in order to find the effect of landscape type on the speed of recovery and on the completeness of recovery.
- 019). The result of t~test for the effect of gender revealed that IBI of female participants were longer (0.025 second) than that of male participants (0.009), which meant that the level of attention of females was higher than that of males. As a result, the first hypothesis was accepted only in GSR.
- First, a simple survey was conducted on 96 undergraduates in order to find out the representative physical characteristics of forest and artificial landscapes. The results showed that a forest landscape was heavily associated with water and trees (woods), whereas an artificial landscape was mostly associated with man-made constructions such as industrial, residential, and commercial buildings. Second, 30 forest landscapes with water and trees and 90 artificial landscapes (30 industrial, 30 residential, 30 commercial) were photographed.
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