Purpose. Koreans are one of the fastest growing Asian populations in the U.S. since 1960s. In Korean immigrant women (KIW), breast cancer was reported as the most frequently diagnosed cancer. However, their screening rates for breast cancer are lower than national guidelines; it is assumed that unde...
Purpose. Koreans are one of the fastest growing Asian populations in the U.S. since 1960s. In Korean immigrant women (KIW), breast cancer was reported as the most frequently diagnosed cancer. However, their screening rates for breast cancer are lower than national guidelines; it is assumed that underlying cultural schemas of breast, breast cancer, and its screening modalities exist and need to be studied. This study was aimed to investigate cultural meanings of breast, breast cancer, and breast cancer screenings in KIW. Methods. Using cultural models theory from cognitive anthropology, naturalistic qualitative methodology was utilized. Three focus group interviews with fifteen KIW were conducted. Thematic analysis with constant comparison technique was performed eliciting units of meaning, categories, and themes. Results. The cultural schema of the meaning of breast is 'mother who is breast-feeding her baby,' with two themes of 'balance in size,' and 'shyness.' Regarding breast cancer, three themes, i.e., 'indifference,' 'fear,' and 'uncertainty' are emerged. 'Lack of information about screening modalities' is the overarching schema with reference to breast cancer screenings. Conclusions. The findings of this study demonstrate unique cultural models of KIW related to breast cancer and its screenings, which are critical to understand and penetrate their barriers to breast cancer screening.
Purpose. Koreans are one of the fastest growing Asian populations in the U.S. since 1960s. In Korean immigrant women (KIW), breast cancer was reported as the most frequently diagnosed cancer. However, their screening rates for breast cancer are lower than national guidelines; it is assumed that underlying cultural schemas of breast, breast cancer, and its screening modalities exist and need to be studied. This study was aimed to investigate cultural meanings of breast, breast cancer, and breast cancer screenings in KIW. Methods. Using cultural models theory from cognitive anthropology, naturalistic qualitative methodology was utilized. Three focus group interviews with fifteen KIW were conducted. Thematic analysis with constant comparison technique was performed eliciting units of meaning, categories, and themes. Results. The cultural schema of the meaning of breast is 'mother who is breast-feeding her baby,' with two themes of 'balance in size,' and 'shyness.' Regarding breast cancer, three themes, i.e., 'indifference,' 'fear,' and 'uncertainty' are emerged. 'Lack of information about screening modalities' is the overarching schema with reference to breast cancer screenings. Conclusions. The findings of this study demonstrate unique cultural models of KIW related to breast cancer and its screenings, which are critical to understand and penetrate their barriers to breast cancer screening.
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문제 정의
Those features are (1) increasing breast cancer incidence, (2) low screening rates, (3) several known barriers to screenings, and (4) existing education materials and programs in general. And, then, the author opened up the discussion about what kind of strategies would be effective in order to improve their mother's breast cancer screening practices in very personal levels.
Qualitative research approach is utilized by conducting focus group interviews with fifteen Korean immigrant women. The findings of the study demonstrates unique perspectives of Korean immigrant women, which are essential to understand and penetrate their barriers to breast cancer screening practices.
The findings of this study demonstrate several important points for the breast cancer study of Korean immigrant women. First, the fifteen participants, who lived over ten years in the U.
가설 설정
Considering relatively young ages of some participants, the author also asked what they thought their mothers' barriers to breast cancer screenings could be. Most factors they listed as barriers to breast cancer screening were quite similar to previous research such as, cost, limited time, and language barriers (Han, Wiliams, & Harrison, 2000).
제안 방법
The schemas found in this study manifested Korean immigrant women's cultural models, i.e., "mother who is breast-feeding her baby, ” for breast, uindifference, fear, and uncertainty" for breast cancer and “lack of information about screening modalities” for breast cancer screening. In addition, the participants' knowledge and practices of breast cancer screening, and culturally competent strategies to improve those behaviors were described.
Before asking the effective strategies to improve breast cancer screening among Korean immigrant women, the author informed the participants on several features of breast cancer in Korean immigrant women in the U.S. Those features are (1) increasing breast cancer incidence, (2) low screening rates, (3) several known barriers to screenings, and (4) existing education materials and programs in general. And, then, the author opened up the discussion about what kind of strategies would be effective in order to improve their mother's breast cancer screening practices in very personal levels.
analysis (Glaser & Strauss, 1967). Data analysis was systematic and proceeded through identifying units of meaning, categories, and themes. The first level of coding was proceeded in Korean language to preserve cultural verbatim and nuances (Suh, Kagan, & Strumpf, 2004).
From the second level coding, which was eliciting categories, the categories and themes were translated into English. In order to validate the analysis, a qualitative analysis group consisted of a faculty and two pre-doctor-al students supervised the analysis process. Main themes, including one or two narratives in which those themes were well illustrated, are demonstrated in the following section.
Research questions for this study are semi-structured and open-ended questions about Korean immigrant woman5s meanings of breast, breast cancer, and its screening modalities. Strategies to improve breast cancer screening behaviors in Korean immigrant women in general were asked as well.
The focus group session started with an introduction of the study and was followed by discussion and group interview, asking the proposed research questions. The author led the focus group, took field notes, and observed nonverbal communication. All discussions were audiotape recorded, transcribed in Korean, and then, translated from Korean into English.
Qualitative data gathered conducting three focus group interviews. The author, as a Korean immigrant woman, led all discussions with culturally sensitive attitudes and analyzed data using constant comparison technique.
The findings of this study showed one schema and two main themes of breast in Korean immigrant women, which are breast-feeding mother, balance in size, and shyness respectively. First, not surprisingly, “mother who is breast-feeding her baby” is a dominant schema related to breast.
대상 데이터
Considering collectivism in Korean culture, in which the individual is always a part of the group, focus group technique is beneficial for gathering meanings and expressions from the groups as well as from individuals. Each focus group included five Korean immigrant women, and discussions lasted for one and a half hour. The focus group session started with an introduction of the study and was followed by discussion and group interview, asking the proposed research questions.
Fifteen Korean immigrant young women, ages between 25 and 57, participated in this study (age mean = 38.2). The names used in the following section are all pseudonyms.
이론/모형
A naturalistic paradigm approach was used to depict and address the meanings of breast, breast cancer, and breast cancer screenings in Korean immigrant women for this study. Qualitative data was collected using focus group technique in which semi-structured interviews were conducted.
성능/효과
First, “indifference" or lack of concern about breast cancer was evident among the group. All fifteen participants expressed that they never thought about their chance to getting breast cancer.
Third, the derived themes demonstrated similar features to those of previous studies in terms of knowledge, attitude, and practice of breast cancer screenings among Korean immigrant women. Their low-perceived risk (indifference) and lack of knowledge about breast cancer and its screenings (fear and uncertainty) were dominant themes related to breast cancer.
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