[논문]홍삼의 약리와 독성 기전에 대한 고찰

박영철; 임정대; 김종봉; 이선동

[국내논문] 홍삼의 약리와 독성 기전에 대한 고찰
Review of Red Ginseng in terms of Mechanisms for Pharmacodynamics and Toxicity 원문보기

大韓韓醫學會誌 = Journal of Korean Oriental Medicine, v.33 no.3, 2012년, pp.200 - 230

박영철 (대구가톨릭대학교 GLP 센터) , 임정대 (강원대학교 생약자원개발학과) , 김종봉 (대구가톨릭대학교 의생명과학과) , 이선동 (상지대학교 한의과대학 예방의학교실)

Abstract ▼ AI-Helper

Objectives: Ginseng, Panax ginseng C. A., white ginseng, has been used for thousands of years in Traditional Korean Medicine. Red ginseng can be made by a steaming process of white ginseng changing a variety of ginsenosides and ingredients such as dencichine. This article reviews red ginseng for mechanisms for pharmacodynamics and toxicity based on the content of ginseng's active ingredients, ginsenoside changed by steaming. Methods: The following electronic databases were searched: PubMed, Science Direct and Chinese Scientific Journals full text database (CQVIP), and KSI (Korean Studies Information) from their respective inceptions to June 2012. Results: Compared with unsteamed ginseng, the content of ginsenosides Rg2, Rg3, Rg5, Rh1, Rh2 and Rk1 called red ginseng-specific ginsenosides increased after the steaming process. Different ginsenosides have shown a wide variety of effects such as lowering or raising blood sugar and blood pressure or stimulating or sedating the nervous system. Especially, the levels of Rg2, Rg3, Rg5, Rh1, Rh2 and Rk1 were increased by the steaming process, showing a variety of pharmacodynamics in biological systems. Also, various processing methods such as puffing and fermentation have been developed in processing crude ginseng or red ginseng, affecting the content of ginseng's ingredients. The safety issue could be the most critical, specifically, on changed ginseng's ingredients such as dencichine. The level of dencichine was significantly reduced in red ginseng by the steaming process. In addition, the possible toxicity for red ginseng was affected by cytochrome P450, a herbal-drug interaction. Conclusions: The variety of pharmacological and toxicological properties should be changed by steaming process of Panax ginseng C. A., white ginseng. Even if it is not sure whether the steaming process of white ginseng would be better pharmacologically, it is sure that steaming reduces the level of dencichine causing a lower toxicity to the nervous system.

Keyword

질의응답

핵심어	질문	논문에서 추출한 답변
	인삼은 어떻게 분류하는가?	Meyer이다. 인삼은 크게 수삼, 백삼과 홍삼으로 분류된다. 수삼은 밭에서 수확한 생인삼으로 70-80%의 수분을 함유한 것이다.
	양약의 acetaminophen 역시 간독성 문제가 대두되어 오늘날 용량조절의 문제가 제시되고 있는 이유는 무엇인가?	또한 양약의 acetaminophen 역시 간독성 문제가 대두되어 오늘날 용량조절의 문제가 제시되고 있다. 이것도 간독성의 핵심 기전인 활성중간대사체의 생성 때문이다. 일반적으로 한약 및 양약의 독성이 생체전환을 통한 활성중간대사체 생성에 기인하는데 모든 독성물질의 80%이상이 이에 의한 독성기전으로 설명된다.
	세계적으로 널리 알려져 있는 7가지의 인삼속 식물 중 약용으로 이용되는 것은 무엇인가?	세계적으로 널리 알려져 있는 7가지의 인삼속 식물 중 약용으로 이용되는 것은 Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer(고려인삼), Panax japonicum C. A. Meyer(죽절삼), Panax notoginseng (Burk) F.H Chen(전칠삼), Panax quinquefolium L.(화기삼)의 4종이다. 일반적으로 한약으로 이용되는 인삼은 Panax ginseng C.

참고문헌 (66)

Korean ginseng. 2012. Available at:URL:http://w ww.ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/red ginseng. Accessed June 3, 2012.
Cheng LQ, Na JR, Bang MH, Kim MK, Yang DC. Conversion of major ginsenoside Rb1 to 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3 by Microbacterium sp. GS514. Phytochemistry. 2008;69:218-224.

상세보기
Hong HD, Kim YC, Rho J, Kim KT. Changes on Physicochemical Properties of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer during Repeated Steaming Process. J. Ginseng Res. 2007;31(4):222-229.

원문보기 상세보기
Nam KY. The comparative understanding between Red ginseng and White ginsengs, Processed ginsengs(Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer). J. Jinseng Res. 2005;29(1):1-18.
Shi S, Wang CZ, Tong R, Li X, Fishbein A. Effects of steaming the root of Panax notoginseng on chemical composition and anticancer activities, Food Chemistry. 2010; 118:307-307.

상세보기
Liu M, Zhang JT. Protective effects of ginsenoside Rb1 and Rg1 on cultured hippocampal neurons. Yao Xue Xue Bao. 1995;674-678.
Kim YC, Kim SR, Markelonis GJ, Oh TH. Ginsenosides Rb1 and Rg3 protect cultured rat cortical cells from glutamate-induced neurodegeneration. Journal of Neuroscience Research. 1998;53:426-432.

상세보기
Chen HS, Pellegrini JW, Aggarwal SK, Lei SZ, Warach S, Jensen FE, et al. Open-channel block of N-methyl-d-aspartate(NMDA) responses by memantine: therapeutic advantage against NMDA receptor-mediated neurotoxicity. Journal of Neuroscience. 1992;12:4427-4436.

상세보기
Gervais FG, Xu D, Robertson GS, Vaillancourt JP, Zhu Y, Huang J, et al.. Involvement of caspases in proteolytic cleavage of Alzheimer"s amyloid-beta precursor protein and amyloido genic A beta peptide formation. Cell. 1999;97:395-406.

상세보기
Na L, Bin L, Dean E. Dluzen YJ. Protective effects of ginsenoside Rg2 against glutamate-induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2007;111: 458-463.

상세보기
Blomgren K, Zhu C, Wang X, Karlsson JO, Leverin, AL, Bahr BA, et al.. Synergistic activation of caspase-3 by m-calpain after neonatal hypoxia- ischemia: a mechanism of "pathological apoptosis"? Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2001;276:10191-10198.

상세보기
Zhang G, Liu A, Zhou Y, San X, Jin T, Jin Y. Panax ginseng ginsenoside-Rg2 protects memory impairment via anti-apoptosis in a rat model with vascular dementia. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2008; 115:441-448.

상세보기
Miyashita T, Reed JC. Tumor suppressor p53 is a direct transcriptional activator of the human bax gene. Cell. 1995;80:293-299.

상세보기
Morrison RS, Wenzel HJ, Kinoshita Y, Robbins CA, Donehower LA, Schwartzkroin PA. Loss of the p53 tumor suppressor gene protects neurons from kainate-induced cell death. Journal of Neuroscience. 1996;16:1337-1345.

상세보기
Shinkai K, Akedo H, Mukai M, Imamura F, Isoai A, Kobayashi M, et al. Inhibitory of in vitro tumor cell invasion by ginsenoside Rg3. Jpn J Cancer Res. 1996;87:357-362.

상세보기
Liu WK, Xu SX, Che CT. Anti-proliferative effect of ginseng saponins on human prostate cancer cell line. Life Sci. 2000;67:1297-1306.

상세보기
Mochizuki M, Yoo YC, Matsuzawa K, Sato K, Saiki I, Tono-oka S, et al. Inhibitory effect of tumor metastasis in mice by saponins, ginsenoside- Rb2, 20 (R) - and 20 (R) -ginsenoside- Rg3, of Red ginseng. Biol Pharm Bull. 1995; 18:1197-202.

상세보기
Tao H, Yao M, Zou S, Zhao D, Qiu H. Effect of angiogenesis inhibitor Rg3 on the growth and metastasis of gastric cancer in SCID mice. Zhounghua Wai Ke Za Zhi. 2002;40:606-608.
Yun TK, Lee YS, Lee YH, Kim SI, Yun HY. Anticarcinogenic effect of Panax ginseng C A. Meyer and identification of active compounds. J Korean Med Sci. 2001;16:S6-18.

상세보기
Yue YK, Daisy YL, Wong PK. Wu PY, Leung NK, Mak HW, et al. The angiosuppressive effects of 20(R)- ginsenoside Rg3 Biochemical pharmacology, 2006;72:437-445.

상세보기
Bocchino M, Marruchella A, Saltini C. Immunogenetics of severe respiratory infections: models for the development of new therapeutic strategies. Respiration. 2005;72:449-457.

상세보기
Johnson LN, Koval M. Cross-talk between pulmonary injury, oxidant stress, and gap junctional communication. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2009; 11:355-367.

상세보기
Herold S, Tabar TS, Janssen H, Hoegner K, Cabanski M, Lewe-Schlosser P, et al. Exudate macrophages attenuate lung injury by the release of IL-1 receptor antagonist in Gram-negative pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011; 183:1380-1390.

상세보기
Fairweather D, Rose NR. Inflammatory heart disease: a role for cytokines. Lupus. 2005;14: 646-651.

상세보기
Lele RD. Beyond reverse pharmacology: mechanism- based scereening of ayurvedic drugs, Journal of Ayurveda & Integrative Medicine. 2010;1(4):257-265.

상세보기
Kim TW, Joh EH, Kim B, Kim DH. Ginsenoside Rg5 ameliorates lung inflammation in mice by inhibiting the binding of LPS to toll-like receptor- 4 on macrophages, international Immunopharmacology. 2012;12:110-116.

상세보기
Niu J, Kolattukudy PE. Role of MCP-1 in cardiovascular disease: molecular mechanisms and clinical implications. Clin Science. 2009;117:95-

상세보기
Ashida N, Arai H, Yamasaki M, Kita T. Distinct signaling pathways for MCP-1-dependent integrin activation and chemotaxis. J Biol Chem. 2001;276:16555-16560.

상세보기
Choi YJ, Yoon JH, Cha SW, Lee SG. Ginsenoside Rh1 inhibits the invasion and migration of THP-1 acute monocytic leukemia cells via inactivation of the MAPK signaling pathway. Fitoterapia. 2011;82:911-919.

상세보기
Weisz A. Estrogen stimulates transcription of c-jun protooncogene. Mol Endocrinol. 1990;4: 1041-1050.

상세보기
Lin CY. Discovery of estrogen receptor alpha target genes and response elements in breast tumor cells. Genome Biol. 2004;5(9):R66.

상세보기
White TE, Gasiewicz TA. The human estrogen receptor structural gene contains a DNA sequence that binds activated mouse and human Ah receptors: a possible mechanism of estrogen receptor regulation by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzopdioxin, Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1993; 193:956-962.

상세보기
Lee YJ, Jin YR, Lim WC, Ji SM, Choi S, Jang S, et al. A ginsenoside-Rh1, a component of ginseng saponin, activates estrogen receptor in human breast carcinoma MCF-7 cells. Journal of Steroid Biochemistry & Molecular Biology. 2003;84:463-468.

상세보기
Kim SY, Jung SH, Kim HS. Curcumin is a potent broad spectrum inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase gene expression in human astroglioma cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2005;337:510-516.

상세보기
Laurent M, Martinerie C, Thibout H, Hoffman MP, Verrecchia F, Le Bouc Y, et al. NOVH increases MMP3 expression and cell migration in glioblastoma cells via a PDGFR-alpha-dependent mechanism. FASEB J. 2003;17:1919-1921.

상세보기
Sounni NE, Devy L, Hajitou A, Frankenne F, Munaut C, Gilles C, et al. MT1-MMP expression promotes tumor growth and angiogenesis through an up-regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor expression. FASEB J. 2002;16: 555-564.

상세보기
Kim SY, Kim DH, Han SJ, Hyun JW, Kim JS. Repression of matrix metalloproteinase gene expression by ginsenoside Rh2 in human astroglioma cells. Expression biochemical pharmacology. 2007; 74:1642-1651.

상세보기
Oh JI, Chun KH, Joo SH, Oh YT, Lee SK. Caspase-3-dependent protein kinase C delta activity is required for the progression of Ginsenoside-Rh2-induced apoptosis in SK-HEP- 1 cells. Cancer Letters. 2005;230:228-238.

상세보기
Gregoire FM, Smas CM , Sul HS. Understanding adipocyte differentiation. Physiol. Rev. 1998;78: 783-809.

상세보기
Ericsson J, Jackson SM, Kim JB, Spiegelman BM. Edwards PA. Identification of glycerol- 3-phosphate acyltransferase as an adipocyte determination and differentiation factor 1- and sterol regulatory elementbinding protein-responsive gene. J. Biol. Chem. 1997;272:7298- 7305.

상세보기
Ron FM, Stephen RF. Hormonal Signaling and Transcriptional Control of Adipocyte Differentiation. The journal of nutrition. 2000: supplement:3111S-3121S.
Zang M, Xu S, Maitland-Toolan KA, Zuccollo A, Hou X, Jiang A, et al. Polyphenols stimulate AMP-activated protein kinase, lower lipids, and inhibit accelerated atherosclerosis in diabetic LDL receptor-deficient mice, Diabetes. 2006;55: 2180-2191.

상세보기
Lin CL, Huang HC, Lin JK. Theaflavins attenuate hepatic lipid accumulation through activating AMPK in human HepG2 cells. J. Lipid Res. 2007;Epub ahead of print.
Fryer LG, Parbu-Patel A, Carling D. The Anti-diabetic drugs rosiglitazone and metformin stimulate AMP-activated protein kinase through distinct signaling pathways, J. Biol. Chem. 2002; 277:25226-25232.

상세보기
Hwang JT, Kim SH, Lee MS, Kim SH, Yang HJ, Kim MJ, et al.. Anti-obesity effects of ginsenoside Rh2 are associated with the activation of AMPK signaling pathway in 3T3-L1 adipocyte Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 2007;364:1002-1008.

상세보기
Park YC, Ko YD, Kim MK. Effects of estrogen, aging and oxidative stress on bone remodelling in a view of molecular mechanisms. J.Toxicol. Pub. Health. 2006;22(3):253-266.
Lee S, Maharjan S, Kim K, Kim MJ, Choi HJ, Kwon YJ, et al. Cholesterol-derived novel anti- apoptotic agents on the structural basis of ginsenoside Rk1, G.Q. Zhao, X.X. Wang, Chin. Trad. Herbal Drugs. 1986;17:34-43.
Kim YJ, Kwon HC, Ko H, Park JH, Kim HY, Yoo JH, et al.. Antitumor activity of the ginsenoside Rk1 in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells through inhibition of telomerase activity and induction of apoptosis. Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 2008;31:826-830.

상세보기
Spencer PS, Roy DN, Ludolph A. Lathyrism: evidence for role of the neuroexcitatory aminoacid BOAA. Lancet. 1986(2):1066-1067.
Hugon J, Ludolph AS, Spencer PS, Roldan S, Gimenez Dumas JL. Studies of the etiology and pathogenesis of motor neuron diseases. III. Magnetic cortical stimulation in patients with lathyrism, Acta Neurol. Scand. 1993;88:412-416.

상세보기
Park H, Cho BG, Lee MK. Nitrogen Compounds of Korea Ginseng and Their Physiological Significance, Korean J. Ginseng Sci. 1990;14(2): 317-331.
Van Damme P, Van Den Bosch L, Van Houtte E, Callewaert G, Robberecht W. GluR2-dependent properties of AMPA receptors determine the selective vulnerability of motor neurons to excitotoxicity, J. Neurophysiol. 2002; 88:1279-1287.

상세보기
Yano K, Higashida H, Inoue R, Nozawa Y. Bradykinin-induced rapid breakdown of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate in neuroblastoma X glioma hybrid NG108-15 cells, J. Biol. Chem. 1984;259:10201-10207.
Foskett JK, White C, Cheung KH, Mak DO. Inositol trisphosphate receptor Ca2+ release channels, Physiol. Rev. 2007;87:593-658.

상세보기
Van MM, Decrock E, Coussee E, Faes L, Vuyst ED, Vranckx K, et al. l-ODAP alters mitochondrial Ca2+ handling as an early event in excitotoxicity. Cell Calcium. 2010;47:287-96.

상세보기
Park YC. The molecular & biochemical pronciples of toxiciology. Korean Studies Information LTD. 2010;ISBN:978-89-268-1259-4.
Park YC, Lee SD. The Toxicokinetic Characteristics of Korean Traditional Medicines. The Korean journal of Oriental preventive medicien. 2011;15(2):1-19.
Lee NH, Gue SC. Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials Evaluating the Efficacy and Safety of Ginseng. J Acupunct Meridian Stud. 2011;4(2):85-97.

상세보기
Siegel RK. Ginseng abuse syndrome."Journal of the American Medical Association. 1979;241: 15-23.
Lee YJ, Chung E, Lee KY, Lee YH, Huh B, Lee SK. Ginsenoside-Rg1, one of the major active molecules from Panax ginseng is a functional ligand of glucocorticoid receptor. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology. 1997; 133:135-140.

상세보기
Lee JY, Lim KM, Kim SY, Bae ON, Noh JY, Chung SM, et al. Vascular Smooth Muscle Dysfunction and Remodeling Induced by Ginsenoside Rg3. a Bioactive Component of Ginseng, Toxicoligical science. 2010;117(2); 505-514.

상세보기
Hashimoto K, Satoh K, Murata P, Makino B, Sakakibara I, Kase Y, et al. Components of Panax ginseng that improve accelerated small intestinal transit, J. Ethnopharmacol. 2003;84:115-119.

상세보기
Rudakewich M, Ba F, Benishin CG. Neurotrophic and neuroprotective actions of ginsenosides Rb(1) and Rg(1), Planta Med. 2001;67: 533-537.

상세보기
Seely D, Dugoua JJ, Perri D, Mills E. Koren G. Safety and efficacy of panax ginseng during pregnancy and lactation. Can J Clin Pharmacol. 2008;15:e87-e94.
Sticher O. Saponine in Pharmakognosie, Phytopharmazie. Hansel R. & Sticher O. (eds.), Springer Verlag. Heidelberg. 2009;943-989.
MDidea. Exporting Division Extracts Professional. Available at:URL:www.MDidea.com. Access ed June 20, 2012.

저자의 다른 논문 :

표제어: PCR

동의어: Packet Collision Rate

용어 설명 출처 목록 (6)

용어 설명: PCR은 세균 특이성이 있는 primer를 이용하여 적은 수의 세균이 있을지라도 쉽게 검출할 수 있는 유용한 방법이며, 이를 이용하여 구강 내 치면세균막이나 타액에서 직접 세균을 검출할 수 있게 되었다[8].

내보내기 구분	파일저장 인쇄 메일전송
구성항목	기본정보 상세정보 관리번호, 논문명, 저널/프로시딩명, 저자 , 발행년, 권, 호, 시작페이지, 끝페이지, 발행기관 관리번호, 논문명, 대등논문명, 저자 , 저널/프로시딩명, 발행기관, 발행년, 발행언어, 권, 호, 시작페이지, 끝페이지, ISBN, ISSN, 주제분야, 키워드, 초록(한글), 초록(영문), 저자(소속기관)
저장형식	Text(ASCII format) Excel format RefWorks Direct Export RIS format (for Reference Manager, ProCite, EndNote), Scholar's Aids, Mendeley
메일정보	받는사람 (필수) @ 보내는사람 (선택) @ 제목 내용 KISTI 검색결과 이메일 서비스
안내	총 건의 자료가 검색되었습니다. 다운받으실 자료의 인덱스를 입력하세요. (1-10,000) 검색결과의 순서대로 최대 10,000건 까지 다운로드가 가능합니다. 데이타가 많을 경우 속도가 느려질 수 있습니다.(최대 2~3분 소요) 다운로드 파일은 UTF-8 형태로 저장됩니다. 파일의 내용이 제대로 보이지 않을실 때는 웹브라우저 상단의 보기 -> 인코딩 -> 자동선택 여부를 확인하십시오. ~ Text(ASCII format) Excel format

연합인증