[논문]Red ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer) oil: A comprehensive review of extraction technologies, chemical composition, health benefits, molecular mechanisms, and safety

Truong, Van-Long; Jeong, Woo-Sik

doi:10.1016/j.jgr.2021.12.006

Red ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer) oil: A comprehensive review of extraction technologies, chemical composition, health benefits, molecular mechanisms, and safety 원문보기

Journal of ginseng research = 高麗人參學會誌, v.46 no.2, 2022년, pp.214 - 224

Truong, Van-Long (Food and Bio-industry Research Institute, School of Food Science & Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University) , Jeong, Woo-Sik (Food and Bio-industry Research Institute, School of Food Science & Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University)

Abstract ▼ AI-Helper

Red ginseng oil (RGO), rather than the conventional aqueous extract of red ginseng, has been receiving much attention due to accumulating evidence of its functional and pharmacological potential. In this review, we describe the key extraction technologies, chemical composition, potential health benefits, and safety of RGO. This review emphasizes the proposed molecular mechanisms by which RGO is involved in various bioactivities. RGO is mainly produced using organic solvents or supercritical fluid extraction, with the choice of method greatly affecting the yield and quality of the end products. RGO contains a high unsaturated fatty acid levels along with considerable amounts of lipophilic components such as phytosterols, tocopherols, and polyacetylenes. The beneficial health properties of RGO include cellular defense, antioxidation, anti-inflammation, anti-apoptosis, chemoprevention, hair growth promotion, and skin health improvement. We propose several molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways that underlie the bioactivity of RGO. In addition, RGO is regarded as safe and nontoxic. Further studies on RGO must focus on a deeper understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms, composition-functionality relationship, and verification of the bioactivities of RGO in clinical models. This review may provide useful information in the development of RGO-based products in nutraceuticals, functional foods, and functional cosmetics.

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표/그림 (4)

그림 Fig. 1. Production methods for red ginseng extract and red ginseng oil. Fresh ginseng (6 years old) is washed, steamed, and dried before extraction of the waster-soluble extract. Red ginseng marc, a by-product of water-soluble extract production, is the source material for red ginseng oil, which is extracted using either a solvent or with the supercritical fluid method. Modified from Lee and colleagues [10].
그림 Fig. 2. Possible mechanisms underlying the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and chemopreventive properties of red ginseng oil. Multiple external and internal stimuli triggers signal transduction cascades that converge on and rapidly activate transcription factors such as NF-κB and AP-1. Consequently, this leads to transcriptional expression of target genes such as pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and intracellular adhesion molecules involved in inflammation, cellular proliferation, neoplastic transformation, and tumor promotion. Red ginseng oil can inhibit the activation of NF-κB and AP-1 through down-regulating singling pathways. Nrf2 is a master transcription factor that regulates a wide range of phase II detoxification and antioxidant enzymes such as NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), and glutathione S-transferase (GST). Red ginseng oil can activate Nrf2 pathway, thereby enhancing cytoprotective system, reducing the level of oxidative stress, and interfering with NF-κB and AP-1 activation.
그림 Fig. 3. Anti-apoptotic mechanisms of red ginseng oil. Diverse apoptotic stimuli such as cytotoxic insults, DNA-damaging agents, and irradiation trigger extrinsic and intrinsic pathways through activating of cell death receptor and caspase cascades, enhancing mitochondrial membrane permeabilization, and inducing ROS/RNS production and DNA fragmentation. Red ginseng oil exerts protective effect against apoptotic stimuli by inhibiting caspase activation, reducing mitochondrial Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, preventing DNA fragmentation, and suppressing ROS/RNS formation.
그림 Fig. 4. Hair growth promoting activity of red ginseng oil. Cyclic growth of hair is regulated by diverse growth factors and signaling pathways. Red ginseng oil can stimulate hair growth through activating insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), Wnt/b-catenin, and sonic hedgehog signaling pathways, which regulate hair cell proliferation and survival, and maintain the anagen phase.

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