This study was aimed to thoroughly estimate the characteristics of indoor particulate matter (PM) collected on subway platforms by the cooperative approach of semi-bulk and single particle analyses. The size-resolved PM and its number concentration were measured on the platform in a heavily traveled...
This study was aimed to thoroughly estimate the characteristics of indoor particulate matter (PM) collected on subway platforms by the cooperative approach of semi-bulk and single particle analyses. The size-resolved PM and its number concentration were measured on the platform in a heavily traveled subway station in Fukuoka, Japan. Particle Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE) and micro-PIXE techniques were applied to the chemical analyses of semi-bulk and single particle, respectively. There was the close resemblance of timely fluctuation between PM number concentration and train service on the third basement floor (B3F) platform compared to the second basement floor (B2F) and its maximum level was marked in rush hour. Higher number counts in large particles ($>1{\mu}m$) and lower number counts in fine particles ($<1{\mu}m$) were shown on the platform compared to an above ground. PM2.5 accounted for 58.2% and 38.2 % of TSP on B3F and on B2F, respectively. The elements that were ranked at high concentration in size-resolved semi-bulk PM were Fe, Si, Ca, S, and Na. The major elements tending to have more elevated levels on B3F than B2F were Fe (4.4 times), Ca (17.3 times), and Si (46.4 times). Although concentrations were very low, Cr ($11.9ng\;m^{-3}$ on B3F, $2.4ng\;m^{-3}$ on B2F), Mn ($3.4ng\;m^{-3}$ on B3F, $0.9ng\;m^{-3}$ on B2F), and Pb ($0.6ng\;m^{-3}$ on B3F, $1.6ng\;m^{-3}$ on B2F) were detected from PM2.5. Individual PM was nearly all enriched in Fe with Si and Ca. Classifying and source profiling of the individual particles by elemental maps and particle morphology were tried and particles were presumably divided into four groups (i.e., train/rail friction, train-rail sparking, ballast/abrasive, and cement).
This study was aimed to thoroughly estimate the characteristics of indoor particulate matter (PM) collected on subway platforms by the cooperative approach of semi-bulk and single particle analyses. The size-resolved PM and its number concentration were measured on the platform in a heavily traveled subway station in Fukuoka, Japan. Particle Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE) and micro-PIXE techniques were applied to the chemical analyses of semi-bulk and single particle, respectively. There was the close resemblance of timely fluctuation between PM number concentration and train service on the third basement floor (B3F) platform compared to the second basement floor (B2F) and its maximum level was marked in rush hour. Higher number counts in large particles ($>1{\mu}m$) and lower number counts in fine particles ($<1{\mu}m$) were shown on the platform compared to an above ground. PM2.5 accounted for 58.2% and 38.2 % of TSP on B3F and on B2F, respectively. The elements that were ranked at high concentration in size-resolved semi-bulk PM were Fe, Si, Ca, S, and Na. The major elements tending to have more elevated levels on B3F than B2F were Fe (4.4 times), Ca (17.3 times), and Si (46.4 times). Although concentrations were very low, Cr ($11.9ng\;m^{-3}$ on B3F, $2.4ng\;m^{-3}$ on B2F), Mn ($3.4ng\;m^{-3}$ on B3F, $0.9ng\;m^{-3}$ on B2F), and Pb ($0.6ng\;m^{-3}$ on B3F, $1.6ng\;m^{-3}$ on B2F) were detected from PM2.5. Individual PM was nearly all enriched in Fe with Si and Ca. Classifying and source profiling of the individual particles by elemental maps and particle morphology were tried and particles were presumably divided into four groups (i.e., train/rail friction, train-rail sparking, ballast/abrasive, and cement).
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문제 정의
23360419). The author expresses a sincere thank to all staffs of the NK subway station for their experimental cooperation and support.
제안 방법
) was operated. As one of multi-stage PM sampling instruments, this MCI combined with the 1st and 2nd stages having 12-orifice and back-up stage was employed to measure the levels of size-classified mass and the elemental concentrations of PM. Particles were sampled directly on the substrate material arranged behind the jet-nozzles of a cascade impactor.
For the purpose of clear differentiation of the chemical property of fine PM from that of large PM, in this study, one of the particle clusters formed below the 1st stage nozzle and a portion of back-up filter of MCI sampler on both B3F and B2F were selected and irradiated by PIXE analytical beam. Fig.
In this study, in order to provide some insights into PM measured in the underground spaces of subway, the combined application of semi-bulk and single particle analyses was undertaken in one of heavily traveled subway stations in Fukuoka, Japan.
In this study, the elemental concentration of semibulk PM was determined by PIXE installed at the Cyclotron Research Center of Iwate Medical University. This PIXE analytical system has the great advantages such as an excellent sensitivity, a nondestructive technique for multielement with a wide range of elements (Z>10), and a short measuring time (3-10 minutes for typical environmental samples).
5 for horizontal and vertical planes, respectively. Performance of the microbeam system was tested by beam scanning across the surface of a copper mesh sample (1000 lines/inch) and measuring the X-ray spectrum. Two X-ray detectors are set in vacuum at 125 degree with respect to the beam axis.
To estimate the mass concentrations of size-segregated particles on B3F and B2F, we conducted the gravimetric analysis for the PM captured on the filters of MCI sampler. The result of intercomparision is displayed in Fig.
대상 데이터
In this study, N-K subway station, which is one of Fukuoka City Subway stations in Japan, was the target of field measurement. This station was opened in 1982 and has 10,837 passengers per day.
Model 3020) was simultaneously operated on B3F. This Dust scan Scout was also worked at the outdoor of N-K station and two general homes in Fukuoka Prefecture. This PM2.
In this study, N-K subway station, which is one of Fukuoka City Subway stations in Japan, was the target of field measurement. This station was opened in 1982 and has 10,837 passengers per day. Fukuoka is located in the northwest part of Fukuoka Prefecture.
후속연구
Moreover, as compared to bulk sample analysis, in the case of single particle analysis, only a small portion of the particle deposition area was the target of analysis. Although further study would be needed to estimate more thoroughly the PM pollution in underground environment of subway because the numerical limitation of particles that individually analyzed in the present study is apprehensive, the results of current study indicate that the air quality, especially the ultrafine particle on the platforms showing the elevated level during rush hour, is the serious concern of daily commuters, particularly the sensitive subpopulation with respiratory diseases. In order to keep the air of underground subway space breathable, namely environmentally friendly subways, one should improve the subway structures, e.
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