Alam, M.J.
(Ruminant Nutrition and Anaerobe Laboratory, Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sunchon National University)
,
Mamuad, L.L.
(Ruminant Nutrition and Anaerobe Laboratory, Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sunchon National University)
,
Kim, S.H.
(Ruminant Nutrition and Anaerobe Laboratory, Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sunchon National University)
,
Jeong, C.D.
(Ruminant Nutrition and Anaerobe Laboratory, Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sunchon National University)
,
Sung, H.G.
(Adbiotech Co. Ltd.)
,
Cho, S.B.
(Animal Environment Division, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA)
,
Jeon, C.O.
(Research Center for Biomolecules and Biosystems, Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University)
,
Lee, K.
(Department of Animal Science, Ohio State University)
,
Lee, Sang Suk
(Ruminant Nutrition and Anaerobe Laboratory, Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sunchon National University)
The effect of different phytogenic feed additives on reducing odorous compounds in swine was investigated using in vitro fermentation and analyzed their microbial communities. Soybean meal (1%) added with 0.1% different phytogenic feed additives (FA) were in vitro fermented using swine fecal slurrie...
The effect of different phytogenic feed additives on reducing odorous compounds in swine was investigated using in vitro fermentation and analyzed their microbial communities. Soybean meal (1%) added with 0.1% different phytogenic feed additives (FA) were in vitro fermented using swine fecal slurries and anaerobically incubated for 12 and 24 h. The phytogenic FAs used were red ginseng barn powder (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer, FA1), persimmon leaf powder (Diospyros virginiana L., FA2), ginkgo leaf powder (Ginkgo biloba L., FA3), and oregano lippia seed oil extract (Lippia graveolens Kunth, OL, FA4). Total gas production, pH, ammonianitrogen ($NH_3$-N), hydrogen sulfide ($H_2S$), nitrite-nitrogen ($NO_2{^-}$-N), nitrate-nitrogen ($NO_3{^-}$-N), sulfate (${SO_4}^{--}$), volatile fatty acids (VFA) and other metabolites concentration were determined. Microbial communities were also analyzed using 16S rRNA DGGE. Results showed that the pH values on all treatments increased as incubation time became longer except for FA4 where it decreased. Moreover, FA4 incubated for 12 and 24 h was not detected in $NH_3$-N and $H_2S$. Addition of FAs decreased (p<0.05) propionate production but increased (p<0.05) the total VFA production. Ten 16S rRNA DGGE bands were identified which ranged from 96 to 100% identity which were mostly isolated from the intestine. Similarity index showed three clearly different clusters: I (FA2 and FA3), II (Con and FA1), and III (FA4). Dominant bands which were identified closest to Eubacterium limosum (ATCC 8486T), Uncultured bacterium clone PF6641 and Streptococcus lutetiensis (CIP 106849T) were present only in the FA4 treatment group and were not found in other groups. FA4 had a different bacterial diversity compared to control and other treatments and thus explains having lowest odorous compounds. Addition of FA4 to an enriched protein feed source for growing swine may effectively reduce odorous compounds which are typically associated with swine production.
The effect of different phytogenic feed additives on reducing odorous compounds in swine was investigated using in vitro fermentation and analyzed their microbial communities. Soybean meal (1%) added with 0.1% different phytogenic feed additives (FA) were in vitro fermented using swine fecal slurries and anaerobically incubated for 12 and 24 h. The phytogenic FAs used were red ginseng barn powder (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer, FA1), persimmon leaf powder (Diospyros virginiana L., FA2), ginkgo leaf powder (Ginkgo biloba L., FA3), and oregano lippia seed oil extract (Lippia graveolens Kunth, OL, FA4). Total gas production, pH, ammonianitrogen ($NH_3$-N), hydrogen sulfide ($H_2S$), nitrite-nitrogen ($NO_2{^-}$-N), nitrate-nitrogen ($NO_3{^-}$-N), sulfate (${SO_4}^{--}$), volatile fatty acids (VFA) and other metabolites concentration were determined. Microbial communities were also analyzed using 16S rRNA DGGE. Results showed that the pH values on all treatments increased as incubation time became longer except for FA4 where it decreased. Moreover, FA4 incubated for 12 and 24 h was not detected in $NH_3$-N and $H_2S$. Addition of FAs decreased (p<0.05) propionate production but increased (p<0.05) the total VFA production. Ten 16S rRNA DGGE bands were identified which ranged from 96 to 100% identity which were mostly isolated from the intestine. Similarity index showed three clearly different clusters: I (FA2 and FA3), II (Con and FA1), and III (FA4). Dominant bands which were identified closest to Eubacterium limosum (ATCC 8486T), Uncultured bacterium clone PF6641 and Streptococcus lutetiensis (CIP 106849T) were present only in the FA4 treatment group and were not found in other groups. FA4 had a different bacterial diversity compared to control and other treatments and thus explains having lowest odorous compounds. Addition of FA4 to an enriched protein feed source for growing swine may effectively reduce odorous compounds which are typically associated with swine production.
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제안 방법
Using protein as substrate may provide an important influence on the large intestine bacterial community since it is not digested by small intestine enzymes, but reaches the hindgut for fermentation by microorganisms. Therefore, this study evaluated the effect of different FAs using soybean meal as a substrate on reducing odorous compounds in swine by in vitro fermentation and analyzed their microbial communities using DGGE-PCR.
대상 데이터
The animals were housed at the SCNU research farm which was well equipped with water, feed, and disposal systems, and individual pens (12.7 cm×7.6 cm) with fully slatted floors.
The experimental samples were collected from a total of 9 sixth month old castrated pigs with a live weight of 95±5 kg. The experiment was conducted in the Ruminant Nutrition and Anaerobe Laboratory under the Department of Animal Science and Technology at Sunchon National University (SCNU), Republic of Korea. The experimental proposals and procedures for the care and treatment of the pigs were approved by the Animal Care Committee of SCNU.
The experimental samples were collected from a total of 9 sixth month old castrated pigs with a live weight of 95±5 kg.
데이터처리
Means of triplicates from treatments and control were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) using the General Linear Models (GLM) procedures of the Statistical Analysis Systems Institute (SAS, 2002). The effects of the FAs on total gas, pH, NH3-N, H2S, VFA, NO2, NO3, and SO4 concentrations were compared to the controls and significant differences between treatment means were examined using Duncan’s multiple comparison tests.
The effects of the FAs on total gas, pH, NH3-N, H2S, VFA, NO2, NO3, and SO4 concentrations were compared to the controls and significant differences between treatment means were examined using Duncan’s multiple comparison tests.
The number of DGGE bands and similarity indices were calculated from the densitometric curves of the scanned DGGE profiles with Molecular Analyst 1.12 software (Bio-Rad) using the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient (Häne et al., 1993; Simpson et all,1999) from the Central Microbiology Laboratory of SCNU in Korea.
이론/모형
9973) and values were expressed as mg NO3-N/L. For determination of the sulfate concentration, the modified turbidimetric method conducted according to the method described by (Kolmert et al., 2000) with absorbance at 420 nm. For calculation, the OD values were fitted with an equation, y = 0.
The nitrite-N concentration was determined using a Griess reagent kit (G-7921, Molecular Probes (2003)) according to manufacturer’s method.
성능/효과
Total VFA production was found highest (p<0.05) in FA2 followed by FA3, FA4, FA1 and Con, respectively after 12 h incubation while after 24 h incubation, FA3 was found highest (p<0.05) followed by FA2, FA4, FA1 and Con, respectively.
후속연구
Moreover, selection of intestinal microbial species by a suitable FA in the in vitro conditions could provide a means to select or detect one or more bacterial species that could be appropriate for use as probiotics, either alone or in combination with animal diets. However, further research is needed using recommended FAs to determine whether these effects can also be detected in vivo at different ages factors along with CHO enrichment. Alternatively, real-time PCR using genus or strain-specific primers could be used to quantify the number of identified bacteria.
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