A variety of nuruk were collected from various provinces in Korea, and their microflora profiles were analyzed at the species level. A total of 42 nuruk samples were collected and when the viable cell numbers in these nuruk were enumerated, the average cell numbers of bacteria, fungi, yeast, and lac...
A variety of nuruk were collected from various provinces in Korea, and their microflora profiles were analyzed at the species level. A total of 42 nuruk samples were collected and when the viable cell numbers in these nuruk were enumerated, the average cell numbers of bacteria, fungi, yeast, and lactic acid bacteria from all nuruk were 7.21, 7.91, 3.49, and 4.88 log CFU/10 g, respectively. There were no significant differences in viable cell numbers of bacteria or fungi according to regions collected. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and B. subtilis were the predominant bacterial strains in most samples. A significant portion, 13 out of 42 nuruk, contained foodborne pathogens such as B. cereus or Cronobacter sakazakii. There were various species of lactic acid bacteria such as Enterococcus faecium and Pediococcus pentosaceus in nuruk. It was unexpectedly found that only 13 among the 42 nuruk samples contained Aspergillus oryzae, the representative saccharifying fungi in makgeolli, whereas a fungi Lichtheimia corymbifera was widely distributed in nuruk. It was also found that Pichia jadinii was the predominant yeast strain in most nuruk, but the representative alcohol fermentation strain, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, was isolated from only 18 out of the 42 nuruk. These results suggested that a variety of species of fungi and yeast were distributed in nuruk and involved in the fermentation of makgeolli. In this study, a total of 64 bacterial species, 39 fugal species, and 15 yeast species were identified from nuruk. Among these strains, 37 bacterial species, 20 fungal species, and 8 yeast species were distributed less than 0.1%.
A variety of nuruk were collected from various provinces in Korea, and their microflora profiles were analyzed at the species level. A total of 42 nuruk samples were collected and when the viable cell numbers in these nuruk were enumerated, the average cell numbers of bacteria, fungi, yeast, and lactic acid bacteria from all nuruk were 7.21, 7.91, 3.49, and 4.88 log CFU/10 g, respectively. There were no significant differences in viable cell numbers of bacteria or fungi according to regions collected. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and B. subtilis were the predominant bacterial strains in most samples. A significant portion, 13 out of 42 nuruk, contained foodborne pathogens such as B. cereus or Cronobacter sakazakii. There were various species of lactic acid bacteria such as Enterococcus faecium and Pediococcus pentosaceus in nuruk. It was unexpectedly found that only 13 among the 42 nuruk samples contained Aspergillus oryzae, the representative saccharifying fungi in makgeolli, whereas a fungi Lichtheimia corymbifera was widely distributed in nuruk. It was also found that Pichia jadinii was the predominant yeast strain in most nuruk, but the representative alcohol fermentation strain, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, was isolated from only 18 out of the 42 nuruk. These results suggested that a variety of species of fungi and yeast were distributed in nuruk and involved in the fermentation of makgeolli. In this study, a total of 64 bacterial species, 39 fugal species, and 15 yeast species were identified from nuruk. Among these strains, 37 bacterial species, 20 fungal species, and 8 yeast species were distributed less than 0.1%.
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가설 설정
2)The same superscripts in a column are not significantly different from each other at p < 0.05.
3)ND: not detected.
제안 방법
In this study, a variety of nuruk were collected from various provinces in Korea, and their microflora profiles were analyzed.
Although a variety of researches have been done for identification of microorganisms in makgeolli, no one has been reported on the microflora profiles in nuruk. In this study, the microorganisms isolated from nuruk were identified at the species level, based on the nucleotide sequence of the 16S rRNA gene, and the microflora profiles in nuruk collected from all around Korea were analyzed for the first time.
대상 데이터
A total of 42 nuruk samples were collected from provinces all around Korea; 11 nuruk were collected from Chungcheong-do (CC, including Dangjin, Hapdeok, Buyeo, and Hongseong), 3 were from Gangwon-do (GW, including Sokcho and Yangyang), 5 were from Gyeonggi-do (GG, including Seongnam, Pocheon, and Gapyeong), 9 were from Gyeongsang-do (GS, including Andong, Munkeong, Yeochon, Kyeongju, Changwon, Haman, Jinju, Tongyoung, and Geoje), 4 were from Jeju-do (JJ, including Jeju-si, Seongeup, and Pyoseon), and 10 were from Jeolla-do (JL, including Jeonju, Imsil, Namwon, Sunchang, Gunsan, Gwangju, Mokpo, Boseong, Haenam, and Muan). When viable cell numbers in the nuruk were enumerated, the average cell numbers of bacteria, fungi, yeast, and lactic acid bacteria from all nuruk were 7.
In this study, a total of 64 bacterial species, 39 fungal species, and 15 yeast species were isolated and identified from nuruk. Among these strains, 37 bacterial species, 20 fungal species, and 8 yeast species were distributed less than 0.
이론/모형
/blast/). The nearly identical sequences were aligned using the CLUSTALX program [12] and the phylogenetic trees were constructed using the MEGA4 program by the neighbor-joining method [18].
성능/효과
subtilis in several nuruk such as GG NR2, GG NR5, and GS NR6. A significant portion of nuruk, 13 out of the 42, contained foodborne pathogens such as B. cereus or Cronobacter sakazakii, and in some nuruk such as GG NR5 and JJ NR4, over 40% and over 30% of microorganisms were C. sakazakii, respectively. This result indicated that there are serious problems in sanitation during the manufacturing process of some nuruk.
For yeast, Pichia jadinii was the predominant strain in most nuruk; that is, the proportions of P. jadinii in CC NR3, GS NR4, GS NR8, and JJ NR1 were over 40%, 60%, 30%, and 70%, respectively. P.
jadinii in CC NR3, GS NR4, GS NR8, and JJ NR1 were over 40%, 60%, 30%, and 70%, respectively. P. jadinii was detected in 17 out of the 42 nuruk, and unexpectedly, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the representative fermentation strain, was isolated from only 18 out of 42 nuruk.
xylosus. The minor fungi strains included Aspergillus clavatus, A. tritici, Cladosporium cladosporioides, C. sphaerospermum, C. uredinicola, Eurotium chevalieri, E. intermedium, Irpex lacteus, Mucor racemosus, Penicillium cinnamopurpureum, P. commune, P. crustosum, P. fellutanum. P.
racemosum. The minor yeast strains isolated from nuruk were Candida glabrata, C. tropicalis, Clavispora lusitaniae, Issatchenkia orientalis, Kluyveromyces lactis, Pichia fabianii, P. farinose, and P. guilliermondii.
mesenteroides NR K-3, and Pediococcus pentosaceus NR T-1 by morphological, physiological, and biochemical characterization. When their results were compared with this study, the predominant species of lactic acid bacteria in nuruk was different in both study, and furthermore much more species of lactic acid bacteria were detected in this study. Yu et al.
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