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문제 정의
- The purpose of this study was to investigate whether quercetin has anxiolytic-like activities. The elevated plusmaze test (EPM) and hole-board test were applied because it has been used to examine anxiolytic-like effects.
제안 방법
- The mice in the control group were given the vehicle solvent only, and the animals were tested individually once only for 5 min. In a separate antagonism study, the mice were subjected to the co-administration of quercetin (5 mg/kg, p.o.) and either WAY 100635 (0.3 mg/kg, i.p.), flumazenil (10 mg/kg, i.p.), TACA (20 mg/kg) or 1 hr and 30 min prior to testing, respectively. The mice were treated with buspirone (2 mg/kg, i.
- The EPM is considered to be an etiologically valid behavioral test of anxiety because it uses natural stimuli, such as a fear of a new, brightly lit open space and a fear of balancing on a relatively narrow raised surface. In this study, the buspirone treatment prolonged the percentage of open arm entries and time spent in the open arms (Fig. 1). The quercetin treatment also prolonged the percentage of time spent in the open arms as well as the percentage of open arm entries without altering the spontaneous behavior at the chosen dose regimen.
- All the experiments were carried out between 10:00 and 16:00 o’clock. One hour after the quercetin administration (1.25, 2.5, 5 or 10 mg/kg, p.o.), the mice were placed in the EPM. The mice in the control group were given the vehicle solvent only, and the animals were tested individually once only for 5 min.
- The animals were housed 5 or 6 per cage, allowed access to water and food ad libitum, and maintained under a constant temperature (23±1℃) and humidity (60±10%) under a 12-h light/ dark cycle (light on 07.30-19.30 hr).
- The maze was cleaned after each trial so as to remove any residue or odors. The following measurements were taken and analyzed using the video-based Ethovision System: the number of entries into the open or closed arms, the time spent in each arm, and the total distance moved in the EPM. All the experiments were carried out between 10:00 and 16:00 o’clock.
- Testing was conducted in clear black Plexiglas boxes (40×40×40 cm) equipped with the video-based Ethovision System (Noldus, Wageningen, The Netherlands). The mice were placed in the center of the apparatus to evaluate horizontal locmotor activity 1 hr after being treated with quercetin (1.25, 2.5, 5 and 10 mg/kg) and video-recorded for 5 min. The horizontal locomotor activity is expressed in terms of the total ambulatory distance and the frequency of rearing.
대상 데이터
- Quercetin, buspirone, WAY 100635, flumazenil and trans-4-aminocrotonic acid (TACA) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). All other materials were of the highest grade and were obtained from standard commercial sources.
- Testing was conducted in clear black Plexiglas boxes (40×40×40 cm) equipped with the video-based Ethovision System (Noldus, Wageningen, The Netherlands).
- The EPM for mice consisted of two perpendicular open arms (30×7 cm) and two enclosed arms (30×7 cm) with 20 cm high walls, extending from the central platform (7×7 cm).
- The hole-board apparatus (Ugo Basile, Italy) consisted of gray Perspex panels (40×40 cm, 2.2 cm thick) with 16 equidistant holes 3 cm in diameter in the floor.
데이터처리
- For the antagonism study, the interactions between the agonist and antagonist were analysed separately with a two-way ANOVA [factors: agonist versus antagonist]; pairwise comparisons for the assessment of the antagonist influence on the agonist effects were conducted by using Tukey's test.
- P values for group comparisons were obtained by one way ANOVA followed by Student Newman-Keuls test (* p<0.05 versus the saline- treated control).
- P values for group comparisons were obtained by one way ANOVA followed by Student Newman-Keuls test (* p<0.05 versus the saline-treated control).
- P values for the group comparisons were obtained by one way ANOVA followed by Student-NewmanKeuls test (* p<0.05 as compared with the saline-treated control group).
- P values for the group comparisons were obtained by two way ANOVA followed by Student Newman-Keuls test (* p<0.05 versus the saline-treated control, # p<0.05 as compared with the quercetin-administrated group).
- Values are expressed as the mean ± S.E.M. Data were analysed by a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by the Student Newman-Keuls test for multiple comparisons.
성능/효과
- The main findings of this study are that the administration of quercetin significantly increases the time spent in the open arms and the frequency of open arm entries in the EPM test, and that these effects were blocked by TACA, thus demonstrating GABAnergic nervous system involvement. In addition, no changes in spontaneous locomotor activities or myorelaxant effects were observed.
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