베사 다나츄 베케레
(Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Debre Zeit Research Center)
,
박덕병
(Department of Community Development, Kongju National University)
에티오피아의 농촌지도사업은 다른 아프리카 국가들과 비교하여 긴 역사를 가지고 있으며 다양한 접근방법과 모델을 통하여 이루어져 왔다. 오랜 역사에도 불구하고, 농촌지도사업 시슨템은 사업영역, 커뮤니케이션, 제도적인 다원성 측면에서 초보단계에 머물고 있다. 농촌지도사업의 초점은 시험연구사업 결과에 대한 기술이전, 국가식량안보와 수출증가를 위한 농업생산성 증대에 있다. 최근 농촌지도사업 시스템에 대하여 많은 논의가 이루어지고 있으며, 다른 관점을 통하여 보다 지도사업 시스템이 엄밀성을 더해 가고 있다. 최근 에티오피아 농촌지도사업은 공공부문에 의하여 추진되고 있으며, 특히 district 단위에서 분권화된 방법으로 운영되고 있다. 그리고 제한된 수준이지만 NGO에 의하여 수행되고 있다. 에티오피아의 농촌지도사업은 1950년대에 연구개발 및 기술이전, 외국의 새로운 기술도입을 위하여 시작되었다. 초기에 농촌지도사업은 시험장 위주로 이루어졌다. 이후에 에티오피아 농촌지도사업은 다섯 가지 단계로 추진되었다. 대학학장시스템(the land grant extension system), 패키지 프로그램, 최소 팩키지 프로젝트, 농민 농업개발 프로그램, 참여민주주의와 훈련시스템(PADETS). 패키지 지도사업 프로그램은 시범지역에 최초로 수행되었으며, 15-20년내에 농촌지역의 90%까지 확대되었다. 이 프로그램은 개발기구에 의하여 관리되는 시범포를 사용하였으며, 조직화된 농민들을 훈련하였다. 그러나, 이 프로그램이 특정한 조그마한 지역에서 운영되어 다른 지역까지 확대되지 못하였다. 참여민주주의와 훈련시스템을 통하여 에티오피아의 농촌지도사업은 주목을 받게 되었으며 많은 논의가 있었으며, 외부의 관점들이 더 정교하게 만들었다. 긴 역사에도 불구하고, 이 시스템은 커뮤니케이션, 제도적인 다원주의적인 측면, 분권화 측면에서 걸음마 단계이다.
에티오피아의 농촌지도사업은 다른 아프리카 국가들과 비교하여 긴 역사를 가지고 있으며 다양한 접근방법과 모델을 통하여 이루어져 왔다. 오랜 역사에도 불구하고, 농촌지도사업 시슨템은 사업영역, 커뮤니케이션, 제도적인 다원성 측면에서 초보단계에 머물고 있다. 농촌지도사업의 초점은 시험연구사업 결과에 대한 기술이전, 국가식량안보와 수출증가를 위한 농업생산성 증대에 있다. 최근 농촌지도사업 시스템에 대하여 많은 논의가 이루어지고 있으며, 다른 관점을 통하여 보다 지도사업 시스템이 엄밀성을 더해 가고 있다. 최근 에티오피아 농촌지도사업은 공공부문에 의하여 추진되고 있으며, 특히 district 단위에서 분권화된 방법으로 운영되고 있다. 그리고 제한된 수준이지만 NGO에 의하여 수행되고 있다. 에티오피아의 농촌지도사업은 1950년대에 연구개발 및 기술이전, 외국의 새로운 기술도입을 위하여 시작되었다. 초기에 농촌지도사업은 시험장 위주로 이루어졌다. 이후에 에티오피아 농촌지도사업은 다섯 가지 단계로 추진되었다. 대학학장시스템(the land grant extension system), 패키지 프로그램, 최소 팩키지 프로젝트, 농민 농업개발 프로그램, 참여민주주의와 훈련시스템(PADETS). 패키지 지도사업 프로그램은 시범지역에 최초로 수행되었으며, 15-20년내에 농촌지역의 90%까지 확대되었다. 이 프로그램은 개발기구에 의하여 관리되는 시범포를 사용하였으며, 조직화된 농민들을 훈련하였다. 그러나, 이 프로그램이 특정한 조그마한 지역에서 운영되어 다른 지역까지 확대되지 못하였다. 참여민주주의와 훈련시스템을 통하여 에티오피아의 농촌지도사업은 주목을 받게 되었으며 많은 논의가 있었으며, 외부의 관점들이 더 정교하게 만들었다. 긴 역사에도 불구하고, 이 시스템은 커뮤니케이션, 제도적인 다원주의적인 측면, 분권화 측면에서 걸음마 단계이다.
Agricultural extension service in Ethiopia was started in early 1950s with mandate of transferring local research outputs and technologies to farmers, and importing technologies and improved practices from abroad. Extension service provided in this early time was limited to areas surrounding the exp...
Agricultural extension service in Ethiopia was started in early 1950s with mandate of transferring local research outputs and technologies to farmers, and importing technologies and improved practices from abroad. Extension service provided in this early time was limited to areas surrounding the experiment stations. Since then, Ethiopian Agricultural extension service has passed through at least five stages: the land grant extension system, the Comprehensive Package Programs, the Minimum Package Projects, the Peasant Agricultural Development Program, and the Participatory Demonstration and Training Extension System (PADETS). The comprehensive package extension program was initially implemented in selected pilot areas and eventually to be scaled up to cover about 90% of the farming community within 15-20 years time. The program used demonstration plots managed by development agents and used to train farmers organized through various field days. However, since all of these programs were operational in only small areas, the vast majority of the country was out of their reach. Through Participatory Demonstration and Training Extension System, the extension service in Ethiopia has come under the spotlight and government debates and external reviews are putting additional scrutiny on the system. Despite this long history, the system is still in its infancy in terms of coverage, communication and institutional pluralism. Currently in Ethiopia the Agricultural extension is provided primarily by the public sector, operating in a decentralized manner through which extension is implemented at the district level. Therefore, the main focus of this paper is to scrutinize the past, the present and the future Agricultural extension system in Ethiopia.
Agricultural extension service in Ethiopia was started in early 1950s with mandate of transferring local research outputs and technologies to farmers, and importing technologies and improved practices from abroad. Extension service provided in this early time was limited to areas surrounding the experiment stations. Since then, Ethiopian Agricultural extension service has passed through at least five stages: the land grant extension system, the Comprehensive Package Programs, the Minimum Package Projects, the Peasant Agricultural Development Program, and the Participatory Demonstration and Training Extension System (PADETS). The comprehensive package extension program was initially implemented in selected pilot areas and eventually to be scaled up to cover about 90% of the farming community within 15-20 years time. The program used demonstration plots managed by development agents and used to train farmers organized through various field days. However, since all of these programs were operational in only small areas, the vast majority of the country was out of their reach. Through Participatory Demonstration and Training Extension System, the extension service in Ethiopia has come under the spotlight and government debates and external reviews are putting additional scrutiny on the system. Despite this long history, the system is still in its infancy in terms of coverage, communication and institutional pluralism. Currently in Ethiopia the Agricultural extension is provided primarily by the public sector, operating in a decentralized manner through which extension is implemented at the district level. Therefore, the main focus of this paper is to scrutinize the past, the present and the future Agricultural extension system in Ethiopia.
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제안 방법
PADETS involved the use of Extension Management and Training Plots (EMTP), usually half hectare on-farm demonstration plots which were managed by farmers and used to train farmers and extension workers on appropriate agronomic and farm management practices (Alemu and Demese, 2005). Later, the program expanded its area coverage and number of technology packages, and included technology packages for crop production for moisture stress areas, livestock, high value crops, post harvest technology, and agro-forestry, among others.
), input supply (seeds and fertilizer), and home economics. The program used demonstration plots managed by development agents and used to train farmers organized through various field days. The program also used model farmers.
, 2013). The program was not just an agricultural extension program, but was aimed at bringing about an overall socio-economic development in the pilot area, and designed to draw lessons for scaling out to other parts of the country and scaling up to higher administrative bodies.
대상 데이터
The program used demonstration plots managed by development agents and used to train farmers organized through various field days. The program also used model farmers.
성능/효과
Since all of these programs and projects were operational in only small areas, the vast majority of the country was out of their reach. Evaluation of the comprehensive package approach led to the conclusion that the approach did not benefit smallholders, and was too expensive to scale out and up both financially and in terms of manpower requirements.
참고문헌 (12)
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Alemu, D. & Demese, C. (2005). The National Extension Intervention Program (NIEP) and sustainable agricultural development: An exploratory study to steer the debate on ADLI. In: Negatu W, Dadi L, Hailegebriel A, Belete S and Gebremedhin B. (eds), Reversing vulnerability of rural livelihoods in Ethiopia: Options for sustainable development: Proceedings of the 7th annual conference of the AESE (Agricultural Economics Society of Ethiopia), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. AESE, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
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Berhanu, G., Hoekstra, D., & Azage. (2006). Commercialization of Ethiopian agriculture: Extension service from input supplier to knowledge broker and facilitator. IPMS (Improving Productivity and Market Success) of Ethiopian Farmers (p. 36). Project Working Paper 1. ILRI (International Livestock Research Institute), Nairobi, Kenya.
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