Glufosinate-ammonium, a component of the herbicide Basta, is one of the most extensively used pesticides worldwide. In this study, we assessed subchronic and chronic toxicities of Basta and its histopathological effects on the marine medaka Oryzias dancena. Marine medaka were exposed to 0, 2, 4, or ...
Glufosinate-ammonium, a component of the herbicide Basta, is one of the most extensively used pesticides worldwide. In this study, we assessed subchronic and chronic toxicities of Basta and its histopathological effects on the marine medaka Oryzias dancena. Marine medaka were exposed to 0, 2, 4, or 8 mg/L of Basta for 28 or 42 days. The lethal concentration ($LC_{50}$) of Basta for 96 h is 8.76 mg/L. Histological changes in the gills and liver were evaluated with histopathological indices, allowing quantification of the damage to fish exposed to Basta. Blood congestion, lamellar fusion, and epithelial lifting were observed in the gills, and hydropic degeneration, fibrosis, lipid degeneration, leukocyte infiltration, and necrosis were found in the liver. These responses could be useful indicators of Basta toxicity in this species.
Glufosinate-ammonium, a component of the herbicide Basta, is one of the most extensively used pesticides worldwide. In this study, we assessed subchronic and chronic toxicities of Basta and its histopathological effects on the marine medaka Oryzias dancena. Marine medaka were exposed to 0, 2, 4, or 8 mg/L of Basta for 28 or 42 days. The lethal concentration ($LC_{50}$) of Basta for 96 h is 8.76 mg/L. Histological changes in the gills and liver were evaluated with histopathological indices, allowing quantification of the damage to fish exposed to Basta. Blood congestion, lamellar fusion, and epithelial lifting were observed in the gills, and hydropic degeneration, fibrosis, lipid degeneration, leukocyte infiltration, and necrosis were found in the liver. These responses could be useful indicators of Basta toxicity in this species.
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가설 설정
In this study, we investigated the toxicological effects of the agrochemical component glufosinate using histopathological changes induced in the marine medaka. In previous studies, glufosinate-ammonium was reported to cause the death of nerve cells in the brains of mammals, both in vitro and in vivo, in response to the release of excessive glutamic acid (Watanabe and Iwase, 1996; Watanabe, 1997).
제안 방법
As a first step in examining the toxic effects of glufosinate-containing herbicides (Basta) in aquatic environments at various salinity levels, we evaluated histological lesions in the liver and gills of marine medaka in freshwater in response to subchronic and chronic exposure to Basta for 28 and 42 days, respectively.
, 1999). For both the gill and liver tissues, the percentages of gill filaments or liver areas affected were evaluated using a score ranging from 0 to 6 based on the degree and extent of a particular alteration: 0 = unchanged, 2 = mild occurrence, 4 = moderate occurrence, and 6 = severe occurrence. The indices for each alteration were summed to give an index for each reaction pattern (RPOrg = reaction pattern index for an organ).
For the subchronic and chronic toxicity tests, the fish were exposed to different concentrations of Basta (2, 4, or 8 mg/L) for 28 and 42 days, respectively. The experimental groups and control groups, each containing 65 fishes, were assigned to an aquarium and the tests were performed in duplicate.
To evaluate histological changes in the liver, the middlemost section of the liver was used because the type of lesion was the same throughout all livers. The type of change and its extent were recorded for each area and divided by the total number of areas examined, and the values for the affected liver areas were converted into percentages.
They were embedded in paraffin, sectioned to a thickness of 5 µm, and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Tissue lesions were examined under a light microscope (E400; Nikon Co., Tokyo, Japan) and photographed with a digital camera (Moticam Pro 205A; Motic Co., Hong Kong, China).
For the histological analysis of the gills, five filaments were examined per individual fish. To calculate the percentage of filaments affected, the number of secondary lamellae displaying a particular change was recorded and divided by the total number of gill secondary lamellae examined. To evaluate histological changes in the liver, the middlemost section of the liver was used because the type of lesion was the same throughout all livers.
05). To determine the overall fish health status from these histological analyses, a total pathological index (HITot) was calculated by adding the gill and liver indices of the individual fish. The HITot values for subchronic exposure did not differ between the treatment and control groups or among the treatment groups.
대상 데이터
For the subchronic and chronic toxicity tests, the fish were exposed to different concentrations of Basta (2, 4, or 8 mg/L) for 28 and 42 days, respectively. The experimental groups and control groups, each containing 65 fishes, were assigned to an aquarium and the tests were performed in duplicate. The fish were maintained in 10-L aerated glass aquariums containing dechlorinated tap water at a temperature of 25 ± 1°C, with a 12 h:12 h photoperiod.
The marine medaka specimens used in this study were from a laboratory stock maintained at the Institute of Marine Living Modified Organisms, Pukyong National University, Busan, Korea. Their mean total length was 10.
데이터처리
The differences in the biological parameters at different Basta concentrations and for times of exposure were assessed with Student’s t-test.
이론/모형
The histopathological lesions were assessed according to the standardized assessment tool used in the protocol described by Bernet et al. (1999) and Hued et al. (2012). Each histological alteration was classified into one of four reaction patterns: circulatory disturbances, regressive changes, progressive changes, or inflammation.
성능/효과
The mortality rate of fish exposed to Basta increased as the exposure period increased, whereas it did not correlate positively with the increased concentrations of Basta (2 mg/L: 28 days, 39.23 ± 5.44%; 42 days, 69.09 ± 7.71%; 4 mg/L: 28 days, 37.69 ± 1.09%; 42 days, 59.09 ± 3.86%; 8 mg/L: 28 days, 56.15 ± 3.26%; 42 days, 71.54 ± 5.44%).
후속연구
Therefore, the responses recorded here may be useful as diagnostic indicators of the toxicity of glufosinate-ammonium in this species. Further research is required to examine the toxic effects of glufosinate-ammonium-based herbicides in aquatic environments at various salinity levels.
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