Investigation of Lighting Conditions and Visitors' Satisfaction in Exhibition Spaces of Museums in Korea - Focused on the 4 Cases of the Seoul Museum, the Mimesis Art Museum, the Seoul Museum of Art in Nowon and the National Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art in Gwacheon -원문보기
Museums have developed various needs of the visitors and exhibits over the past two centuries. Currently, they have multiple functions of display, conservation, research and public education about artworks and cultural events. Therefore, exhibits should be displayed in various ways so that visitors ...
Museums have developed various needs of the visitors and exhibits over the past two centuries. Currently, they have multiple functions of display, conservation, research and public education about artworks and cultural events. Therefore, exhibits should be displayed in various ways so that visitors can feel inter-relations with exhibits. The exhibition areas of museums should be provided with the stable lighting environment for visitors and artworks. For the study, I selected four museums, which were the Seoul Museum, the Mimesis Art Museum, the Seoul Museum of Art in Nowon and the National Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art in Gwacheon, and I measured illumination levels of the selected Museums, and then, I surveyed the visitors' responses on the lighting conditions of them. According to the results, the measurements of the illumination levels in the four museums showed that the illumination levels of them were effectively controlled to display the art works. However, the illuminance levels at some areas that drew the natural light as lighting source were much higher than recommended illumination values for museum. In the mean time, the answers of questionnaires showed that the natural light were so effective to light the museums although the natural light provided some areas with high illumination levels.
Museums have developed various needs of the visitors and exhibits over the past two centuries. Currently, they have multiple functions of display, conservation, research and public education about artworks and cultural events. Therefore, exhibits should be displayed in various ways so that visitors can feel inter-relations with exhibits. The exhibition areas of museums should be provided with the stable lighting environment for visitors and artworks. For the study, I selected four museums, which were the Seoul Museum, the Mimesis Art Museum, the Seoul Museum of Art in Nowon and the National Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art in Gwacheon, and I measured illumination levels of the selected Museums, and then, I surveyed the visitors' responses on the lighting conditions of them. According to the results, the measurements of the illumination levels in the four museums showed that the illumination levels of them were effectively controlled to display the art works. However, the illuminance levels at some areas that drew the natural light as lighting source were much higher than recommended illumination values for museum. In the mean time, the answers of questionnaires showed that the natural light were so effective to light the museums although the natural light provided some areas with high illumination levels.
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문제 정의
The survey was conducted to find out the visitor’s satisfaction according to the different lighting environment of the selected museums.
This study surveyed about the viewer’s satisfaction on one of the main elements of art appreciation, which is the lighting environment.
제안 방법
(1) Design Elements that Effect the Viewing In order to find out the architectural design elements that effected the viewer’s satisfaction in a museum, a survey was conducted and analyzed.
First, the illuminance value acting as a decisive perception component to create the exhibition environment, the recommended domestic and international illuminance values were examined. Second, a comparative analysis was made between the measured illuminance values of the four selected museums and the recommended illuminance values for museum.
For this research, I has selected four major museums located near Seoul for studying the exhibition environment, and then, analyzed the effect of lighting for the viewer, and thus, tried to accumulate primary data for museum design.
First, the illuminance value acting as a decisive perception component to create the exhibition environment, the recommended domestic and international illuminance values were examined. Second, a comparative analysis was made between the measured illuminance values of the four selected museums and the recommended illuminance values for museum.
The illumination levels of their exhibition spaces were measured, and survey was made to research the visitors’ satisfaction according to the different illuminance value at each museum.
24] illustrates the analysis of interior environments that effect the viewing satisfaction of the visitors. The options for questionnaire included temperature, lighting, ventilation, noise, humidity and color.
Third, at the same time, a survey of viewer’s satisfaction about the exhibition space and its relationship to the illuminance value was conducted, and the result was examined using the SPSS software.
This research selected four museums to study the exhibition environment, and measured the illuminance values and surveyed viewer’s satisfaction according to the lighting environment.
대상 데이터
SMA is located in neighborhood park surrounded by high apartments. It is a six story building with three ground floors and three basement floors. A children’s gallery is located on the first basement floor and displays participatory sculptures that could intrigue children.
Likewise to the illuminance measurement, the survey was also conducted from May 31, 2014 to June 15, 2014. The respondents were 50, 90, 90 and 41 persons respectively from SM, MAM, SMA and NMMCA. Thus, in total, there were 271 participations (male: 123 persons, 45% and female: 148 persons, 55%).
성능/효과
According to the analysis of measurements in the selected museums, SM and NMMCA could easily control illuminance levels of exhibition areas by using artificial lights, while MAM and SMA did not fully control the natural light coming from the windows and skylights.
26]. According to the results, 59% of the participants did not notice any glare problem, 18% experienced the glare problem. However, 58% of the participants from NMMCA noted that they experienced the glare problem, the result of which showed a contrasting result with the results of the other museums.
27] was organized the results of the participants’ reactions on the use of natural light in a museum. According to the results, 69% of the participants responded that the use of natural light helped the viewing and 8% answered it was unnecessary. This result showed very positive reaction to the use of natural light in the exhibition spaces.
According to the results, SM and NMMCA could easily control illuminance levels of exhibition areas by using artificial lights, while MAM and SMA did not fully control the natural light flowing from the windows and skylights. Therefore, further studies are needed to secure stable lighting environment and prevent the photochemical reactions and degradation of the artworks.
Moreover, looking into the results of all 271 participants, method of display (35%) and circulation route (32%) were selected as the most important design elements, and then selected exhibition environment (15%), size of the exhibition space (11%), duration of exhibition (5%), and resting area (3%) as the order of importance.
Positive answers of MAM and SMA on the use of natural light as a lighting source, which were lighting exhibition spaces with natural light, were 80% and 79%. Positive answers of SM and NMMCA, which were lighting exhibition spaces with only artificial lights, were 40% and 83%.
후속연구
Further study is necessary to examine the environmental factors that can effect the viewing of the visitors, and apply them to the design process of museum.
According to the results, SM and NMMCA could easily control illuminance levels of exhibition areas by using artificial lights, while MAM and SMA did not fully control the natural light flowing from the windows and skylights. Therefore, further studies are needed to secure stable lighting environment and prevent the photochemical reactions and degradation of the artworks.
참고문헌 (11)
Peter Wilson, Lighting Strategy and Practice
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Mary Claire Frazier, Optimizing Museum Lighting, LD+A Magazine, 2008. 09
Julio M. del Hoyo-Melendez, Marion F. Mecklenburg, Maria Teresa Domenech-Carbo, An evaluation of daylight distribution as an initial preventive conservation measure at two Smithsonian Institution Museums, Washington DC, USA, Journal of Cultural Heritage, 2011
C.W. Kensner, Museum Exhibition Lighting : Visitor Needs and Perceptions of Quality, JOURNAL of the Illuminating Engineering Society, 1993
Hong Bum, Kim, "Construction Planning and Lighting of Museums", The Korean Institute of Illuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers Journal, 1996 // (Kim, Hong-Bum, Architectural Planning and Lighting in Museums, KIEE Journal, 1996)
John E Kaufman, IES Lighting Handbook(1987 Application Volumn), 1987, pp7-34
In Sun, Yao, Lighting Environment of Museums and Art Museums, The Korean Institute of Illuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers Journal, 1996 // (Yeo, In-Sun, Lighting Environment of Museum and Art Gallery, KIEE Journal, 1996)
John E. Kaufman, IES Lighting Handbook, Application Volumn, IESNA, 1987
Hoon, Kim, Degradation of Exhibit due to Lighting and Standard of Lighting, The Korean Institute of Illuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers Journal, 1996 // (Kim, Hoon, Deterioration of Exhibits by Lighting and Lighting Standard, KIEE Journal, 1996)
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