Movements of the upper and lower limb muscles during five common gardening tasks were analyzed by using electromyography (EMG). Twenty adults aged in their twenties (mean age, $24.8{\pm}2.4$ years) were recruited. On two separate occasions, subjects visited a garden plot to perform diggin...
Movements of the upper and lower limb muscles during five common gardening tasks were analyzed by using electromyography (EMG). Twenty adults aged in their twenties (mean age, $24.8{\pm}2.4$ years) were recruited. On two separate occasions, subjects visited a garden plot to perform digging, raking, troweling, weeding, and hoeing; all tasks were performed three times with 20 s intervals for each trial. To measure muscle activation during the five gardening tasks, surface EMG was used. Bipolar surface EMG electrodes were attached to eight upper limb muscles (bilateral anterior deltoid, biceps brachialis, brachioradialis, and flexor carpi ulnaris) or eight lower limb muscles (bilateral vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, biceps femoris, and gastrocnemius) on both sides of the body, for a total of 16 muscles. During the five tasks, photographs were taken of movement phases using a digital video camera. The right flexor carpi ulnaris and brachioradialis showed higher activation than the other upper and lower limb muscles measured during the tasks. All 16 upper and lower limb muscles were actively used only during digging. According to movement analysis of each activity, digging was classified into four movement phases, whereas raking, troweling, weeding, and hoeing each were divided into three movement phases. In each activity, there were high-impact phases in terms of muscle activation; the flexor carpi ulnaris and brachioradialis were identified as major muscles in each impact phase. This analysis may be used to generate biomechanical profiles of gardening tasks for practitioners when designing efficient gardening interventions for physical health or rehabilitation.
Movements of the upper and lower limb muscles during five common gardening tasks were analyzed by using electromyography (EMG). Twenty adults aged in their twenties (mean age, $24.8{\pm}2.4$ years) were recruited. On two separate occasions, subjects visited a garden plot to perform digging, raking, troweling, weeding, and hoeing; all tasks were performed three times with 20 s intervals for each trial. To measure muscle activation during the five gardening tasks, surface EMG was used. Bipolar surface EMG electrodes were attached to eight upper limb muscles (bilateral anterior deltoid, biceps brachialis, brachioradialis, and flexor carpi ulnaris) or eight lower limb muscles (bilateral vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, biceps femoris, and gastrocnemius) on both sides of the body, for a total of 16 muscles. During the five tasks, photographs were taken of movement phases using a digital video camera. The right flexor carpi ulnaris and brachioradialis showed higher activation than the other upper and lower limb muscles measured during the tasks. All 16 upper and lower limb muscles were actively used only during digging. According to movement analysis of each activity, digging was classified into four movement phases, whereas raking, troweling, weeding, and hoeing each were divided into three movement phases. In each activity, there were high-impact phases in terms of muscle activation; the flexor carpi ulnaris and brachioradialis were identified as major muscles in each impact phase. This analysis may be used to generate biomechanical profiles of gardening tasks for practitioners when designing efficient gardening interventions for physical health or rehabilitation.
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문제 정의
However, not many studies have kinematically and bio-mechanically analyzed the movements of human body during various gardening activities for determining mechanisms of how various gardening tasks affect the human body or contribute to health benefits. Therefore, the objective of this study was to conduct movement and activation analysis of the upper and lower limb muscles during five common gardening tasks by using EMG. EMG data can provide quantitative information regarding the activation of muscles.
제안 방법
In the five gardening activities, the movement phases were identified, and the muscle activation values in each phase were compared in order to analyze the main muscle and accessory muscle impacts in performing the activity (Tables 5 and 6). Based on the photographs, the movement phases of each gardening task were analyzed by professionals in the field of movement dynamics. Distinguishable movements of each activity were categorized into phases.
Before starting the first test, descriptive information for each subject, such as height and body composition [weight (kg), percent fat, fat (kg), lean (kg)], were measured with an anthropometer (model ok7979; Samhwa, Seoul, South Korea) and body fat analyzer (ioi 353; Jawon Medical, Gyeongsan, South Korea), respectively (Table 1). Body mass index (BMI) was calculated with the following formula [body mass index = weight (kg) / height (m)2].
Table 1. Characteristics of the study subjects (N = 20) recruited to analyze movements of the upper and lower limb muscles during five common gardening tasks by using electromyography.
Table 6. Data on maximum activation of eight lower limb muscles according to each phase of five gardening tasks to analyze movements of the upper and lower limb muscles during five common gardening tasks by using electromyography in right-handed participants.
Table 4. Data on maximum activation of eight lower limb muscles during five gardening tasks to analyze movements of the upper and lower limb muscles during five common gardening tasks by using electromyography in right-handed participants.
Table 5. Data on maximum activation of eight upper limb muscles according to each phase of five gardening tasks to analyze movements of the upper and lower limb muscles during five common gardening tasks by using electromyography in right-handed participants.
Table 3. Data on maximum activation of eight upper limb muscles during five gardening tasks to analyze movements of the upper and lower limb muscles during five common gardening tasks by using electromyography in right-handed participants.
Table 2. Descriptions of the five gardening tasks and phases performed by the study subjects to analyze activation of 16 upper and lower limb muscles during five common gardening tasks by using electromyography.
In conclusion, it was demonstrated that various gardening movements could be analyzed in terms of kinematics and kinetics using the movement phase data of the five gardening activities obtained in this study. Additional work is needed to identify the characteristics of each movement in order to create general posture modeling for each movement.
2. Movement analysis of five gardening tasks recorded by image photography (GR-HD1; JVC, Yokohama, Japan): (A-E) Events 1-5 of digging: (A) preparation action, (B) put right foot on the shovel, (C) dig a spot, (D) hold the shovel with both hands, and (E) throw away the soil to the left side. (F-I) Events 1-4 of raking: (F) preparation action, (G) extend the rake, (H) hit a spot in the garden, and (I) draw the soil toward the body.
대상 데이터
All subjects completed the test from May to June 2013, during which time, the average temperature was 26.5 ± 2.4℃, and the average humidity was 48.9 ± 3.8% at the garden plot (Korea National Weather Service, Seoul, South Korea).
Twenty male adults aged in their twenties (mean age, 24.8 ± 2.4 years) were recruited from Konkuk University in Seoul, South Korea, by phone or word of mouth.
데이터처리
To conduct a comparative analysis of muscle activity by % MVC IEMG, a statistical analysis system (SAS version 9 for Windows; SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC) was used to carry out Duncan’s multiple range test, with the significance level set at p < 0.05.
이론/모형
All EMG raw data in this study used MyoResearch XP Master Edition (MyoResearch XP Clinical Edition 1.07; Noraxon, Scottsdale, USA) to process the signals (MyoResearch XP, 2011). First, in order to calculate the average value, maximum value, and integrated EMG (IEMG) value of amplitude, the EMG signal (sampling rate = 1000 Hz) was rectified.
후속연구
In conclusion, it was demonstrated that various gardening movements could be analyzed in terms of kinematics and kinetics using the movement phase data of the five gardening activities obtained in this study. Additional work is needed to identify the characteristics of each movement in order to create general posture modeling for each movement. Since there is not enough evidence regarding EMG differences according to age and gender (Anderson et al.
Additional work is needed to identify the characteristics of each movement in order to create general posture modeling for each movement. Since there is not enough evidence regarding EMG differences according to age and gender (Anderson et al., 1984; Tsuboi et al., 2013; Vaiman et al., 2004; Youdas et al., 2007; Zeller et al., 2003), further research is needed to investigate the EMG data for various horticultural activities based on age or gender. This analysis may be used to generate biomechanical profiles of gardening tasks for practitioners when designing efficient interventions for physical health or rehabilitation.
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