Lim, Ji-Ae
(Department of Preventive Medicine, Dankook University College of Medicine)
,
Kwon, Ho-Jang
(Department of Preventive Medicine, Dankook University College of Medicine)
,
Ha, Mina
(Department of Public Health Statistics, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University)
,
Kim, Ho
(Department of Public Health Statistics, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University)
,
Oh, Se Young
(Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyung Hee University College of Human Ecology)
,
Kim, Jeong Seon
(Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, National Cancer Center)
,
Lee, Sang-Ah
(Department of Preventive Medicine, Kangwon National University School of Medicine)
,
Park, Jung-Duck
(Department of Preventive Medicine, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine)
,
Hong, Young-Seoub
(Department of Preventive Medicine, Dong-A University College of Medicine)
,
Sohn, Seok-Joon
(Department of Preventive Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School)
,
Pyo, Heesoo
(Molecular Recognition Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology)
,
Park, Kyung Su
(Advanced Analysis Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology)
,
Lee, Kwang-Geun
(Department of Food)
,
Kim, Yong Dae
,
Jun, Sangil
,
Hwang, Myung Sil
Objectives: This survey was designed to conduct the first nationwide dietary exposure assessment on hazardous substances including the intakes of functional food and herbal medicine. In this paper, we introduced the survey design and the results of the dietary exposure status and internal exposure l...
Objectives: This survey was designed to conduct the first nationwide dietary exposure assessment on hazardous substances including the intakes of functional food and herbal medicine. In this paper, we introduced the survey design and the results of the dietary exposure status and internal exposure levels of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and mercury (Hg). Methods: We selected 4867 subjects of all ages throughout Korea. We conducted a food survey, dietary survey, biomonitoring, and health survey. Results: Pb and Cd were the highest (median value) in the seaweed ($94.2{\mu}g/kg$ for Pb; $594{\mu}g/kg$ for Cd), and Hg was the highest in the fish ($46.4{\mu}g/kg$). The dietary exposure level (median value) of Pb was $0.14{\mu}g/kg$ body weight (bw)/d, $0.18{\mu}g/kg$ bw/d for Cd, and $0.07{\mu}g/kg$ bw/d for Hg. Those with a blood Pb level of less than $5.00{\mu}g/dL$ (US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, reference value for those 1 to 5 years of age) were 99.0% of all the subjects. Those with a blood Cd level with less than $0.30{\mu}g/L$ (German Federal Environmental Agency, reference value for non-smoking children) were 24.5%. For those with a blood Hg level with less than $5.00{\mu}g/L$ (human biomonitoring I, references value for children and adults, German Federal Environmental Agency) was 81.0 % of all the subjects. Conclusions: The main dietary exposure of heavy metals occurs through food consumed in a large quantity and high frequency. The blood Hg level and dietary exposure level of Hg were both higher than those in the European Union.
Objectives: This survey was designed to conduct the first nationwide dietary exposure assessment on hazardous substances including the intakes of functional food and herbal medicine. In this paper, we introduced the survey design and the results of the dietary exposure status and internal exposure levels of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and mercury (Hg). Methods: We selected 4867 subjects of all ages throughout Korea. We conducted a food survey, dietary survey, biomonitoring, and health survey. Results: Pb and Cd were the highest (median value) in the seaweed ($94.2{\mu}g/kg$ for Pb; $594{\mu}g/kg$ for Cd), and Hg was the highest in the fish ($46.4{\mu}g/kg$). The dietary exposure level (median value) of Pb was $0.14{\mu}g/kg$ body weight (bw)/d, $0.18{\mu}g/kg$ bw/d for Cd, and $0.07{\mu}g/kg$ bw/d for Hg. Those with a blood Pb level of less than $5.00{\mu}g/dL$ (US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, reference value for those 1 to 5 years of age) were 99.0% of all the subjects. Those with a blood Cd level with less than $0.30{\mu}g/L$ (German Federal Environmental Agency, reference value for non-smoking children) were 24.5%. For those with a blood Hg level with less than $5.00{\mu}g/L$ (human biomonitoring I, references value for children and adults, German Federal Environmental Agency) was 81.0 % of all the subjects. Conclusions: The main dietary exposure of heavy metals occurs through food consumed in a large quantity and high frequency. The blood Hg level and dietary exposure level of Hg were both higher than those in the European Union.
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문제 정의
The aim of this survey was to evaluate the status of exposure to hazardous substances through food, herbal medicine, and functional food under a real-life pattern. This was the first nationwide survey of integrated dietary exposure to hazardous substances.
제안 방법
The present survey was performed to conduct an integrated dietary exposure assessment (including food, functional food, and herbal medicine) on hazardous substances, estimate the correlations between dietary exposure and internal exposure, and assess the health impacts of dietary exposure to hazardous substances. In this paper, we introduce the survey design and the results of the dietary exposure status and internal exposure levels of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and mercury (Hg).
The adult subjects were selected through composite sampling methods. The final sampling unit of this survey was household members.
The questionnaire consisted of the subjects’ dietary patterns, preferred foods, meal balance, frequency of eating functional food and taking herbal medicine, frequency of eating out, canned food consumption, use of plastic containers, and infant feeding histories of the child subjects.
For the phthalates, BPA, and aflatoxin analysis, strategically selected food samples that could possibly contain those substances were analyzed (aflatoxin were mainly analyzed in flour and nuts, BPA primarily in canned foods, and phthalates primarily in packaged foods). Herbal medicines and functional food samples were collected from the subjects who were taking them.
The dietary exposure survey was conducted through individual dietary intake surveys involving a FFQ and 24-hour recall. The FFQ reflected the long-term dietary exposure levels [16-20].
Measurements of blood pressure, β2-microglobulin, immunological index, bone density, malondialdehyde, and immunoglobulin E were analyzed to identify early health impacts of heavy metals.
The health survey included physical index, general hematology, renal function, renal damage, lipids, immunological index, body iron status, metabolism and endocrine index, oxidative stress damage, and bone impact. The renal functional index and bone impact were conducted only on the subjects over 19 years of age.
The health questionnaire consisted of demographic characteristics, socioeconomic characteristics, health behavior (smoking, alcohol consumption, and exercise frequency), environmental exposure (indoor and outdoor, residence, and occupational exposure), and drinking water. For subjects over 19 years of age, past medical history and pesticide exposure questionnaire items were included.
For subjects over 19 years of age, past medical history and pesticide exposure questionnaire items were included. For subjects 0 to 6 years of age, the questionnaire included breast feeding history, allergies, and family disease history. For subjects 7 to 18 years of age, the International Study of Asthma and Allergic Diseases in Childhood (ISAAC) survey was conducted (Table 2).
We used the median value of the heavy metal level in food for each food sample in order to avoid the impact of the outlier value [17-19]. For the dietary exposure level, we used two-day 24-hour recall questionnaires. The amount of dietary exposure to heavy metals (μg/kg body weight [bw]/d) was calculated by multiplying the heavy metals in food (μg/kg) by the amount of food consumed (kg/d) and dividing by the subject’s bw.
This was the first nationwide survey of integrated dietary exposure to hazardous substances. This survey conducted a food analysis, integrated dietary exposure assessment, and analyses on the internal exposure levels of the same subjects in one track (Figure 2).
This survey analyzed integrated dietary exposure assessments to hazardous substances through food, herbal medicine, and functional food under a real-life pattern. This survey conducted a food analysis, integrated dietary exposure assessment, and analyses on the internal exposure levels of the same subjects in one track.
In this survey, limitations lie in the fact that it is a cross-sectional study and that it was conducted in the format of a marketbased survey instead of collecting food directly from the survey participants. Also, the food survey was limited to highly and frequently consumed food.
We thank all of the participating survey subjects and participating researchers. We particularly thank Su-Jeong Kim, Hyun-Suk Hong, Yoon-Hee Kim, Young-Eun Lee, Seong Ok Kwon, Hyou Mi Park, Ji Yeon Lee, Dong Heon Kim, Sun Hee Choi, Snag Yong Eum, Yu Mi Kim, Yong Yun Yun, Ji Won Won, Dong Heon Lee, Woo Suk Kim, Ju Yi Seo, Hyon Mi Cheon, Bo Won Seo, and Yin Tae Kim for their efforts in the field survey, management, and the analysis.
Survey framework. This survey analyzed integrated dietary exposure assessments to hazardous substances through food, herbal medicine, and functional food under a real-life pattern. This survey conducted a food analysis, integrated dietary exposure assessment, and analyses on the internal exposure levels of the same subjects in one track.
대상 데이터
The adult subjects were selected through composite sampling methods. The final sampling unit of this survey was household members. In the first step of the sampling, we conducted stratified probability sampling by region (15 metropolises and provinces), sex, and age (19 to 29, 30 to 39, 40 to 49, 50 to 59, over 60).
During 2010 and 2011, 4867 subjects were surveyed. Among the total surveyed subjects, 2118 were adults over 19 in age, accounting for 43.
The food survey was conducted by market-based food samples purchased from large-scale supermarkets and marketplaces in seven major cities (Seoul, Incheon, Daejeon, Gwangju, Daegu, Busan, and Gangreung). Gangreung is not a major city compared with the other cities, but to include the food in the Gangwon-do area, we selected Gangreung as a representative city of Gangwon-do.
NIST’s standard reference material (SRM; 955c level 2 for blood Pb, Cd, and Hg) and the Bio-Rad Co. (Bio-Rad level 1 for urine Cd) were used for the validation experiment.
이론/모형
In the first step of the sampling, we conducted stratified probability sampling by region (15 metropolises and provinces), sex, and age (19 to 29, 30 to 39, 40 to 49, 50 to 59, over 60). The sampling size of stratification was allocated a square root allocation method. Second, we extracted 34 cities and counties (si, gun, and gu) from 15 metropolises and provinces, and then extracted 102 town and township (eup, myon, and dong) clusters from 34 cities and towns.
, New York, NY, USA). Hg was analyzed with a direct Hg analyzer (DMA-80; Milestone Inc., Sorisolo, Italy) using the gold amalgam method [15].
, Varian, Australia). Hg in blood was analyzed with a direct Hg analyzer (DMA-80: Milestone Inc.) using the gold amalgam method. The LOD of Pb in blood and Hg in blood was 0.
57 μg/kg (Hg). Herbal medicines and functional food were analyzed through the standard addition methods. As dilution size was large, the MDL value was applied.
성능/효과
In this survey, the food groups with a high contribution rate (mean value) of Cd were grain and grain-based products (40.4 ± 15.8%), vegetables and vegetable products (16.5 ± 9.2%), and fish and shellfish (17.9 ± 21.7%).
후속연구
In the general population, food was the main exposure route for Pb, Cd, and Hg. Further study is needed to define the correlation between dietary exposure and internal exposure level.
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