식물은 다양한 병원성 미생물에 대하여 효과적인 방어 기제를 발전시켜 왔다. 최근 유전체와 다중 오믹스 기술의 발전은 우리에게 미생물 인자에 의한 식물 면역을 폭넓게 이해할 수 있는 단초를 제공해 주었다. 하지만 아직까지는 이러한 기술을 병 방제 전략에 이용한 적은 많지 않다. 그래서 본 리뷰에서 식물 면역의 기본 개념을 소개하고 최근 얻어진 결과들을 소개하였다. 덧붙여 이미 논문에서 발표된 진균, 세균, 바이러스 유래 결정인자에 의한 생물적 방제 가능한 방법에 대해 기술하였다. 특히 미생물 결정인자인 chitin, glucan, LPS/EPS, 미생물분자패턴, 항생제, 식물유사호르몬, AHLs, harpin, 비타민, 휘발성물질에 대한 결과를 자세하게 기술하였다. 이 리뷰를 통하여 많은 과학자들과 농민들이 미생물 결정인자 기반의 생물적 방제에 대한 지식이 폭넓어지고, 다양한 미생물 결정 인자가 앞으로 농업현장의 종합적인 병방제 전략의 하나로 자리매김하기를 바란다.
식물은 다양한 병원성 미생물에 대하여 효과적인 방어 기제를 발전시켜 왔다. 최근 유전체와 다중 오믹스 기술의 발전은 우리에게 미생물 인자에 의한 식물 면역을 폭넓게 이해할 수 있는 단초를 제공해 주었다. 하지만 아직까지는 이러한 기술을 병 방제 전략에 이용한 적은 많지 않다. 그래서 본 리뷰에서 식물 면역의 기본 개념을 소개하고 최근 얻어진 결과들을 소개하였다. 덧붙여 이미 논문에서 발표된 진균, 세균, 바이러스 유래 결정인자에 의한 생물적 방제 가능한 방법에 대해 기술하였다. 특히 미생물 결정인자인 chitin, glucan, LPS/EPS, 미생물분자패턴, 항생제, 식물유사호르몬, AHLs, harpin, 비타민, 휘발성물질에 대한 결과를 자세하게 기술하였다. 이 리뷰를 통하여 많은 과학자들과 농민들이 미생물 결정인자 기반의 생물적 방제에 대한 지식이 폭넓어지고, 다양한 미생물 결정 인자가 앞으로 농업현장의 종합적인 병방제 전략의 하나로 자리매김하기를 바란다.
Plant have developed sophisticated defence mechanisms against microbial pathogens. The recent accumulated information allow us to understand the nature of plant immune responses followed by recognition of microbial factors/determinants through cutting-edge genomics and multi-omics techniques. Howeve...
Plant have developed sophisticated defence mechanisms against microbial pathogens. The recent accumulated information allow us to understand the nature of plant immune responses followed by recognition of microbial factors/determinants through cutting-edge genomics and multi-omics techniques. However, the practical approaches to sustain plant health using enhancement of plant immunity is yet to be fully appreciated. Here, we overviewed the general concept and representative examples on the plant immunity. The fungal, bacterial, and viral determinants that was previously reported as the triggers of plant immune responses are introduced and described as the potential protocol of biological control. Specifically, the role of chitin, glucan, lipopolysaccharides/extracellular polysaccharides, microbe/pathogen-associated molecular pattern, antibiotics, mimic-phytohormones, N-acyl homoserine lactone, harpin, vitamins, and volatile organic compounds are considered. We hope that this review stimulates scientific community and farmers to broaden their knowledge on the microbial determinant-based biological control and to apply the technology on the integrated pest management program.
Plant have developed sophisticated defence mechanisms against microbial pathogens. The recent accumulated information allow us to understand the nature of plant immune responses followed by recognition of microbial factors/determinants through cutting-edge genomics and multi-omics techniques. However, the practical approaches to sustain plant health using enhancement of plant immunity is yet to be fully appreciated. Here, we overviewed the general concept and representative examples on the plant immunity. The fungal, bacterial, and viral determinants that was previously reported as the triggers of plant immune responses are introduced and described as the potential protocol of biological control. Specifically, the role of chitin, glucan, lipopolysaccharides/extracellular polysaccharides, microbe/pathogen-associated molecular pattern, antibiotics, mimic-phytohormones, N-acyl homoserine lactone, harpin, vitamins, and volatile organic compounds are considered. We hope that this review stimulates scientific community and farmers to broaden their knowledge on the microbial determinant-based biological control and to apply the technology on the integrated pest management program.
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문제 정의
하지만 아직까지는 이러한 기술을 병 방제 전략에 이용한 적은 많지 않다. 그래서 본 리뷰에서 식물 면역의 기본 개념을 소개하고 최근 얻어진 결과들을 소개하였다. 덧붙여 이미 논문에서 발표된 진균, 세균, 바이러스 유래 결정인자에 의한 생물적 방제 가능한 방법에 대해 기술하였다.
그래서 본 리뷰에서 식물 면역의 기본 개념을 소개하고 최근 얻어진 결과들을 소개하였다. 덧붙여 이미 논문에서 발표된 진균, 세균, 바이러스 유래 결정인자에 의한 생물적 방제 가능한 방법에 대해 기술하였다. 특히 미생물 결정인자인 chitin, glucan, LPS/EPS, 미생물분자패턴, 항생제, 식물유사호르몬, AHLs, harpin, 비타민, 휘발성물질에 대한 결과를 자세하게 기술하였다.
본 리뷰에서는 최근 지금까지 알려진 미생물 유래 식물 면역증진 물질을 소개하고 이를 농업에 활용할 수 있는 방안을 모색하는데 목적이 있다. 앞서 비슷한 리뷰에서 다루지 않았던 진균, 세균, 바이러스유래 식물면역 증진 물질들을 10가지 그룹으로 나누고 각 그룹에 해당하는 인자들의 예와 면역유도방법과 포장적용 시험, 기전연구를 중심으로 기술하였다(De Vleess-chauwer와 Hofte, 2009).
oxysporum이 jasmonic acid을 생산할 수 있는 것으로 알려졌다(Brodhun 등, 2013; Cole 등, 2014). 이 결과는 기존의 비병원성 F. oxysporum에 의한 jasmonic acid 의존적 신호전달 체계가 F. oxysporum에 의해서 직접적으로 생산된 jasmonic acid에 의한 가능성도 제시하는 새로운 결과이다. 세균에서는 대표적으로 jasmonic acid의 유사 물질인 coronatine을 생성한다(Uppalapati 등, 2005).
이번 세션에서는 바이러스, 세균, 진균에 의한 식물면역유도에 대하여 기술하겠다. 식물면역의 필요충분조건은 먼저 처리하는 미생물이나 그 결정인자가 병원균과 공간적으로 분리되어야 한다.
지금까지 미생물 유래 결정인자에 의한 식물면역을 이용한 식물병 방제에 대해서 살펴 보았다. 생물적 방제의 한 부분으로만 사용되었던 다양한 이러한 기술들이 최근 다양한 접근법으로 식물 면역 증진제로 사용이 가능하다는 것이 밝혀지고 있어 앞으로 농업에 적용할 가능성이 높아 보인다.
가설 설정
이를 생태학적으로 식물에너지보존이론(allocation fitness cost)로 설명하는데 ‘식물은 한정된 에너지를 가지고 있다고 전제하고 면역 증진에 과도한 에너지를 사용함으로써 생장에 필요한 에너지가 부족하여 생장이 감소한다’는 가설이다.
제안 방법
바이러스 감염에 의한 다른 바이러스에 대한 면역은 아주 긴 역사를 가지고 있다(Fletcher, 1978; Hugues와 Ollennu, 1994; Kosaka 등, 2006; Kurth 등, 2012; McKinney, 1926; Nakazono-Nagaoka 등, 2009; Valkonen 등, 2002; Wen 등, 1991; You 등, 2005; Yoon 등, 2006). Ross 이후 바이러스 뿐만 아니라 다양한 병과 작물에 대한 적용 확대 실험이 진행되었다. 오이 모델로 진행된 실험에서 TNV를 처리후 탄저병원균인 Colletotrichum lagenarium(Coutte와 Wagih, 1983)에 대한 면역뿐만 아니라 절대기생체인, 흰가루병원균인 Sphaerotheca fuliginea(Bashan와 Cohen, 1982; Conti 등, 1990)와 Pseudoperonospora cubensis (Okuno 등, 1991)에 대한 면역 증진도 보고되었다.
본 세션에서는 식물면역 증진이 보고된 미생물의 결정인자를 외부 구조(진균: chitin, glucan; 세균: LPS, EPS, flagella)와 대사산물(식물호르몬 유사체, 항생물질, 정족수 인식물질, 비타민, 분비단백질, 휘발성물질)로 나누어 기술하였다(Fig. 2, Table 1).
본 리뷰에서는 최근 지금까지 알려진 미생물 유래 식물 면역증진 물질을 소개하고 이를 농업에 활용할 수 있는 방안을 모색하는데 목적이 있다. 앞서 비슷한 리뷰에서 다루지 않았던 진균, 세균, 바이러스유래 식물면역 증진 물질들을 10가지 그룹으로 나누고 각 그룹에 해당하는 인자들의 예와 면역유도방법과 포장적용 시험, 기전연구를 중심으로 기술하였다(De Vleess-chauwer와 Hofte, 2009).
이러한 결과는 세균이 생산하는 AHL이 식물 면역 증진에 직접적인 역할을 대변한 것이다. 이후의 연구에서 다양한 탄소 길이의 AHL를 토마토 뿌리에 직접 처리할 때에도 유사한 면역 유도반응을 관찰하였다. AHL을 생산 하는 S.
덧붙여 이미 논문에서 발표된 진균, 세균, 바이러스 유래 결정인자에 의한 생물적 방제 가능한 방법에 대해 기술하였다. 특히 미생물 결정인자인 chitin, glucan, LPS/EPS, 미생물분자패턴, 항생제, 식물유사호르몬, AHLs, harpin, 비타민, 휘발성물질에 대한 결과를 자세하게 기술하였다. 이 리뷰를 통하여 많은 과학자들과 농민들이 미생물 결정인자 기반의 생물적 방제에 대한 지식이 폭넓어지고, 다양한 미생물 결정 인자가 앞으로 농업현장의 종합적인 병방제 전략의 하나로 자리매김하기를 바란다.
대상 데이터
앞서 언급한 바와 같이 세균선모 단백질인 flagellin을 조사하던 중 식물이 이 단백질의 특정 부분(22개의 단백질)을 인지한다는 사실을 알아내고 이를 flg22라고 명명하였다(Felix 등, 1999; Gomez-Gomez와 Boller, 2000). 나아가 애기장대 모델을 통해 이를 인지하는 식물의 수용체인 FLS2을 발견하였다. FLS2 수용체는 세포외 LRR[extracellular LRR(leucin rich repeat)] 도메인을 가지고 있어 초파리의 선천면역 수용체중 toll-like receptor와 유사한 구조를 가진다(Akira와 Takeda, 2004; Chinchilla 등, 2007; Felix 등, 1999).
휘발성 물질(Volatile organic compound).
성능/효과
2) Recessive 저항성, 3) RNA 간섭, 4) 식물호르몬에 의한 유전자발현이 그것인데 바이러스에 대한 식물면역 증진의 가능한 기전으로는 RNA 간섭과 호르몬 기반 저항성발현이다. 하지만 아직까지 이 부분에 대한 자세한 연구가 부족한 실정이다.
Harpin은 Erwinia amylovora의 병원성인자 탐색 중 처음 발견되었다(Wei 등, 1992). 식물의 과민감반응(HR)을 일으키는 세균 인자 탐색을 수행하여, E. amylovora의 유전자중에 HR과 저항성(R)을 모두 관여하는 것으로 생각되는 hrp(HR+P) 유전자를 분리하였고, 식물에 발현했을 때 강력한 과민감반응을 보이는 단백질을 분리하여 이를 hrp를 유도하는 단백질(-in))로 명명하였다. 이어진 연구에서 P.
토마토 외에 보리와 애기장대에 처리한 14개의 서로 다른 AHL 직접 처리하여 저항성을 유도한 사례도 보고되었다(Schikora 등, 2011). 이 실험에서 식물의 MAP kinase와 전사인자인 WRKY22와 WRKY29의 발현이 면역유도에 중요한 역할을 한다는 것을 발표하였다.
BS107이 생산하는 ortho-aminobenzoic acid(OABA)가 담배에서 Pectobacterium carotovorum에 대한 저항성 반응을 일으킨다는 사실이 검정되었고, PABA는 그 유사체를 선발하던 중에 발견되었다(Song 등, 2013; Yang 등, 2010). 해당 논문에서는 100 mm PABA가 대조군에 비해 고추궤양병 (Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. vesicatoria)을 35배나 저해하는 효과가 있으며, 오이모자익바이러스(Cucumber mosaic virus)를 55%나 저해하는 효과를 보여, 온실과 포장조건에서 성공적으로 방제하였다(Song 등, 2013).
후속연구
특히 미생물 결정인자인 chitin, glucan, LPS/EPS, 미생물분자패턴, 항생제, 식물유사호르몬, AHLs, harpin, 비타민, 휘발성물질에 대한 결과를 자세하게 기술하였다. 이 리뷰를 통하여 많은 과학자들과 농민들이 미생물 결정인자 기반의 생물적 방제에 대한 지식이 폭넓어지고, 다양한 미생물 결정 인자가 앞으로 농업현장의 종합적인 병방제 전략의 하나로 자리매김하기를 바란다.
생물적 방제의 한 부분으로만 사용되었던 다양한 이러한 기술들이 최근 다양한 접근법으로 식물 면역 증진제로 사용이 가능하다는 것이 밝혀지고 있어 앞으로 농업에 적용할 가능성이 높아 보인다. 포장적용을 위해서 미생물 결정인자 생산의 최적화와 품질 관리(quality control) 및 제형화 기술이 확보되어야 할 것이다. 이와 더불어 장기 보관중에서 방제능을 유지할 수 있는 안정화 기술도 확보되어야 한다.
이와 더불어 장기 보관중에서 방제능을 유지할 수 있는 안정화 기술도 확보되어야 한다. 휘발성 물질의 포장 적용 사례와 같이 앞으로 다양한 미생물 결정인자들의 최적화 단계와 포장적용 기술을 발전시킨다면 앞으로 안전한 농산물 생산의 새로운 기술로 각광받을 것으로 확신한다.
질의응답
핵심어
질문
논문에서 추출한 답변
유전체와 다중 오믹스 기술의 발전은 우리생활에 무엇을 제공해 주었는가?
식물은 다양한 병원성 미생물에 대하여 효과적인 방어 기제를 발전시켜 왔다. 최근 유전체와 다중 오믹스 기술의 발전은 우리에게 미생물 인자에 의한 식물 면역을 폭넓게 이해할 수 있는 단초를 제공해 주었다. 하지만 아직까지는 이러한 기술을 병 방제 전략에 이용한 적은 많지 않다.
미생물 결정인자에는 어떤 요인들이 있는가?
덧붙여 이미 논문에서 발표된 진균, 세균, 바이러스 유래 결정인자에 의한 생물적 방제 가능한 방법에 대해 기술하였다. 특히 미생물 결정인자인 chitin, glucan, LPS/EPS, 미생물분자패턴, 항생제, 식물유사호르몬, AHLs, harpin, 비타민, 휘발성물질에 대한 결과를 자세하게 기술하였다. 이 리뷰를 통하여 많은 과학자들과 농민들이 미생물 결정인자 기반의 생물적 방제에 대한 지식이 폭넓어지고, 다양한 미생물 결정 인자가 앞으로 농업현장의 종합적인 병방제 전략의 하나로 자리매김하기를 바란다.
애기장대를 통해 밝혀낸 식물-미생물 상호작용의 새로운 현상 중 식물면역과 관련된 가장 획기적인 발견은?
애기장대를 통하여 지금까지 우리가 알지 못했던 식물-미생물 상호작용의 새로운 현상들을 이해하게 되는 계기가 되었다(Nishimura와 Dangl, 2010). 그 중에 식물면역과 관련된 가장 획기적인 발견은 식물의 선모 단백질 수용체(flagellin receptor)이다. 식물에서 최초로 식물병원성 세균의 선모를 형성하는 flagellin 중 22개의 단백질이 세균의 종류에 상관없이 일정하며 이러한 분자 패턴(molecular pattern)을 인식하는 식물의 인식체(receptor)를 규명하였다(Gomez-Gomez와 Boller, 2000).
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