[논문]미생물암에 대하여: 한국적 관점

이정현

doi:10.7854/jpsk.2015.24.4.291

미생물암에 대하여: 한국적 관점
A Review on Microbialites: a Korean Perspective 원문보기

암석학회지 = The journal of the petrological society of korea, v.24 no.4, 2015년, pp.291 - 305

초록
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미생물에 의해 만들어진 퇴적암인 미생물암은 약 35억 년 전 지구 상에 최초로 등장한 이후 오늘날에도 다양한 환경에서 형성되고 있다. 미생물암은 미생물이 쇄설성 퇴적물을 고정하거나 탄산염을 침전시켜 생성되며, 그 결과 미생물암의 미세구조와 중간구조가 형성된다. 미생물암은 그 중간구조를 바탕으로 크게 스트로마톨라이트, 쓰롬볼라이트, 덴드롤라이트, 레이올라이트 등 네 가지로 분류한다. 지질 기록에서 미생물암의 분포 양상은 주로 해수 중 탄산칼슘 농도와 후생동물의 영향을 받았다. 선캄브리아 시대에 오랫동안 널리 분포하였던 스트로마톨라이트는 대기 중 이산화탄소 농도가 감소하면서 점차 줄어들었고, 이를 대신하여 신원생대부터 석회화된 미생물로 이루어진 쓰롬볼라이트가 번성하기 시작하였다. 이후 현생누대에 접어들며 다양한 후생동물이 등장함에 따라 미생물암이 퇴적기록에서 차지하는 비중은 매우 감소하였으며, 대멸종 직후 등 특정 시기에만 짧게 번성하였다. 한반도에서는 지금까지 신원생대 상원계, 전기 고생대 조선누층군, 백악기 경상누층군 등에서 미생물암이 보고된 바 있으며, 이들은 시대와 퇴적 환경에 따라 서로 다른 형태로 발달한다. 앞으로 한반도의 미생물암에 대한 추가 연구를 통해 미생물이 지질기록 및 퇴적환경에 미친 영향뿐만 아니라 미생물과 다른 생물들 사이의 상호작용을 이해할 수 있을 것이다.

Abstract ▼ AI-Helper

Microbialites are defined as rocks formed by microbial organisms. After their first appearance around 3.5 billion years ago, microbialites occur in various depositional environments throughout geological periods. Microbial organisms form microbialites by trapping and binding detrital sediments and/or precipitating carbonate cements, resulting in formation of various microstructures and mesostructures. Four major types of microbialites are distinguished based on their mesostructures: stromatolite, thrombolite, dendrolite, and leiolite. In the geological records, occurrences of microbialites are influenced by calcium carbonate saturation of seawater and interaction of microbialites with metazoans. Stromatolites mainly flourished during the Precambrian, and diminished as level of atmospheric carbon dioxide declined. On the other hand, thrombolites, mainly formed by calcified microbes, began to flourish from the Neoproterozoic. As metazoans diversified in the Phanerozoic, proportion of the microbialites within sedimentary record declined. Since then, microbialites only occasionally flourished during the Phanerozoic, such as shortly after mass-extinction events. In the Korean Peninsula, microbialites occur in the Neoproterozoic Sangwon System, the Early Paleozoic Joseon Supergroup, and the Cretaceous Gyeongsang Supergroup, which form different shapes according to their age and depositional environments. By performing detailed studies on these Korean microbialites, it is possible to understand how microbes affected geological records and sedimentary environments, as well as their interaction with other organisms.

주제어

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문제 정의

한반도에서는 1980년대부터 스트로마톨라이트가 전기 고생대 태백산 분지와 백악기 경상분지 등에서 보고되어 현재까지 연구가 이루어지고 있다(Kim and Han, 2010). 본 논문은 미생물암의 분류, 성인, 이들이 나타나는 지질시대, 현생 미생물암에 대해 정리하고, 지금까지 보고된 한반도의 미생물암을 소개한다. 이 논문이 앞으로 국내에서 미생물암을 연구하는 것과 그 연구 결과를 우리말로 표현하는 데 도움이 되기를 희망한다.

대상 데이터

Four major types of microbialite. All photographs are taken from the Cambrian succession in Shandong Province, China. A.

후속연구

Kong and Lee (2009)는 엽층리의 부재를 근거로 이 “스트로마톨라이트”를 머드마운드(mud mound)로 해석하였으나, 그 내부에서 생물 기원 구조를 찾을 수 없으므로 향후 이들의 성인에 대한 추가 연구가 필요하다.
, 1991; Kim and Choi, 2000).그러나 최근 문곡층에서 이루어진 후속 연구에서는 미생물암을 인지하지 못하여(Kim et al., 2014), 향후 문곡층의 미생물암 분포 및 산출 양상의 재고가 필요하다. 오르도비스기 중기의 영흥층에서는 LLH(laterally linked hemispheroid) 유형 스트로마톨라이트와 미생물 엽층리암이 보고되었으며(Choi and Woo, 1993; Yoo and Lee, 1997), 이 중에는 LLH 유형 스트로마톨라이트와 유사한 외형을 가지는 “문곡리 스트로마톨라이트(천연기념물 제413호)”가 있다.
(2003)은 여기서 Siphonophycus, Obruchevella, Sphaerophycus 등의 미화석을 보고하였다. 상원계의 스트로마톨라이트는 그 형태를 근거로 신원생대에 형성된 것으로 추정되나, 구조적으로 심하게 변형되어 이들의 생성 시기를 정확히 파악하기 위해서는 주변 암석에 대한 동위 원소 연대측정 등의 추가적인 연구가 필요하다(Kim and Kim, 1999).
본 논문은 미생물암의 분류, 성인, 이들이 나타나는 지질시대, 현생 미생물암에 대해 정리하고, 지금까지 보고된 한반도의 미생물암을 소개한다. 이 논문이 앞으로 국내에서 미생물암을 연구하는 것과 그 연구 결과를 우리말로 표현하는 데 도움이 되기를 희망한다.
전기 고생대 미생물암은 주로 태백산분지에 분포하는 고생대 초기에 퇴적된 조선누층군 중 태백층군에서 발견된다. 태백층군의 미생물암은 이와 암층서 및 생층서적으로 잘 대비되는 북중국대지의 미생물암과 유사한 것으로 생각되며, 향후 태백층군의 미생물암에 대해 추가 연구를 진행하면 전기 고생대 탄산염 대지의 연변부에서 미생물암이 어떻게 발달하였는지, 그리고 국지적 퇴적 환경의 차이가 미생물암의 발달에 어떤 영향을 미쳤는지 밝힐 수 있으리라 기대된다(Lee et al., 2015b).
, 2014a, 2015c). 특히 Lee et al. (2015a)은 캄브리아기 중-후기의 생물초를 분석하여 캄브리아기 중기에는 주로 석회화된 미생물 Epiphyton과 Renalcis로 이루어진 쓰롬볼라이트와 덴드롤라이트가 번성했던 반면 캄브리아기 후기에는 석회질 해면동물과 미생물암으로 이루어진 마세레이트(maceriate) 생물초가 존재했음을 제시하고 향후 이에 대한 추가 연구가 필요함을 시사하였다.
미생물암에 대한 연구는 퇴적암의 형성 과정뿐만 아니라 고기후 및 고생태의 복원, 생물의 진화 과정을 이해하는 데 있어 중요하다. 한반도에서도 다양한 시기에 퇴적된 지층에서 미생물암이 보고되었으며, 앞으로 이들에 대한 추가 연구가 필요하다.
, 2015b). 화절층이 상대적으로 깊은 환경에서 퇴적되었음을 고려하면 이에 대한 연구는 그동안 잘 알려지지 않은 전기 고생대의 탄산염 대지 완사면 하부에서 미생물 암이 발달하는 과정을 이해하는 데 도움이 되리라 기대된다(Lee et al., 2015b). 오르도비스기 초기 두무골층에서는 미생물과 해면동물, 병광류(calathiid)가 함께 생물초를 만든 것이 보고되었으며, 이는 오르도비스기에 들어 후생동물이 대거 번성하기 시작하면서 미생물암이 생물초에서 차지하는 비중이 줄어드는 과정을 반영한다(Fig.

질의응답

핵심어	질문	논문에서 추출한 답변
	미생물암은 무엇인가?	미생물암(microbialite)은 미생물에 의해 만들어진 모든 퇴적암을 총칭하는 말이다(Burne and Moore, 1987). 약 35억 년 전 최초의 미생물암이 등장한 이후 미생물은 다방면으로 퇴적물에 영향을 끼쳤고, 그 흔적을 지질 기록에 남겼다(Riding, 2000).
	미생물암은 어떻게 기술되는가?	일반적으로 미생물암은 크게 거대(megascale), 대형(macroscale), 중간(mesoscale), 미세구조(microscale)의 네 단계로 기술한다(Fig. 1)(Shapiro, 2000; Chen and Lee, 2014).
	노두 또는 암석 표본에서 관찰할 수 있는 구조에는 무엇이 있는가?	중간구조는 미생물암의 조직(texture)에 해당하며, 노두 또는 암석 표본에서 관찰할 수 있는 구조들을 가리킨다. 여기에는 엽층리(lamination), 엉김 구조(clot) 등이 포함된다. 미세구조는 미세엽층리(microlamination) 또는 석회화된 미생물 등 현미경으로 관찰할 수 있는 규모의 구조를 의미한다.

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