육상과 수계의 전이지대에 위치한 습지는 빈번한 침수, 육상생태계로부터의 영양염류의 유입, 수계와 토양에 적절하게 적응된 식생의 존재 및 토양 내 산소 결핍과 같은 독특한 특징을 가지고 있다. 이러한 생지화학적 특성과 독특한 식생의 존재는 유기물의 분해과정에 물리적 화학적 영향을 미치고 있는데, 특히 미생물에서 생산되는 체외효소 활성도는 유기물의 분해 과정과 관련을 맺고 있다. 체외효소는 고분자 유기물을 간단한 형태의 유기탄소, 무기 질소, 인, 황으로 분해하여 미생물과 식물이 용이하게 이들 영양물질을 흡수할 수 있도록 도움을 주기 때문에, 체외효소에 대한 연구는 습지 토양 내에서의 유기물 분해와 물질순환의 기작을 이해하는 데 필수적인 요소이다. 본 연구는 습지 토양 내 ${\beta}$-glucosidase, ${\beta}$-N-acetylglucosaminidase, phosphatase, arylsulfatase, phenol oxidase와 같은 체외 효소활성도에 영향을 미치는 물리적 생지화학적 요소가 무엇인지 문헌연구를 통하여 고찰하였다. 물리적 요소로써, pH와 유기물의 입자 크기는 체외효소 활성도에 크게 영향을 미치지 않았으나, 온도에 대한 영향은 미생물의 극한 온도에서의 적응성 정도에 따라 다양하게 나타났다. 화학적 요소로써, 탄소, 질소, 인의 첨가는 습지 토양의 영양상태, C:N 비율과 제한 요소, 및 체외효소의 종류에 따라 그 영향이 다양하게 발현되었다. 특히, 유기물의 기질 특성(Substrate quality)은 다른 어떤 요소보다도 체외효소 활성도에 큰 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 향후 연구 과제로써는 기후 변화와 질소 침적의 증가에 따른 효소 활성도의 변화 및 분자생물학적 접근을 통한 미생물 군집과 체외효소 기능간의 관계를 규명하는 연구가 필요하다. 또한, 습지 토양내 체외효소 활성도를 극대화 할 수 있는 환경을 조성함으로써, 앞으로 습지 토양이 오염물질을 제거하고 습지의 생태학적 기능을 최대화 할 수 있는 연구가 요구된다.
육상과 수계의 전이지대에 위치한 습지는 빈번한 침수, 육상생태계로부터의 영양염류의 유입, 수계와 토양에 적절하게 적응된 식생의 존재 및 토양 내 산소 결핍과 같은 독특한 특징을 가지고 있다. 이러한 생지화학적 특성과 독특한 식생의 존재는 유기물의 분해과정에 물리적 화학적 영향을 미치고 있는데, 특히 미생물에서 생산되는 체외효소 활성도는 유기물의 분해 과정과 관련을 맺고 있다. 체외효소는 고분자 유기물을 간단한 형태의 유기탄소, 무기 질소, 인, 황으로 분해하여 미생물과 식물이 용이하게 이들 영양물질을 흡수할 수 있도록 도움을 주기 때문에, 체외효소에 대한 연구는 습지 토양 내에서의 유기물 분해와 물질순환의 기작을 이해하는 데 필수적인 요소이다. 본 연구는 습지 토양 내 ${\beta}$-glucosidase, ${\beta}$-N-acetylglucosaminidase, phosphatase, arylsulfatase, phenol oxidase와 같은 체외 효소활성도에 영향을 미치는 물리적 생지화학적 요소가 무엇인지 문헌연구를 통하여 고찰하였다. 물리적 요소로써, pH와 유기물의 입자 크기는 체외효소 활성도에 크게 영향을 미치지 않았으나, 온도에 대한 영향은 미생물의 극한 온도에서의 적응성 정도에 따라 다양하게 나타났다. 화학적 요소로써, 탄소, 질소, 인의 첨가는 습지 토양의 영양상태, C:N 비율과 제한 요소, 및 체외효소의 종류에 따라 그 영향이 다양하게 발현되었다. 특히, 유기물의 기질 특성(Substrate quality)은 다른 어떤 요소보다도 체외효소 활성도에 큰 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 향후 연구 과제로써는 기후 변화와 질소 침적의 증가에 따른 효소 활성도의 변화 및 분자생물학적 접근을 통한 미생물 군집과 체외효소 기능간의 관계를 규명하는 연구가 필요하다. 또한, 습지 토양내 체외효소 활성도를 극대화 할 수 있는 환경을 조성함으로써, 앞으로 습지 토양이 오염물질을 제거하고 습지의 생태학적 기능을 최대화 할 수 있는 연구가 요구된다.
Wetlands constitute a transitional zone between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems and have unique characteristics such as frequent inundation, inflow of nutrients from terrestrial ecosystems, presence of plants adapted to grow in water, and soil that is occasionally oxygen deficient due to saturati...
Wetlands constitute a transitional zone between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems and have unique characteristics such as frequent inundation, inflow of nutrients from terrestrial ecosystems, presence of plants adapted to grow in water, and soil that is occasionally oxygen deficient due to saturation. These characteristics and the presence of vegetation determine physical and chemical properties that affect decomposition rates of organic matter (OM). Decomposition of OM is associated with activities of various extracellular enzymes (EE) produced by bacteria and fungi. Extracellular enzymes convert macromolecules to simple compounds such as labile organic carbon (C), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) that can be easily taken up by microbes and plants. Therefore, the enzymatic approach is helpful to understand the decomposition rates of OM and nutrient cycling in wetland soils. This paper reviews the physical and biogeochemical factors that regulate extracellular enzyme activities (EEa) in wetland soils, including those of ${\beta}$-glucosidase, ${\beta}$-N-acetylglucosaminidase, phosphatase, arylsulfatase, and phenol oxidase that decompose organic matter and release C, N, P, and S nutrients for microbial and plant growths. Effects of pH, water table, and particle size of OM on EEa were not significantly different among sites, whereas the influence of temperature on EEa varied depending on microbial acclimation to extreme temperatures. Addition of C, N, or P affected EEa differently depending on the nutrient state, C:N ratio, limiting factors, and types of enzymes of wetland soils. Substrate quality influenced EEa more significantly than did other factors. Also, drainage of wetland and increased temperature due to global climate change can stimulate phenol oxidase activity, and anthropogenic N deposition can enhance the hydrolytic EEa; these effects increase OM decomposition rates and emissions of $CO_2$ and $CH_4$ from wetland systems. The researches on the relationship between microbial structures and EE functions, and environmental factors controlling EEa can be helpful to manipulate wetland ecosystems for treating pollutants and to monitor wetland ecosystem services.
Wetlands constitute a transitional zone between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems and have unique characteristics such as frequent inundation, inflow of nutrients from terrestrial ecosystems, presence of plants adapted to grow in water, and soil that is occasionally oxygen deficient due to saturation. These characteristics and the presence of vegetation determine physical and chemical properties that affect decomposition rates of organic matter (OM). Decomposition of OM is associated with activities of various extracellular enzymes (EE) produced by bacteria and fungi. Extracellular enzymes convert macromolecules to simple compounds such as labile organic carbon (C), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) that can be easily taken up by microbes and plants. Therefore, the enzymatic approach is helpful to understand the decomposition rates of OM and nutrient cycling in wetland soils. This paper reviews the physical and biogeochemical factors that regulate extracellular enzyme activities (EEa) in wetland soils, including those of ${\beta}$-glucosidase, ${\beta}$-N-acetylglucosaminidase, phosphatase, arylsulfatase, and phenol oxidase that decompose organic matter and release C, N, P, and S nutrients for microbial and plant growths. Effects of pH, water table, and particle size of OM on EEa were not significantly different among sites, whereas the influence of temperature on EEa varied depending on microbial acclimation to extreme temperatures. Addition of C, N, or P affected EEa differently depending on the nutrient state, C:N ratio, limiting factors, and types of enzymes of wetland soils. Substrate quality influenced EEa more significantly than did other factors. Also, drainage of wetland and increased temperature due to global climate change can stimulate phenol oxidase activity, and anthropogenic N deposition can enhance the hydrolytic EEa; these effects increase OM decomposition rates and emissions of $CO_2$ and $CH_4$ from wetland systems. The researches on the relationship between microbial structures and EE functions, and environmental factors controlling EEa can be helpful to manipulate wetland ecosystems for treating pollutants and to monitor wetland ecosystem services.
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문제 정의
This article reviewed physical and chemical factors that affected EEa in wetland soils. Of the physical factors, the effects of pH, water table, and particle size of OM on EEa appeared to be similar among wetland soils, whereas temperature affected EEa differently depending on the acclimation of microbes to environmental conditions.
본 연구는 습지 토양 내 β-glucosidase, β-N-acetylglucosaminidase, phosphatase, arylsulfatase, phenol oxidase와 같은 체외 효소 활성도에 영향을 미치는 물리적․ 생지화학적 요소가 무엇인지 문헌연구를 통하여 고찰하였다.
제안 방법
One of the promising questions in EE researches is how EEa is associated with specific taxa and microbial populations and communities (Henry, 2013). For this research, genomic technique is used to investigate which gene sequences are produced for specific enzymes in complex microbial communities (Raes et al., 2007; Wilmes and Bond, 2008). The transcriptomic tools and proteomic methods are employed to examine controls on the expression of enzyme-coding genes and to detect which organisms produce the specific enzymes (Harrington et al.
성능/효과
본 연구는 습지 토양 내 β-glucosidase, β-N-acetylglucosaminidase, phosphatase, arylsulfatase, phenol oxidase와 같은 체외 효소 활성도에 영향을 미치는 물리적․ 생지화학적 요소가 무엇인지 문헌연구를 통하여 고찰하였다. 물리적 요소로써, pH 와 유기물의 입자 크기는 체외효소 활성도에 크게 영향을 미치지 않았으나, 온도에 대한 영향은 미생물의 극한 온도에서의 적응성 정도에 따라 다양하게 나타났다. 화학적 요소로써, 탄소, 질소, 인의 첨가는 습지 토양의 영양상태, C:N 비율과 제한 요소, 및 체외효소의 종류에 따라 그 영향이 다양하게 발현되었다.
화학적 요소로써, 탄소, 질소, 인의 첨가는 습지 토양의 영양상태, C:N 비율과 제한 요소, 및 체외효소의 종류에 따라 그 영향이 다양하게 발현되었다. 특히, 유기물의 기질 특성(Substrate quality)은 다른 어떤 요소보다도 체외효소 활성도에 큰 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 향후 연구 과제로써는 기후 변화와 질소 침적의 증가에 따른 효소 활성도의 변화 및 분자생물학적 접근을 통한 미생물 군집과 체외효소 기능간의 관계를 규명하는 연구가 필요하다.
후속연구
Therefore, the purposes of this review are to research the effects of physical and chemical properties, and climate change on EEa; and to suggest the limitation and future direction of EEa researches in wetland soils.
특히, 유기물의 기질 특성(Substrate quality)은 다른 어떤 요소보다도 체외효소 활성도에 큰 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 향후 연구 과제로써는 기후 변화와 질소 침적의 증가에 따른 효소 활성도의 변화 및 분자생물학적 접근을 통한 미생물 군집과 체외효소 기능간의 관계를 규명하는 연구가 필요하다. 또한, 습지 토양내 체외효소 활성도를 극대화 할 수 있는 환경을 조성함으로써, 앞으로 습지 토양이 오염물질을 제거하고 습지의 생태학적 기능을 최대화 할 수 있는 연구가 요구된다.
향후 연구 과제로써는 기후 변화와 질소 침적의 증가에 따른 효소 활성도의 변화 및 분자생물학적 접근을 통한 미생물 군집과 체외효소 기능간의 관계를 규명하는 연구가 필요하다. 또한, 습지 토양내 체외효소 활성도를 극대화 할 수 있는 환경을 조성함으로써, 앞으로 습지 토양이 오염물질을 제거하고 습지의 생태학적 기능을 최대화 할 수 있는 연구가 요구된다.
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