침수된 논토양에서는 메탄생성균이 벼 줄기를 타고 올라오는 메탄을 생성하는 것으로 알려져 있고, 그래서 논토양은 대기 메탄의 인위적인 발생원 중 하나로 알려져 있다. 또한 (분뇨)거름을 사용하면 벼로부터 메탄 배출이 증가하는 것으로 연구 결과 알려져 있다. 어떠한 기작으로 (분뇨)거름이 메탄 배출을 증가시키는지 알아보기 위하여, 무기비료를 사용한 논토양(NPK)과 돈분뇨를 처리한 논토양(PIG)에서의 미생물의 메타게놈에 대해 비교분석을 수행하였다. 미생물군집분류 분석 결과, 메탄생성균과 메탄영양균, 메틸영양균, 초산생성균(acetogen)이 NPK에서 보다 PIG에서 더 풍부하였다. 더욱이 BLAST 비교 분석 결과 탄수화물 대사 기능유전자가 PIG에 더 풍부하였다. 메탄 대사와 관련된 유전자 중에서 메틸-조효소-M-환원효소(mcrB/mcrD/mcrG)와 트리메틸아민-코리노이드 단백질 Co-메틸전달효소(mttB)가 PIG 시료에 더 풍부하였다. 그와는 상대적으로, 트리메틸아민 모노산소첨가효소(tmm)와 포스포세린/호모세린 인산전달효소(thrH) 같은 메탄 배출을 하향 조절하는 유전자는 NPK 시료에서 더 관찰되었다. 메탄영양과 관련된 유전자(pmoB/amoB/mxaJ)들 또한 PIG에서 더 풍부하게 발견되었다. 메탄 배출과 메탄 산화와 관련된 핵심 유전자들을 환경에서 확인함으로써, (분뇨)거름 사용에 의해 벼로부터 메탄 배출이 증가하는 기작에 대해 기초적인 정보를 얻을 수 있을 것이다. 본 연구에 제시된 내용을 통해 돈분료거름을 처리한 논토양 내 미생물의 분자적 변이를 알 수 있었다.
침수된 논토양에서는 메탄생성균이 벼 줄기를 타고 올라오는 메탄을 생성하는 것으로 알려져 있고, 그래서 논토양은 대기 메탄의 인위적인 발생원 중 하나로 알려져 있다. 또한 (분뇨)거름을 사용하면 벼로부터 메탄 배출이 증가하는 것으로 연구 결과 알려져 있다. 어떠한 기작으로 (분뇨)거름이 메탄 배출을 증가시키는지 알아보기 위하여, 무기비료를 사용한 논토양(NPK)과 돈분뇨를 처리한 논토양(PIG)에서의 미생물의 메타게놈에 대해 비교분석을 수행하였다. 미생물군집 분류 분석 결과, 메탄생성균과 메탄영양균, 메틸영양균, 초산생성균(acetogen)이 NPK에서 보다 PIG에서 더 풍부하였다. 더욱이 BLAST 비교 분석 결과 탄수화물 대사 기능유전자가 PIG에 더 풍부하였다. 메탄 대사와 관련된 유전자 중에서 메틸-조효소-M-환원효소(mcrB/mcrD/mcrG)와 트리메틸아민-코리노이드 단백질 Co-메틸전달효소(mttB)가 PIG 시료에 더 풍부하였다. 그와는 상대적으로, 트리메틸아민 모노산소첨가효소(tmm)와 포스포세린/호모세린 인산전달효소(thrH) 같은 메탄 배출을 하향 조절하는 유전자는 NPK 시료에서 더 관찰되었다. 메탄영양과 관련된 유전자(pmoB/amoB/mxaJ)들 또한 PIG에서 더 풍부하게 발견되었다. 메탄 배출과 메탄 산화와 관련된 핵심 유전자들을 환경에서 확인함으로써, (분뇨)거름 사용에 의해 벼로부터 메탄 배출이 증가하는 기작에 대해 기초적인 정보를 얻을 수 있을 것이다. 본 연구에 제시된 내용을 통해 돈분료거름을 처리한 논토양 내 미생물의 분자적 변이를 알 수 있었다.
Under flooded rice fields, methanogens produce methane which comes out through rice stalks, thus rice fields are known as one of the anthropogenic sources of atmospheric methane. Studies have shown that use of manure increases amount of methane emission from rice. To investigate mechanisms by which ...
Under flooded rice fields, methanogens produce methane which comes out through rice stalks, thus rice fields are known as one of the anthropogenic sources of atmospheric methane. Studies have shown that use of manure increases amount of methane emission from rice. To investigate mechanisms by which manure boosts methane emission, comparative soil metagenomics between inorganically (NPK) and pig manure fertilized paddy soils (PIG) were conducted. Results from taxonomy analysis showed that more abundant methanogens, methanotrophs, methylotrophs, and acetogens were found in PIG than in NPK. In addition, BLAST results indicated more abundant carbohydrate mabolisetm functional genes in PIG. Among the methane metabolism related genes, PIG sample showed higher abundance of methyl-coenzyme M reductase (mcrB/mcrD/mcrG) and trimethylamine-corrinoid protein Co-methyltransferase (mttB) genes. In contrast, genes that down regulate methane emission, such as trimethylamine monooxygenase (tmm) and phosphoserine/homoserine phosphotransferase (thrH), were observed more in NPK sample. In addition, more methanotrophic genes (pmoB/amoB/mxaJ), were found more abundant in PIG sample. Identifying key genes related to methane emission and methane oxidation may provide fundamental information regarding to mechanisms by which use of manure boosts methane emission from rice. The study presented here characterized molecular variation in rice paddy, introduced by the use of pig manure.
Under flooded rice fields, methanogens produce methane which comes out through rice stalks, thus rice fields are known as one of the anthropogenic sources of atmospheric methane. Studies have shown that use of manure increases amount of methane emission from rice. To investigate mechanisms by which manure boosts methane emission, comparative soil metagenomics between inorganically (NPK) and pig manure fertilized paddy soils (PIG) were conducted. Results from taxonomy analysis showed that more abundant methanogens, methanotrophs, methylotrophs, and acetogens were found in PIG than in NPK. In addition, BLAST results indicated more abundant carbohydrate mabolisetm functional genes in PIG. Among the methane metabolism related genes, PIG sample showed higher abundance of methyl-coenzyme M reductase (mcrB/mcrD/mcrG) and trimethylamine-corrinoid protein Co-methyltransferase (mttB) genes. In contrast, genes that down regulate methane emission, such as trimethylamine monooxygenase (tmm) and phosphoserine/homoserine phosphotransferase (thrH), were observed more in NPK sample. In addition, more methanotrophic genes (pmoB/amoB/mxaJ), were found more abundant in PIG sample. Identifying key genes related to methane emission and methane oxidation may provide fundamental information regarding to mechanisms by which use of manure boosts methane emission from rice. The study presented here characterized molecular variation in rice paddy, introduced by the use of pig manure.
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제안 방법
While methane increase caused by cow manure is likely due to the addition of fecal methanogens, mechanisms by which pig manure enhances methane emission in paddy fields is not clear. In this study, we conducted comparative soil metagenomics between pig manure fertilized paddy soil and inorganically fertilized paddy soil. The study presented here should provide fundamental information regarding to molecular mechanisms involved with respect to the methane emission boots due to pig manure fertilizer.
Taxonomic classification was done using Metaxa2 (Bengtsson-Palme, 2015). Methanogens, acetogens, methanotrophs, and methylotrophs were screened based on taxonomy (Supplementary data Table S1) and abundance of them was visualized with a heatmap (R heatmap2 package) after converting read abundance to a log scale.
또한 (분뇨)거름을 사용하면 벼로부터 메탄 배출이 증가하는 것으로 연구 결과 알려져 있다. 어떠한 기작으로 (분뇨)거름이 메탄 배출을 증가시키는지 알아보기 위하여, 무기비료를 사용한 논토양(NPK)과 돈분뇨를 처리한 논토양(PIG)에서의 미생물의 메타게놈에 대해 비교분석을 수행하였다.
대상 데이터
A field experiment was established in rice paddy fields in Thuong Cat, Bac Tu Liem, Hanoi, Vietnam (21.0884°N and 105.7273°E).
성능/효과
, 2014). According to the study, introduction of fecal methanogens were the direct cause of methane emission increase in case of cow manure, whereas swine fecal methanogens were not detected in paddy field, although high methane emission was observed. Other studies also reported high methane emission from rice fields due to pig manure addition (Pandey et al.
0337%) paired sequences were assigned to archaeal/bacterial 16S rRNA genes for NPK and PIG samples, respectively. Although no significant difference was observed in the total soil microbial communities between NPK and PIG samples (Supplementary data Fig. S2), species diversity and relative abundance of methanogenic archaea were higher in PIG sample than in NPK sample (4.11% and 2.53%, respectively) (Fig. 1A). On the other hand, relative abundance of methanotrophs and methylotrophs was also higher in PIG sample (Fig.
Results from SEED analysis showed that the largest difference between the two samples was “carbohydrates” (by 1.78%), followed by “stress response” (by 1.40%) and “membrane transport” (by 1.22%) (Fig. 2B).
Results from the COG annotation showed that the largest difference between PIG and NPK samples were observed for “unknown functions” by 5.27%, followed by “energy production and conversion” (by 2.98%) and “general function and prediction only” (by 2.11%) (Fig. 2A, Supplementary data Table S4).
미생물군집 분류 분석 결과, 메탄생성균과 메탄영양균, 메틸영양균, 초산생성균(acetogen)이 NPK에서 보다 PIG에서 더 풍부하였다. 더욱이 BLAST 비교 분석 결과 탄수화물 대사 기능 유전자가 PIG에 더 풍부하였다.
메탄 배출과 메탄 산화와 관련된 핵심 유전자들을 환경에서 확인함으로써, (분뇨)거름 사용에 의해 벼로부터 메탄 배출이 증가하는 기작에 대해 기초적인 정보를 얻을 수 있을 것이다. 본 연구에 제시된 내용을 통해 돈분료거름을 처리한 논토양 내 미생물의 분자적 변이를 알 수 있었다.
후속연구
In this study, we conducted comparative soil metagenomics between pig manure fertilized paddy soil and inorganically fertilized paddy soil. The study presented here should provide fundamental information regarding to molecular mechanisms involved with respect to the methane emission boots due to pig manure fertilizer.
메탄 배출과 메탄 산화와 관련된 핵심 유전자들을 환경에서 확인함으로써, (분뇨)거름 사용에 의해 벼로부터 메탄 배출이 증가하는 기작에 대해 기초적인 정보를 얻을 수 있을 것이다. 본 연구에 제시된 내용을 통해 돈분료거름을 처리한 논토양 내 미생물의 분자적 변이를 알 수 있었다.
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