This study aimed to determine the effects of floral fragrances on human brain waves and moods. A total of 44 subjects participated in this experiment. Group 1 consisted of 11 male and 14 female college students with a mean age of 24.5 years (${\pm}2.23$) and Group 2 consisted of 10 males ...
This study aimed to determine the effects of floral fragrances on human brain waves and moods. A total of 44 subjects participated in this experiment. Group 1 consisted of 11 male and 14 female college students with a mean age of 24.5 years (${\pm}2.23$) and Group 2 consisted of 10 males and 9 females with a mean age of 54.3 years (${\pm}2.98$). Subjects were exposed to floral fragrances of Rosa hybrida, 'Hera' (hereafter referred to as "rose"), Cymbidium faberi (hereafter referred to as "orchid"), or odorless control flowers (hereafter referred to as "control"). Experiments took place in three rooms (rose, orchid, and control). Electroencephalographs (EEGs) were recorded during exposure to the odors and the data were processed using quantitative electroencephalographic (QEEG) techniques. The changing EEG patterns were analyzed by brain mapping and compressed spectral arrays, and the subjects' preferences (hedonic evaluations) were quantified with an A1 index. Increased activation of absolute alpha waves was verified on six of the eight EEG channels, with the right frontal and left occipital lobes exhibiting no changes and the left parietal region showing the greatest activation. According to the QEEG measurements in the electrode sites over the frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital lobes, the strongest absolute alpha waves were induced in the parietal lobes, followed by the temporal lobes, with the other lobes showing no significant changes. On brain maps, the orchid fragrance induced greater absolute alpha and absolute mid-beta activities compared with the rose and control fragrances, and the rose fragrance induced high absolute mid-beta activation. To identify emotional responses to floral fragrances, the subjects were requested to fill in a questionnaire and the resulting odor-related emotional descriptors were analyzed using semantic differential and factor analysis. Principal component analysis identified "elegant" as the first principal component describing the floral fragrance, followed by "refreshing" and "aromatic." The subjects gave orchid higher scores for "elegant" and "refreshing," while finding rose more "aromatic." Differences in hedonic evaluation revealed by the A1 index appeared in the 65-115 sec range of scent exposure time. The subjects with ages of around 50 years showed olfactory preferences throughout the entire experimental time of 160 sec, most markedly in the later time segment (115-165 sec), showing an increasing preference with increasing exposure time. We conclude that rose fragrance can improve concentration by creating an aromatic environment conducive to a concentrated and calm state of mind, and orchid fragrance can make people feel pampered and relaxed by creating an elegant and refreshing environment.
This study aimed to determine the effects of floral fragrances on human brain waves and moods. A total of 44 subjects participated in this experiment. Group 1 consisted of 11 male and 14 female college students with a mean age of 24.5 years (${\pm}2.23$) and Group 2 consisted of 10 males and 9 females with a mean age of 54.3 years (${\pm}2.98$). Subjects were exposed to floral fragrances of Rosa hybrida, 'Hera' (hereafter referred to as "rose"), Cymbidium faberi (hereafter referred to as "orchid"), or odorless control flowers (hereafter referred to as "control"). Experiments took place in three rooms (rose, orchid, and control). Electroencephalographs (EEGs) were recorded during exposure to the odors and the data were processed using quantitative electroencephalographic (QEEG) techniques. The changing EEG patterns were analyzed by brain mapping and compressed spectral arrays, and the subjects' preferences (hedonic evaluations) were quantified with an A1 index. Increased activation of absolute alpha waves was verified on six of the eight EEG channels, with the right frontal and left occipital lobes exhibiting no changes and the left parietal region showing the greatest activation. According to the QEEG measurements in the electrode sites over the frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital lobes, the strongest absolute alpha waves were induced in the parietal lobes, followed by the temporal lobes, with the other lobes showing no significant changes. On brain maps, the orchid fragrance induced greater absolute alpha and absolute mid-beta activities compared with the rose and control fragrances, and the rose fragrance induced high absolute mid-beta activation. To identify emotional responses to floral fragrances, the subjects were requested to fill in a questionnaire and the resulting odor-related emotional descriptors were analyzed using semantic differential and factor analysis. Principal component analysis identified "elegant" as the first principal component describing the floral fragrance, followed by "refreshing" and "aromatic." The subjects gave orchid higher scores for "elegant" and "refreshing," while finding rose more "aromatic." Differences in hedonic evaluation revealed by the A1 index appeared in the 65-115 sec range of scent exposure time. The subjects with ages of around 50 years showed olfactory preferences throughout the entire experimental time of 160 sec, most markedly in the later time segment (115-165 sec), showing an increasing preference with increasing exposure time. We conclude that rose fragrance can improve concentration by creating an aromatic environment conducive to a concentrated and calm state of mind, and orchid fragrance can make people feel pampered and relaxed by creating an elegant and refreshing environment.
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문제 정의
The purpose of this study was to investigate the psychophysiological changes that take place when persons are exposed to the fragrances of flowers in our daily lives. The results suggest that the orchid scent brings relaxation by activating alpha brain waves, inducing a positive mental state.
가설 설정
When the subject had finished all experiments, the subject returned to the preparation room for electrode removal. (B) Completion of all tests required 1.5 h per subject. We measured the electroencephalographs in three different conditions.
, 2004). Taking the results of our study together with those of previous studies, we infer that while a moderate amount of rose scent can contribute to enhanced concentration and learning efficiency, excessive use of roses in flower arrangements or bouquets in closed spaces may provoke anxiety and stress.
제안 방법
EEG signals were measured and recorded using the EEG and brain mapping system QEEG-8 (LXE3208, Laxtha Inc., Daejeon, Korea). EEG potentials were measured at eight electrode sites: the left frontal (F3), right frontal (F4), left temporal (T3), right temporal (T4), left parietal (P3), right parietal (P4), left occipital (O1), and right occipital (O2) lobes, using unipolar electrodes in accordance with the 10/20 International System of Electrode Placement (Homan et al.
EEG signals were measured to determine the psychophysiological effects of the floral fragrances. Electrodes were attached to each individual’s scalp in the preparation room and the experiments were conducted in the control (Room #1), the orchid condition (Room #2), and the rose condition (Room #3).
Electrodes were attached to each individual’s scalp in the preparation room and the experiments were conducted in the control (Room #1), the orchid condition (Room #2), and the rose condition (Room #3). Each subject, after being led into a randomly selected room, was (1) seated in a relaxed and comfortable position, (2) instructed to smell orchid and rose floral fragrances with a physically recognizable concentration for three minutes while EEG measurements were taken, and (3) asked to complete a questionnaire regarding olfactory perceptions. (4) After the subject finished the questionnaire, the partition was removed to expose the source of the olfactory stimulus and visual EEG measurements were made, (5) followed by a second questionnaire.
Electrodes were attached to each individual’s scalp in the preparation room and the experiments were conducted in the control (Room #1), the orchid condition (Room #2), and the rose condition (Room #3).
For aroma collection, we picked a flower on the fifth day of its full bloom, when scent peaks (Hsiao et al., 2008), and analyzed the aromatic compounds with a gas chromatograph mass spectrometer (GC/MS) at the Cooperative Center for Research Facilities of Sungkyunkwan University (Table 1).
In consideration of subjects’ general tendency to overestimate fragrance on a Likert scale (Laerhoven et al., 2004), we set 3.5 (instead of the median 3.0) as the reference point for plotting the quadrant charts and analyzed the data of the subjects plotted in the first quadrant.
2B and 2C). The compressed spectral array data were classified into the basic EEG bands theta, alpha, and beta, and the olfactory EEG signal changes were quantified by calculating the brainwave index over three time series taken from the initial (60 sec), middle (50 sec), and late (50 sec) stages of odorant exposure. Traces were visually monitored by the experimenter for evidence of eye movement or electrode displacement.
A questionnaire consisting of 17 items with these descriptors, which were derived from the preliminary sensory assessment of the emotional responses to floral scents, was administered to the subjects. The questionnaires filled in by the subjects underwent factor analysis, from which items reaching statistical significance were derived. The selected descriptors were subjected to principal component analysis to derive the principal components of the sequentially similar descriptor groups clustering similar types of moods evoked by the olfactory stimuli.
The questionnaires filled in by the subjects underwent factor analysis, from which items reaching statistical significance were derived. The selected descriptors were subjected to principal component analysis to derive the principal components of the sequentially similar descriptor groups clustering similar types of moods evoked by the olfactory stimuli. We converted the results into index values through statistical analysis.
We then used factor analysis to derive the following nine basic descriptors: “luxurious,” “dignified,” “delicate,” “graceful,” “clear,” “refreshing,” “cool,” “aromatic,” and “sweet” (Table 4). These nine descriptors were subjected to a principal component analysis, which clustered components into the three largest principal components as sequentially similar descriptor groups according to the size of variance. The first principal component was termed “elegant,” and clustered “luxurious,” “dignified,” “delicate,” and “graceful.
To determine the psychophysiological effects of floral fragrances, we exposed subjects to three odor conditions (odorless, orchid, and rose fragrances) and analyzed their EEG signals and self-reported olfactory preferences. Differences in absolute alpha wave activity were observed in temporal and parietal lobes, where the orchid scent produced the greatest activation.
대상 데이터
A vase of orchids or roses was placed on a table (75 × 150 × 90 cm) at a distance of three m from the chair in which the subjects sat.
, 1987). Electrodes used as the reference electrodes were A1 and A2, indicating the ground electrodes placed behind the left and right ears, respectively (Fig. 1B). The A1 index, which indicates the difference in the absolute alpha between F4 and F3, was reported to be significant for fragrance testing in assessing olfactory preferences (Kline et al.
The semantic differential was used to rate the subjects’ emotional responses to rose and orchid fragrances. To create semantic differential items, descriptors expressing detailed olfactory perceptions were listed, from which 20 descriptors were selected by 26 fragrance experts. For the semantic differential rating, a five-point Likert scale was used to reduce the cognitive demands of testing, thus reducing possible confounding physiological reactions (Friborg et al.
First, we compiled a list of suitable descriptors expressing fragrance and reviewed them with 26 fragrance experts. Twenty descriptors were then selected as questionnaire items. Then we carried out a preliminary survey using a self-report questionnaire (Chung et al.
데이터처리
, 1999) and analyzed 151 questionnaires as preliminary feedback. Differential perceptions depending on the type of floral fragrance were investigated by a t-test comparing the orchid and rose conditions. The t-test revealed that orchid scored higher in the “elegant” (p ≤ 0.
We converted the results into index values through statistical analysis. We then compared the indexed values of the emotions aroused by orchid and rose fragrances using a paired t-test. In consideration of subjects’ general tendency to overestimate fragrance on a Likert scale (Laerhoven et al.
이론/모형
2. Analysis methods used in this study. (A) We recorded eight channels of electroencephalographs for 180 sec.
5-50 Hz, sampled at a frequency of 256 Hz, and digitized at a resolution of 12 bits. EEG signal intensities were compared as spectral power in multiple reference bands using the fast Fourier transform (FFT) algorithm (Subha et al., 2010). The four reference EEG frequency bands were theta (4-8 Hz), alpha (8-13 Hz), beta (13-30 Hz), and gamma (30-50 Hz).
This test was compiled by adapting the semantic differential method proposed by Osgood et al. (1957). The semantic differential was used to rate the subjects’ emotional responses to rose and orchid fragrances.
성능/효과
Favorite scents elicit old memories stored in the brain (Ehrlichman and Halpern, 1988), reactivate the emotions associated with long-dormant memories, and produce clear behavioral changes (Ehrlichman and Bastone, 1992). Considering these previous results, the results of our study, in that persons in their 50s preferred the fragrance of orchids, especially in the late time range of olfactory stimulation (115-165 sec), may be interpreted as the result of older subjects exhibiting slower recognition of a scent and a greater time requirement for defining the scent or for triggering the mental images and memories associated with the scent.
The analysis revealed significant changes in absolute alpha at six of the eight electrode sites (F3, T3, T4, P3, P4, and O2; p ≤ 0.05), excepting only F4 and O1, with the greatest changes appearing at P3 (Table 3).
The t-test revealed that orchid scored higher in the “elegant” (p ≤ 0.003) and “refreshing” (p ≤ 0.007) clusters, and the principal component “aromatic” showed no significant difference between rose and orchid (Fig. 4).
This study is significant in that it determined the olfactory properties of Cymbidium faberi orchids and Rosa hybrida, ‘Hera’ roses aside from their aesthetic aspects.
후속연구
This study is significant in that it determined the olfactory properties of Cymbidium faberi orchids and Rosa hybrida, ‘Hera’ roses aside from their aesthetic aspects. In a future study, we plan to extend this study to the olfactory and visual effects of orchids and other flowers in association with EEG activity.
Based on the results of this study, orchid and rose scents may find use in a variety of complementary and synergistic application areas, such as meditation and gardening as well as horticultural activities and therapeutic interventions. It is hoped that the findings of this study will contribute to improving the quality of life of many people by helping them maintain a pleasant and clear state of mind. This study is significant in that it determined the olfactory properties of Cymbidium faberi orchids and Rosa hybrida, ‘Hera’ roses aside from their aesthetic aspects.
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