[논문]Neural activity during simple visual imagery compared with mental rotation imagery in young adults with smartphone overuse

Hwang, Sujin; Lee, Jeong-Weon; Ahn, Si-Nae

doi:10.14474/ptrs.2017.6.4.164

[국내논문] Neural activity during simple visual imagery compared with mental rotation imagery in young adults with smartphone overuse 원문보기

Physical therapy rehabilitation science, v.6 no.4, 2017년, pp.164 - 169

Hwang, Sujin (Department of Physical Therapy, Division of Health Science, Baekseok University) , Lee, Jeong-Weon (Department of Occupational Therapy, Yeoju Institute of Technology) , Ahn, Si-Nae (Department of Occupational Therapy, Yeoju Institute of Technology)

Abstract ▼ AI-Helper

Objective: This research investigated the effects of simple visual imagery and mental rotation imagery on neural activity of adults who are at high risk of smart phone addiction by measuring their electroencephalography (EEG). Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: Thirty people with a high risk of smart phone addiction was selected and then were evaluated for their neural activation patterns using EEG after reminding them about simple visual imagery and mental rotation imagery. A simple visual image was applied for 20 seconds using a smartphone. This was followed by a resting period of 20 seconds. Mental rotation imagery was applied for 20 seconds. During mental rotation imagery, the rotational angle was selected at random. We compared activation patterns according to the analyzed EEG with hemisphere reminding them about imagery. Results: On the EEG, theta rhythm from the left hemisphere parietal area increased when the subjects were reminded of mental rotation imagery, and sensorimotor rhythm from close to the left hemisphere area increased when the subjects were reminded of simple visual imagery. Conclusions: Neural activation from the left hemisphere occurs for motor imagery in adults who are at high risk of smart phone addiction. These results identify a neural mechanism of adults who a have high risk of smart phone addiction, which may provide contribute to the development of motor rehabilitation for smartphone users.

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문제 정의

This study investigated the effects of simple visual imagery and mental rotation imagery on neural activities in young adults who are at high risk of smart phone addiction through EEG. Thirty people who were at high risk of smart phone addiction were evaluated using EEG during simple visual imagery and mental rotation imagery.
This study measured neural activation patterns during simple visual imagery and mental rotation imagery. Simple visual imagery is a mental image that is similar to visual perception.
However, previous studies have not measured brain activation during investigations of differences in simple visual imagery and mental rotation imagery with regard to smartphone overuse [12]. To verify the differences between internal memory and attention following excessive exposure to smartphones, this study compared neural activity during simple visual imagery and mental rotation imagery in young adults who overuse smartphones. This study hypothesized that there would be a significant difference in neural activity during simple visual imagery and mental rotation imagery, and that neural activation during simple visual imagery and mental rotation imagery would be altered in participants who are at high risk of smart phone addiction.

가설 설정

To verify the differences between internal memory and attention following excessive exposure to smartphones, this study compared neural activity during simple visual imagery and mental rotation imagery in young adults who overuse smartphones. This study hypothesized that there would be a significant difference in neural activity during simple visual imagery and mental rotation imagery, and that neural activation during simple visual imagery and mental rotation imagery would be altered in participants who are at high risk of smart phone addiction.

제안 방법

For the EEG analysis, this study collected data on the relative power of each participants’ theta rhythm and SMR. A comparison of the relative power spectrum calculations was conducted using the research task conditions and the fast fourier transform. The theta rhythm and SMR were determined using the A1 and A2 sites as the standard electrodes.
For the EEG analysis, this study collected data on the relative power of each participants’ theta rhythm and SMR.
In addition, a relative power analysis was conducted on the values at the 8 active positions and the participants’ theta rhythm and sensory motor rhythm (SMR) were analyzed to compare the effects of simple visual imagery and mental rotation imagery.
In the participants who were at high risk of smart phone addiction, simple visual imagery induced a greater relative power of the SMR at all four sites, including the prefrontal, central, parietal and temporal areas of the left hemisphere, compared to the relative power during mental rotation imagery. However, during mental rotation imagery, the relative power of the SMR was significantly higher in the prefrontal and parietal areas of the left hemisphere.
To minimize any external bias during the experimental process, the participants were asked to maintain a fixed seated position with closed eyes until the experiment was completed. The participants conducted simple visual imagery and mental rotation imagery. Neural activation patterns were measured using electroencephalography (EEG).
This cross-sectional study was designed to investigate the difference in neural activation during simple visual imagery and mental rotation imagery in young adults with smartphone dependence syndrome (Figure 1). The visual information used to produce the imagery processing in this study was provided by a geometric figure on a smartphone (Figure 2).
This study measured the relative power of the theta rhythm and the SMR in the prefrontal, central, parietal, and temporal lobes of both hemispheres to compare the effects of simple visual imagery and mental rotation imagery (Tables 2, 3). In participants who were at high risk of smart phone addiction, mental rotation imagery induced higher relative power of the theta rhythm in the prefrontal, central, parietal and temporal areas of the left hemisphere compared to the relative power recorded during simple visual imagery.
This imagery has a positive effect on physical activity training [13]. This study used 2 types of visual imagery for evaluating neural activation differences.
To determine the neurological changes in the brain, this study measured the brain waves of the participants using the CANS 3000 QEEG-8 (LAXTHA Inc., Daejeon, Korea). EEG was recorded using Ag/AgCl cup electrodes attached to the scalp at 8 active sites (Fp1, Fp2, C3, C4, P3, P4, T3, and T4), according to the international 10/20 system.
The experimental process was conducted in a calm and well-organized room. To minimize any external bias during the experimental process, the participants were asked to maintain a fixed seated position with closed eyes until the experiment was completed. The participants conducted simple visual imagery and mental rotation imagery.

대상 데이터

Thirty people at high risk of mobile phone dependence syndrome were selected in this study. The inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) smartphone ownership; (2) a score of 44 points or over in the smartphone addiction proneness scale for adults; and (3) spontaneous consent.

데이터처리

The theta rhythm and SMR were determined using the A1 and A2 sites as the standard electrodes. For statistical analysis, this study conducted a descriptive analysis and paired t-test using PASW Statistics ver. 18.0 (IBM Co., Armonk, NY, USA). Significance was set at p<0.

성능/효과

A previous EEG study demonstrated that beta-band EEG power in the left frontal and bilateral parietal sites was suppressed during mental rotation [21]. According to the results of this study, mental rotation imagery facilitated an increase of the theta rhythm, while simple visual imagery facilitated an increase of the beta rhythm. Beta waves are produced during external attention, whilst theta waves are dominant in internal attention [22].
Beta waves are produced during external attention, whilst theta waves are dominant in internal attention [22]. The results of this study identified an increase in the SMR from the prefrontal and parietal areas in the left hemisphere during simple visual imagery compared to mental rotation imagery in participants who overuse smartphones. However, the results of this study suggest that smartphone overuse facilitates external attention in visual imagery, thus, the results of this study contradict the results of previous studies.
However, in this study, mental rotation imagery resulted in increased activation in the parietal cortex compared to simple visual imagery in young adults who overuse smartphones. The results of this study suggest that neural activation patterns are different between normal adults and adults who overuse smartphones.

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