[논문]항공안전을 위한 인간공학적 대응

김대호

doi:10.5143/jesk.2017.36.5.467

항공안전을 위한 인간공학적 대응
A Human Factors Approach for Aviation Safety 원문보기

Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea = 大韓人間工學會誌, v.36 no.5, 2017년, pp.467 - 484

김대호 (공군 항공안전단 안전연구처)

Abstract ▼ AI-Helper

Objective: The purpose of this paper is to review, with the main focus on aviation safety technology and management program, how human factors are currently taken into consideration within transportation sectors, especially aviation, and to further share related information. Background: Human factors account for the majority of aviation accidents/incidents. Thus, the aviation sector has been comparatively quick in developing and applying technologies and management programs that deal with human factors. This paper reviews the latest safety technologies and management programs regarding human factors and aims to identify the trend. Method: This paper, based on literature research and practical experience, examines the latest international standards on technologies and management programs, those that deal with human factors and are adopted by international and domestic aviation organization. The main focus of discussion is how human factors are reflected during the system design and operation process. Results: The current most important issue in designing is the consideration of human factors in Cockpit, Automation, and Safety system technology design. From an operational point of view, the issues at hand are screening and training aviation workers to promote aviation safety, providing education on human factors and CRM/TEM, and running a safety management program to implement SMS. They were discussed based on the operational experience within the aviation sector. Conclusion: Major examples of a human factors approach to promote aviation safety are safety programs and various safety and monitoring technologies applied to aviation personnel for error management. These programs must be managed in an integrated manner that takes both the system designing and operational point of view into account. Application: It is thought that the human factors approach for promoting aviation safety reviewed in this paper can be extended and applied to safety management programs in other transportation sectors such as the railroad, maritime, road traffic etc.

주제어

AI 본문요약
AI-Helper

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문제 정의

시스템적 접근방법은 안전프로그램을 설계하고 개발하는 단계와 시스템에서의 운영간 통합적 관리를 필요로 한다. 따라서, 본 연구에서는 시스템 설계관점과 운영관점에서 항공안전을 위한 인간공학적 대응현황에 대해서 항공분야 운영경험 관점에서 고찰하고자 한다.
본 논문에서는 항공기 설계분야에서 가장 이슈화 되고 있는 조종실(Cockpit), 자동화(Automation), 안전시스템 기술 관련 Human Factors 를 고찰해 본다.
관제그룹인 Eurocontrol의 Human Factors의 이슈를 살펴보면, Controller Working Position, Critical Incident Stress Management, Human Errors, Task Analysis, Team Resource Management, Staffing and Recruitment 등으로 운영관점에서 주로 다루어지고 있다(Eurocontrol, 2010). 본 논문에서는 항공조직의 안전운영을 위한 Human Factors의 주된 이슈인 항공분야 종사자의 선발 및 훈련, Human Factors 교육, CRM/TEM 교육, 안전관리 프로그램 등을 고찰해 본다.
이상으로, 항공안전을 위한 인간공학적 접근방법과 현황에 대해서 고찰해 보았다. 현재 항공분야에서는 임무요원의 Error 관리를 위한 많은 안전기술과 모니터링 기술, 그리고 안전 프로그램 등이 개발되고 있다.

제안 방법

FAA의 Human Factors 설 계 표준(HF-STD-001B) 및 DoD의 MIL-STD (1472D)를 고찰해보면, Displays and Printers, Controls and Visual Indicators, Alarms, Audio, and Voice Communications, CHI (Computer-Human Interface), Keyboards and Input Devices, Workstation and Workplace Design 등 세부설계 기준의 대부분이 조종실 관련 설계요소로써, Cockpit은 Human Factors가 가장 많이 적용되어 있는 공간이다(FAA, HF-STD-001B, 2016; DoD, MIL-STD-1472F, 1999). 조종사 및 승무원의 인적요소 특성에 적합한 Cockpit 공간설계를 위해서는, 공간설계 요소의 체계적 추출, 계층적 구조 설정과 공간설계에 적용될 인체측정 요소의 분석(사용대상 인체측정 DB의 설계제원 간 연관관계 분석) 등을 통하여 객관화한다. 항공기 Cockpit 설계에서 있어서 개발 초기단계에서 가상인체모델을 이용한 시뮬레이션(Digital Human Model Simulation)을 적용하게 되면 객관적이고 효율적인 인간공학적 평가를 가능하게 한다.

대상 데이터

LOSA 데이터의 수집은 LOSA 훈련을 이수한 관찰자가 관찰자석에서 가급적 아무도 없는 것처럼 조용히 관찰하고, 위협과 오류관리 실태를 수치화하는 것이다. 관찰 데이터는 LOSA 실행기관인 TLC (LOSA Collaboration)로 자료가 전송되고, 참여 항공조직의 안전수준(강점과 약점) 분석결과를 파악하게 된다. 분석된 안전자료는 관리자들에게 제공되어 위험관리 및 오류의 개선 방향을 쉽게 설정하게 한다.

후속연구

피로관련 사고나 사례발생시 안전조사에서 승무원의 피 로(Fatigue) 관련 요인, 즉 피로의 생리학적 영향을 필수적으로 조사하고 있다(Marcus and Rosekind, 2017). 이러한 피로 관련 안전조사를 근거로 하여 피로와 스트레스에 대응하기 위한 대처기술과 관련 시스템(FRMS)을 개발, 적용해야 할 것이다. FRMS은 비행시간과 휴식시간 설정과 더불어 생리학적 데이터를 근거로 한 과학적 관리방안이 요구되기 때문에 많은 항공기관에서 피로관리에 대한 과학적 방안에 대한 적절성을 연구개발 중이다(Hursh et al.
통상적으로 관제사의 선발과정에서 항공교통영어능력 평가를 포함한다. 향후 항공교통관제시스템이 지속적으로 개선되기 때문에, 관제사의 선발 및 훈련관련 연구는 더욱 활발하게 진행될 것으로 판단된다(Yonsei University, 2010).

질의응답

핵심어	질문	논문에서 추출한 답변
	항공기 조종실이란?	항공기 조종실(Cockpit)은 조종사와 항공기간 긴밀한 상호작용이 이루어지는 대표적인 HMI 영역으로, 설계시 인간성능과 특성이 반영되어 조종 편의성과 비행안전성을 도모할 수 있다. 대표적인 설계의 예로 조종장치, 표시장치, 조종실 공간 등이다.
	항공기 조종실의 대표적인 설계의 예는?	항공기 조종실(Cockpit)은 조종사와 항공기간 긴밀한 상호작용이 이루어지는 대표적인 HMI 영역으로, 설계시 인간성능과 특성이 반영되어 조종 편의성과 비행안전성을 도모할 수 있다. 대표적인 설계의 예로 조종장치, 표시장치, 조종실 공간 등이다. FAA의 Human Factors 설 계 표준(HF-STD-001B) 및 DoD의 MIL-STD (1472D)를 고찰해보면, Displays and Printers, Controls and Visual Indicators, Alarms, Audio, and Voice Communications, CHI (Computer-Human Interface), Keyboards and Input Devices, Workstation and Workplace Design 등 세부설계 기준의 대부분이 조종실 관련 설계요소로써, Cockpit은 Human Factors가 가장 많이 적용되어 있는 공간이다(FAA, HF-STD-001B, 2016; DoD, MIL-STD-1472F, 1999).
	Cockpit 내에서의 정보 Interaction은 무엇이 있는가?	Cockpit 내에서의 정보 Interaction은 주로 조종사의 시· 청각형태 정보가 대부분이다. 고전적인 설계개념으로써 시각정보는 항공기 자세, 속도, 방향, 결함 정보 등 항공기의 상태에 관한 것이며, 청각정보는 비정상상황에 대한 경고로 주로 사용되며, 그리고 Critical한 정보는 시청각을 동시에 사용하는 경우도 있다.

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표제어: PCR

동의어: Packet Collision Rate

용어 설명 출처 목록 (6)

용어 설명: PCR은 세균 특이성이 있는 primer를 이용하여 적은 수의 세균이 있을지라도 쉽게 검출할 수 있는 유용한 방법이며, 이를 이용하여 구강 내 치면세균막이나 타액에서 직접 세균을 검출할 수 있게 되었다[8].

내보내기 구분	파일저장 인쇄 메일전송
구성항목	기본정보 상세정보 관리번호, 논문명, 저널/프로시딩명, 저자 , 발행년, 권, 호, 시작페이지, 끝페이지, 발행기관 관리번호, 논문명, 대등논문명, 저자 , 저널/프로시딩명, 발행기관, 발행년, 발행언어, 권, 호, 시작페이지, 끝페이지, ISBN, ISSN, 주제분야, 키워드, 초록(한글), 초록(영문), 저자(소속기관)
저장형식	Text(ASCII format) Excel format RefWorks Direct Export RIS format (for Reference Manager, ProCite, EndNote), Scholar's Aids, Mendeley
메일정보	받는사람 (필수) @ 보내는사람 (선택) @ 제목 내용 KISTI 검색결과 이메일 서비스
안내	총 건의 자료가 검색되었습니다. 다운받으실 자료의 인덱스를 입력하세요. (1-10,000) 검색결과의 순서대로 최대 10,000건 까지 다운로드가 가능합니다. 데이타가 많을 경우 속도가 느려질 수 있습니다.(최대 2~3분 소요) 다운로드 파일은 UTF-8 형태로 저장됩니다. 파일의 내용이 제대로 보이지 않을실 때는 웹브라우저 상단의 보기 -> 인코딩 -> 자동선택 여부를 확인하십시오. ~ Text(ASCII format) Excel format

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