Purpose: Indoor air quality in residential buildings needs to be evaluated over the long term. In previous research, there has been an attempt to perform the health risk assessment of pollutants by using numerical models as a method of long-term evaluation. However, the numerical model of this prece...
Purpose: Indoor air quality in residential buildings needs to be evaluated over the long term. In previous research, there has been an attempt to perform the health risk assessment of pollutants by using numerical models as a method of long-term evaluation. However, the numerical model of this precedent study has limitations that do not reflect the actual concentration distribution. Therefore, this study introduces the CRPS index, constructs a numerical model that can reflect the concentration distribution, and then presents a more accurate health risk assessment method using it. At this time, the pollutants are toluene, which is a typical material released from building materials. Method: CRPS index was applied to existing numerical model to reflect concentration distribution. This was used to calculate concentrations at adult breathing area and to use them for exposure assessment in a health risk assessment. After that, we entered adult data and conducted a health risk assessment of toluene. Results: The non-carcinogenic risk of toluene was calculated to be 0.0060. This is 5% smaller than the existing numerical model, meaning that it is more accurate to predict the pollutant risks. This value is also lower than the US EPA reference value of 1. Therefore, under the conditions of this study, long-term exposure of adults to toluene has no impact on health.
Purpose: Indoor air quality in residential buildings needs to be evaluated over the long term. In previous research, there has been an attempt to perform the health risk assessment of pollutants by using numerical models as a method of long-term evaluation. However, the numerical model of this precedent study has limitations that do not reflect the actual concentration distribution. Therefore, this study introduces the CRPS index, constructs a numerical model that can reflect the concentration distribution, and then presents a more accurate health risk assessment method using it. At this time, the pollutants are toluene, which is a typical material released from building materials. Method: CRPS index was applied to existing numerical model to reflect concentration distribution. This was used to calculate concentrations at adult breathing area and to use them for exposure assessment in a health risk assessment. After that, we entered adult data and conducted a health risk assessment of toluene. Results: The non-carcinogenic risk of toluene was calculated to be 0.0060. This is 5% smaller than the existing numerical model, meaning that it is more accurate to predict the pollutant risks. This value is also lower than the US EPA reference value of 1. Therefore, under the conditions of this study, long-term exposure of adults to toluene has no impact on health.
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문제 정의
This study was carried out by the support of the research fund of residential environment research project of Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs. (17RERP-B082204-04).
제안 방법
A numerical model was constructed using the toluene emission function for the target space, and a total of 86,400 concentration data were calculated by analyzing 24 hours in units of 10 seconds through the mass balance equations. The calculated concentration data is the perfect mixing concentration without considering the indoor distribution and the change is shown in [Figure 6].
First, a numerical model is constructed using the mass balance equation used in the previous research, and the change in the pollutant concentration in the target space is calculated over a 24-hour period. That is, the transient state analysis is performed.
In addition, Ha-neul Choi(2017) analyzed the concentrations of toluene in the central of bed room and adult breathing heights by applying CRPS to the total concentration of toluene released from the spray [20]. In this study, CRPS was applied to the perfect mixing concentration and used to calculate the concentration of contaminants at random sites considering the concentration distribution.
In this study, a numerical model considering the concentration distribution of indoor pollutants was constructed by using CRPS and the method of evaluating toluene health risk for adults in the complex apartment was suggested. In particular, attempts to assess health risk using CRPS are different from those of the previous studies in that the concentration of pollutants is calculated more accurately.
In this study, mass balance equations were used to calculate the perfect mixing concentration of toluene over time.
In this study, the indoor toluene concentration considering the concentration distribution is calculated at high speed over 24 hours by using CRPS. This is significant because it reduce the errors that may occur when using the perfect mixing concentration in a long-term evaluation by calculating the room concentration distribution without using multiple computationally expensive CFD simulations.
On the other hand, based on the toluene release function and the spray scenario of the finishing material, four pollutants such as wall, ceiling, floor, and spray were classified and modeled. In the modeling process, windows and doors were not included as pollutants.
The purpose of this study is to construct a numerical model considering the concentration distribution of indoor pollutants and to suggest a health risk assessment method using them.
This study has limitations such as that toluene release rate of the finishing materials such as wallpaper, ceiling paper and flooring are expressed as an arbitrary approximate function and the fact that only the spray of the various life pollution sources is limited and analyzed. Therefore future research will need to complement the scenarios for various pollutant sources such as cleaning, dry cleaning, furniture replacement, and analysis of pollutant release rates of finishing material over time
This study is conducted by using the numerical model and CRPS in the existing health risk assessment procedure. The health risk assessment procedure using CRPS and numerical model is shown in [Figure 2].
대상 데이터
This shows how much of the four pollutant sources contribute to breathing area concentration. The contributing factors for each pollutant were wall (1.19), bottom (1.05), ceiling (0.87) and spray (0.78). Thus, changes in the amount of pollutants released from the walls have the greatest effect on changes in respiratory density and spray has the least effect.
The study area was set as the living room (area: 41.85㎡), which has the largest living time among residents in a general apartment house with a private area of 104㎡ [Figure 3]The target space is a new apartment complex, which is a space 30 days after the construction of wallpaper, ceiling, and flooring materials. Therefore, it is assumed that low concentrations of toluene are emitted in a relatively stable state rather than a high concentration at the beginning of the occupancy in wallpaper, ceiling paper and flooring materials.
이론/모형
In this study, the CRPS index was used to convert the perfect mixing concentration to an arbitrary point concentration considering the concentration distribution. CRPS is an indicator proposed by Kim (2005) to evaluate the contribution of the pollutant source to the concentration of arbitrary sites, and is expressed as Equation 4 [13].
The health risk assessment procedure using CRPS and numerical model is shown in [Figure 2]. In this study, the stage of utilizing the CRPS and the numerical model is the 3-step exposure assessment stage. Using the CRPS and the numerical model, the contaminant concentration (C) at a specific point is calculated and accumulated for the Exposure Duration (ED) in the same manner as the previous study [10] [11].
The program uses the commercial program Star-CCM+, and the turbulence model uses Realizable k-ε which is widely used for the pollutant diffusion analysis.
To accomplish the purpose of this study, we used a numerical model that considers indoor pollutant concentration distribution and a health risk assessment method. The numerical model does not exist independently of the health risk assessment, and the concentration calculated using the numerical model is used in the exposure assessment phase, which is a step in the health risk assessment.
성능/효과
First, it was found that the effect of spray on indoor toluene concentration was more significant than that of finishing material. In the case of toluene released from the finishing material, the constant concentration is continuously released, and the sum of the daily concentration accounts for 68% of the total.
Second, when the concentration of breathing area was compared with that of the perfect mixing concentration, the concentration by the finishing material was similar to that of the perfect mixing concentration, and the concentration by spraying was 21% lower than that of the perfect mixing concentration because the spray CRPS (0.78) for the breathing area is significantly smaller than the finishing material. The reason for the low CRPS of the spray is that the size of the pollution source is small, the injection position is distant from the breathing area, and the exhaust hall is located between the spray and the breathing area to prevent diffusion.
후속연구
This means that the emission concentration of the finishing material decreases with time, while the emission of the living pollutant source occurs periodically, which means that the influence of the life pollution source can not be ignored in the long-term evaluation. In this study, only the spray of various pollutants was considered, but it is considered necessary to consider other pollutants in order to evaluate more accurately in the future.
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