[논문]Effect of carbonated water manufactured by a soda carbonator on etched or sealed enamel

Ryu, Hyo-kyung; Kim, Yong-do; Heo, Sung-su; Kim, Sang-cheol

doi:10.4041/kjod.2018.48.1.48

[국내논문] Effect of carbonated water manufactured by a soda carbonator on etched or sealed enamel 원문보기

Korean journal of orthodontics, v.48 no.1, 2018년, pp.48 - 56

Ryu, Hyo-kyung (Department of Orthodontics, Wonkwang University School of Dentistry) , Kim, Yong-do (Department of Orthodontics, Wonkwang University School of Dentistry) , Heo, Sung-su (Department of Orthodontics, Wonkwang University School of Dentistry) , Kim, Sang-cheol (Department of Orthodontics, Wonkwang University School of Dentistry)

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Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of carbonated water on etched or sealed enamel according to the carbonation level and the presence of calcium ions. Methods: Carbonated water with different carbonation levels was manufactured by a soda carbonator. Seventy-five premolar teeth were randomly divided into a control group and 4 experimental groups in accordance with the carbonation level and the presence of calcium ions in the test solutions. After specimen preparation of the Unexposed, Etched, and Sealed enamel subgroups, all the specimens were submerged in each test solution for 15 minutes three times a day during 7 days. Microhardness tests on the Unexposed and Etched enamel subgroups were performed with 10 specimens from each group. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) tests on the Unexposed, Etched, and Sealed enamel subgroups were performed with 5 specimens from each group. Microhardness changes in different groups were statistically compared using paired t-tests, the Wilcoxon signed rank test, and the Kruskal-Wallis test. Results: The microhardness changes were significantly different between the groups (p = 0.000). The microhardness changes in all experimental groups except Group 3 (low-level carbonated water with calcium ions) were significantly greater than those in the Control group. SEM showed that etched areas of the specimen were affected by carbonated water and the magnitude of destruction varied between groups. Adhesive material was partially removed in groups exposed to carbonated water. Conclusions: Carbonated water has negative effects on etched or sealed enamel, resulting in decreased microhardness and removal of the adhesive material.

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문제 정의

on the negative effects of conventional soft drinks on etched and sealed enamel have been conducted, and have shown that the drinks could cause erosion of etched enamel and dissolve adhesive material; however, studies that focus on the effects of plain carbonated water in this respect remain scarce. The purpose of this study was to determine the in vitro influences of carbonated water on etched or sealed enamel in accordance with carbonation level and the presence of calcium ions.
The objective of this study was to determine the in-vitro effect of carbonated water on erosion of the etched enamel and degradation of the adhesive material in accordance with the carbonation level and the presence of calcium ions. This study revealed that carbonated water with different carbonation levels affects etched and sealed enamel to varying degrees.

제안 방법

, Orange, CA, USA), and after cooling, the area was isolated from the test solution or artificial saliva during the experiment (Figure 1A and 1D). This established the Unexposed enamel subgroups prior to immersion of the teeth in the test solutions, and allowed comparison of the exposed surfaces. The right side of the buccal surface, i.
Each occlusal specimen was embedded in acrylic resin, such that the cut surface was exposed for the microhardness test (Figure 1F). The surface of each specimen was ground to achieve a favorable flat enamel surface, using 600, 1,000, 1,200 grit silicon carbide abrasive paper sequentially, followed by polishing with 0.05-mm alumina slurry. All the specimens were kept in ultrapure deionized water prior to the microhardness test.
Microhardness tests on the Unexposed enamel subgroup and the Etched enamel subgroup were performed using a Vickers indentor attached to a microhardness tester (MXT-70 Microhardness tester; Matsuzawa, Tokyo, Japan). Microhardness tests were conducted under a 100-g load for 20 seconds dwell time.
Microhardness tests were conducted under a 100-g load for 20 seconds dwell time. Three indentations per test were made on the outer enamel surfaces which were 10, 55, or 100 mm apart, making rows toward the dentin. Three tests were performed on each subgroup (Figure 1F).
After the immersion procedure, 5 specimens from each group were cross-sectioned incisogingivally to divide the tooth into buccal and palatal specimens (Figure 1G). Each buccal specimen was kept in a desiccator containing CaCl₂ for 3 days, affixed to scanning electron microscopy (SEM) stubs, coated with platinum twice with a 108 Auto Sputter Coater (Cressington, Watford, UK), and was then examined with a JSM6360 SEM (JEOL, Tokyo, Japan) at 15 kV, at different magnifications.
To assess dental erosion, the microhardness test and SEM test were used. Microhardness tests directly assess the condition of a tooth surface and quantify dental erosion.
The concentration of calcium ions from the bovine teeth increased over time and continued, and moreover detection of the calcium ion was performed after several hours of immersion in carbonated water. In this study, the immersion time was shorter than that in the previous study,²¹ and the test solutions were remade and refreshed at the beginning of every experimental session to minimize the effect of the calcium ions released from the teeth. In addition, calcium ions were added as calcium chloride, based on a previous study,²⁰ because sodium chloride has been reported to have a negligible influence on the potential of erosion.
In this study, the waxed part of the teeth was used as the Unexposed enamel subgroups for comparing conditions after etching and exposure to test solutions. Prior to the experiment, we conducted a pilot study, which showed that coating and mechanical removal of the wax had no effect on microhardness and the surface structure of the enamel.

대상 데이터

Seventy-five human premolars, extracted from young adults (age range, 20–29 years) for orthodontic purposes, were used in this study.
A soda carbonator with a 3-level LED fizz indicator (Source Sparkling Water Maker, SodaStream, NJ, USA), which is a popular commercial apparatus for manufacturing carbonated water, was used in this study. The LED fizz indicator shows the 3 stages of carbonation levels, by changes in LED lights when the carbonated level reaches a certain range.

이론/모형

The nonparametric Kruskal−Wallis test and Mann−Whitney U-test with Bonferroni correction were used as posthoc comparisons to compare difference values between subgroups (Tables 3 and 4).

후속연구

Additionally, if we used human saliva, the calcium ions influence of on reduction of enamel erosion could be decreased due to remineralization. Therefore, further studies with human saliva are needed to confirm the role of calcium ions in carbonated water.

참고문헌 (24)

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7 Lee HO Effects of sparkling water on the surface of composite resin [dissertation] Gwangju Chonnam National Uni 2016
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15 Grenby TH Methods of assessing erosion and erosive potential Eur J Oral Sci 1996 104 207 214 8804888

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16 Wongkhantee S Patanapiradej V Maneenut C Tantbirojn D Effect of acidic food and drinks on surface hardness of enamel, dentine, and tooth-coloured filling materials J Dent 2006 34 214 220 16087287
17 Brown CJ Smith G Shaw L Parry J Smith AJ The erosive potential of flavoured sparkling water drinks Int J Paediatr Dent 2007 17 86 91 17263857
18 Meurman JH ten Cate JM Pathogenesis and modifying factors of dental erosion Eur J Oral Sci 1996 104 199 206 8804887

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19 Zero DT Etiology of dental erosion--extrinsic factors Eur J Oral Sci 1996 104 162 177 8804884

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20 Parry J Shaw L Arnaud MJ Smith AJ Investigation of mineral waters and soft drinks in relation to dental erosion J Oral Rehabil 2001 28 766 772 11556958

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21 Lim DS Ban YH Min YE Park JJ Yu YJ In SR The effect of carbonated water on bovine enamel erosion and plaque adhesion J Dent Hyg Sci 2015 15 437 444
22 Shinohara MS de Oliveira MT Di Hipólito V Giannini M de Goes MF SEM analysis of the acid-etched enamel patterns promoted by acidic monomers and phosphoric acids J Appl Oral Sci 2006 14 427 435 19089243

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23 Ozdemir F Cakan U Gonul N Germec Cakan D Orthodontic bonding to acid- or laser-etched prebleached enamel Korean J Orthod 2013 43 141 146 23814709
24 Türköz C Ulusoy C Evaluation of different enamel conditioning techniques for orthodontic bonding Korean J Orthod 2012 42 32 38 23112929

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[국내논문] Effect of carbonated water manufactured by a soda carbonator on etched or sealed enamel 원문보기

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[국내논문] Effect of carbonated water manufactured by a soda carbonator on etched or sealed enamel 원문보기

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