[논문]해상안전을 위한 GNSS 기반 태풍경로 실시간 분석

이재강; 하지현

doi:10.11108/kagis.2019.22.1.093

해상안전을 위한 GNSS 기반 태풍경로 실시간 분석
Global Navigation Satellite System(GNSS)-Based Near-Realtime Analysis of Typhoon Track for Maritime Safety 원문보기

한국지리정보학회지 = Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies, v.22 no.1, 2019년, pp.93 - 102

이재강 (한국건설기술연구원) , 하지현 (한국건설기술연구원)

초록
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본 연구는 GNSS 기반 태풍경로 관측 가능성을 분석하기 위해 2007년 11호 태풍인 NARI의 태풍경로와 시간변화에 따른 지역별 가강수량을 분석하였다. 가강수량은 제주에서 남해안까지 태풍경로상에 위치한 관측소가 태풍의 영향을 직접적으로 받은 기간과 전 후 일주일을 포함하여(2007년 9월 7일(DOY250)부터 9월 24일(DOY267)까지) 총 18일간의 자료를 이용하여 추정 하였다. 그 결과 가강수량의 변화 추세는 태풍의 경로 근처 관측소의 결과와 유사하였으며 태풍의 발달과 지상에 도달하는 시간변화에 따라 달라지는 것을 확인하였다. 처음 태풍이 강타한 JEJU 관측소에서 일일 최대 가강수량이 관측된지 몇 시간 후, 남해안에 다른 관측소에서 가강수량이 최대값으로 나타났으며 각 관측소에서 최대 가강수량을 기록한 시점이 태풍이 해당 관측소에 도달한 시점과 거의 일치 하였다. GNSS기반 가강수량 측정의 정확도를 분석하기 위해, 데이터는 라디오존데 기반 가강수량 데이터와 비교하였다. 그 결과, 평균 오차 0.0cm, RMSE 0.3cm로 GNSS 기반 가강수량 데이터가 정확하고 정밀하다는 것을 보여주었다. 따라서, 본 연구 결과는 GNSS를 기반으로한 가강수량 데이터를 시간변화에 따른 태풍경로 분석에 사용할 수 있다는 것을 보여주고 있다.

Abstract ▼ AI-Helper

In this study, in order to analyze the possibility of observing a typhoon track based on the Global Navigation Satellite System(GNSS), Typhoon NARI, the 11th typhoon of 2007, was analyzed in terms of the typhoon track as well as the local variation of perceptible water over time. The perceptible water was estimated using data obtained from observatories located on the typhoon track from Jeju to the southern coast of Korea for a total of 18 days from September 7(DOY 250) to September 24(DOY 267), 2007, including the period when the observatories were affected by the typhoon at full-scale, as well as one previous week and one following week. The results show that the trend of the variation of perceptible water was similar between the observatories near the typhoon track. Variation of perceptible water over time depending on the development and landing of the typhoon was distinctively observed. Several hours after the daily maximum of perceptible water was found at the JEJU Observatory, the first struck by the typhoon on the typhoon track, the maximum value was found at other observatories located on the southern coast. In the observation period, the time point at which the maximum perceptible water was recorded in each location was almost the same as the time point at which the typhoon landed at the location. To analyze the accuracy of the GNSS-based perceptible water measurement, the data were compared with radiosonde-based perceptible water data. The mean error was 0.0cm, and the root mean square error and the standard deviation were both 0.3cm, indicating that the GNSS-based perceptible water data were highly accurate and precise. The results of the this study show that the GNSS-based perceptible water data may be used as highly accurate information for the analysis of typhoon tracks over time.

주제어

표/그림 (5)

그림 FIGURE 1. Track of Typhoon NARI from September 13 to 17, 2007 (Korea Meteorological Administration) and locations of GNSS observatories.
표 TABLE 1. Positions of GNSS observatores in track of Typhoon NARI.
그림 FIGURE 2. Ground air temperature, ground air pressure, and relative humidity at JEJU Observatory from September 7(DOY 250) to 24(DOY 267), 2007.
그림 FIGURE 3. Precipitation and GNSS PWV between September 7(DOY 250) and 24(DOY 267), 2007.
그림 FIGURE 4 (a) Radiosonde and GNSS PWV data for Jeju Island between September 7(DOY 250) and 24(DOY 267), 2007; (b) Radiosonde and GNSS PWV data after removing bias.

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제안 방법

In the this study, in order to calculate the variation of the PWV over time depending on the movement of the typhoon and to analyze the variation of the PWV in comparison with torrential rainfall records in individual locations, data were obtained from the GNSS observatory located on Jeju, the island in the track of the Typhoon NARI, and from the observatories located in Yeosu and Mokpo, Jeonnam, which are cities having important harbors, with Goheung in the middle. The PWV was estimated using the JEJU, MKPO, and YOSU observatories, which are the permanent GNSS observatories operated in Korea by the Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute(KASI).
In this paper, to analyze the possibility of observing typhoon tracks using GNSS, the PWV was analyzed using GNSS observatories in the track of a typhoon. The observatories used in the analysis were in the area between Jeju and the southern coast of Korea, areas that are common in tracks of typhoons approaching the Korean Peninsula and places where many ships navigate.
In this study, data obtained from the GNSS observatories between Jeju and the southern coast of Korea, which are in the track of Typhoon NARI on the Korean Peninsula, were used to estimate the PWV and analyze the moving distance over time in order to analyze the possibility of observing the typhoon track on the basis of the GNSS data. FIGURE 2 shows the weather conditions of the JEJU Observatory when approached by Typhoon NARI.
, 2010). In this study, for the purpose of improving maritime safety, perceptible water vapor (PWV) was analyzed using GNSS observatories in the track of a typhoon, and the possibility of observing typhoon tracks using GNSS was analyzed.
The tropospheric delay was estimated at intervals of five minutes by random walk process based on prior values. The estimated GNSS-based tropospheric delay was substituted with the Korean version of the mean temperature equation to calculate the PWV. For validation of PWVs derived from GNSS measurements, radiosonde or MWR observations are used(Niell et al.
To verify the accuracy of the analysis, the GNSS PWV data were compared with the PWV data obtained using a radiosonde in the same period. The radiosonde observation was performed twice a day at 00 and 12 UTC at seven observatories in Korea. In this study, the radiosonde data were obtained from the GNSS JEJU Observatory and the Gosan Meteorological Observatory at Jeju Island.

대상 데이터

The radiosonde observation was performed twice a day at 00 and 12 UTC at seven observatories in Korea. In this study, the radiosonde data were obtained from the GNSS JEJU Observatory and the Gosan Meteorological Observatory at Jeju Island. FIGURE 4 compares the radiosonde observation data and the GNSS-based PWV data.
The KASI operates nine permanent GNSS observatories in Korea; Paroscientific MET sensors are installed in all the observatories for atmospheric observation. The GNSS observation data used in the analysis were the data for the period when Jeju Island was affected by the typhoon at full-scale, from September 14(DOY 257) to 17(DOY 260), as well as data for one previous week and one following week. Therefore, the data used were the epoch data of 24 hours and 30 seconds observed over a total of 18 days between September 7 (DOY 250) and 24(DOY 267), 2007.
In this paper, to analyze the possibility of observing typhoon tracks using GNSS, the PWV was analyzed using GNSS observatories in the track of a typhoon. The observatories used in the analysis were in the area between Jeju and the southern coast of Korea, areas that are common in tracks of typhoons approaching the Korean Peninsula and places where many ships navigate. The analyzed typhoon was Typhoon NARI, the 11th typhoon of 2007, which landed in the area and caused relatively large damage.

성능/효과

FIGURE 4(b) shows the PWV data after removing the bias, indicating that the PWV was almost the same between the two instruments. After the bias was removed, the mean error of the PWV data between the two instruments was 0.0㎝, and the root mean square error and the standard deviation were both 0.3㎝, indicating that the GNSS -based PWV data obtained in the present study were highly accurate and precise.
In order to verify the accuracy of the analysis performed in the present study, the estimated GNSS PWV data were compared with the PWV values observed using the radiosonde. The comparison showed that the mean error was 0.0 cm; the root mean square error and the standard deviation were both 0.3 cm, indicating that the GNSS-based PWV data were highly accurate and precise. In summary, the results of the present study show that, with respect to the temporal and local trends, the GNSS data were highly correlated with the typhoon track, and thus may be used for highly accurate analysis of typhoon tracks.
As the typhoon developed and moved inland, the PWV rapidly changed. The distinctively observed trend of PWV variation was that the PWV reached peak values as the typhoon landed and torrential rainfall started; PWV then rapidly decreased after the typhoon disappeared. A careful review of the trend of PWV variation over time at each location, depending on typhoon movement along the track, shows that the daily PWV peak was found first at the JEJU Observatory, which was struck first by the typhoon; it was then found several hours later at the observatories on the southern coast of Korea.

표제어: PCR

동의어: Packet Collision Rate

용어 설명 출처 목록 (6)

용어 설명: PCR은 세균 특이성이 있는 primer를 이용하여 적은 수의 세균이 있을지라도 쉽게 검출할 수 있는 유용한 방법이며, 이를 이용하여 구강 내 치면세균막이나 타액에서 직접 세균을 검출할 수 있게 되었다[8].

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