[논문]용존성 유기물질 및 탁도 제거를 위한 반탄화목분 천연재료 혼합응집제의 적용성에 관한 연구

PARK, Hae Keum; KANG, Seog Goo

doi:10.5658/wood.2020.48.4.472

용존성 유기물질 및 탁도 제거를 위한 반탄화목분 천연재료 혼합응집제의 적용성에 관한 연구
A Study on the Applicability of Torrefied Wood Flour Natural Material Based Coagulant to Removal of Dissolved Organic Matter and Turbidity 원문보기

목재공학 = Journal of the Korean wood science and technology, v.48 no.4, 2020년, pp.472 - 487

PARK, Hae Keum (Department of Biobased Materials, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Chungnam National University) , KANG, Seog Goo (Department of Biobased Materials, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Chungnam National University)

초록
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급격한 산업화로 인한 이상기후의 발생으로 매년 수질관리 중요성과 관리비용이 증대되고 있는 실정이다. 이에 국내의 경우 수질오염의 주요 원인물질인 총인, 총질소의 관리를 위해 하수처리장에서 응집제를 투입하여 유기물질을 처리하고 있다. 그러나 PAC(Poly Aluminium Chloride)의 경우 응집제 과다 주입 시 2차 오염문제가 발생될 수 있다. 이에 국내에서는 천연재료를 혼합한 응집제를 이용한 응집제의 적용성에 관한 연구가 진행되고 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 하수처리장의 1차 침전지 유출수를 대상으로 PAC와 반탄화목분의 최적 혼합비율을 도출하기 위해 수질 오염물질인 T-P, T-N 및 탁도를 분석하여 개발한 혼합응집제의 적용성 평가를 하고자 한다. PAC(10%)와 반탄화목분 함유량이 1%가 되는 조건에서 T-P의 경우 최대 92%의 제거효율이 나타났으며, T-N의 경우 약 22%의 제거효율이 나타났다. 이는 혼합응집제와 동일한 양전하성 유기물질이 다수 포함된 T-N의 제거가 잘 이루어지지 않은 것으로 판단된다. 탁도는 약 91%의 제거효율이 나타났다. 이에 반탄화목분 1%가 최적 첨가량이라고 판단하였으며, PAC 농도를 저감하여 유기물질 제거효율을 분석한 결과, PAC 농도 7%에서 T-P의 경우 최대 91%의 높은 제거효율이 나타났으며, T-N의 경우 32%의 제거효율이 나타났다. 탁도의 경우 최대 90%의 제거효율이 나타났다. 또한, PAC(10%)와 응집성능 비교실험을 수행하여 본 연구에서 제조한 반탄화목분 1% 함유량 기준에서 혼합응집제를 이용하여 응집공정을 수행할 경우 PAC 농도를 30-50%로 저감할 수 있으며, 시판 응집제와 유사한 성능을 확보할 수 있을 뿐만 아니라 PAC 주입량이 저감되어 경제적 효과를 확보하고, 2차 오염 문제를 저감하는 안정적인 수처리를 수행할 수 있을 것이라고 사료된다.

Abstract ▼ AI-Helper

With the emergence of abnormal climate due to the rapid industrialization, the importance of water quality management and management costs are increasing every year. In Korea, for the management of total phosphorus and total nitrogen, the major materials causing the water quality pollution, coagulants are injected in sewage treatment plants to process organic compounds. However, if the coagulant is injected in an excessive amount to PAC (Poly Aluminium Chloride), a secondary pollution problem might occur. As such, a study on the applicability of natural material-based coagulant is being conducted in Korea. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the applicability of a mixed coagulant developed by analyzing water quality pollutants T-P, T-N as well as their turbidity, in order to derive the optimum mixing ratio between PAC and torrefied wood flour for the primary settling pond effluent. Under the condition where the content of PAC (10%) and torrefied wood flour is 1%, T-P showed the maximum removal efficiency of 92%, and T-N showed approximately 22%. This indicates that removal of T-N which includes numerous positively charged organic compounds that are equivalent to mixed coagulant is not well accomplished. Turbidity showed the removal efficiency of approximately 91%. As such, 1% of torrefied wood flour was determined to be the optimum addition. As a result of analyzing the removal efficiency for organic compounds by reducing PAC concentration to 7%, T-P showed a high maximum removal efficiency of 91%, T-N showed 32%, and turbidity showed the maximum of 90%. In addition, a coagulation process is performed by using the mixed coagulant based on 1% content of torrefied wood flour produced in this study by performing a coagulation performance comparative experiment with PAC (10%). As a result, PAC concentration was reduced to 30-50%, a similar performance with other coagulants in market was secured, PAC injection amount was reduced that an economic effect can be achieved, and it is considered to perform a stable water treatment that reduces the secondary pollution problem.

주제어

표/그림 (9)

표 Table 1. Ratio of mixed coagulant to TWF concen-tration
표 Table 2. Ratio of mixed coagulant to PAC concen-tration
그림 Fig. 1. Comparison of organic matter and turbidity change depending on TWF concentration and input conditions.
표 Table 3. Characteristics of primary settling tank effluent in DJ WTP
그림 Fig. 2. Comparison of organic matter and turbidity change depending on PAC concentration and input conditions.
그림 Fig. 3. Comparison of T-P Concentration change depending on samples and input conditions.
그림 Fig. 4. Comparison of T-N Concentration change depending on samples and input conditions.
그림 Fig. 5. Comparison of Turbidity Concentration change depending on samples and input conditions.
그림 Fig. 6. Comparison of Aluminum Concentration change depending on samples.

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문제 정의

Therefore, this study aimed to reduce the use of Torrefied Wood Flour used by the previous study and PAC used in the existing sewage treatment plants. In order to achieve this, Torrefied Wood Flour mixed PAC coagulant was used to analyze water pollutants removal efficiency based on the mixed coagulant concentration to evaluate the applicability of mixed coagulant.
The evaluation items are turbidity, total phosphorus, and total nitrogen. This study also aimed to verify the optimal mixing ratio of mixed coagulant, as well as possibility of removing underwater pollutants through results derived from the evaluation.

제안 방법

Based on the previous experiments, it was determined that the optimal removal effect of organic material was achieved at a concentration of 7% of PAC for 1% of Torrefied Wood Flour. An experiment was conducted to compare and analyze the removal efficiency of organic compounds and PAC (10%) which is a market coagulant, with the final optimal efficiency. The efficiency of T-P, T-N and turbidity removal of the mixed coagulant which has 7% concentration and PAC (10%) coagulant based on 1% Torrefied Wood Flour content is shown in Fig.
As such, this study conducted two separate studies based on a previous study: Using a forest by-product of woods damaged by blight and harmful insects to analyze charge and absorption performances of Torrefied Wood Flour manufactured in a high-temperature treatment condition (Yang et al., 2016), and a study on algae removal efficiency of paste coagulant manufactured by combining Torrefied Wood Flour showing a strong negative charge based on heat treatment and cationic polyacrylamide (Yang et at., 2017). The previous study combined the cationic polymer coagulant with Torrefied Wood Flour to manufacture the combined coagulant showing cationic property through surface-modification process.
Furthermore, Jar test was performed to evaluate the coagulant performance. It was confirmed that if Torrefied Wood Flour is included, the flocs are generated quickly.
This study determined that 1% content of Torrefied Wood Flour is the optimal addition by considering the organic compound removal efficiency through the previous experiment for deriving the optimal content of Torrefied Wood Flour. In addition, in order to reduce content of PAC to secure economic feasibility and environmental stability, the experiment in this study manufactured the test material by diluting the Torrefied Wood Flour in PAC concentrations of 2%, 5%, 7%, and 10% based on 1% addition of Torrefied Wood Flour, and mixing it for approximately 5 hours at 800 rpm, as shown in Table 2.
In order to derive the optimal content of Torrefied Wood Flour during the manufacturing process of Torrefied Wood Flour mixed coagulant, this study manufactured mixed coagulant which combined Torrefied Wood Flour grinded through the superheated steam treatment and PAC which is a coagulant in market by diluting them in certain concentration.
In order to evaluate in-water organic compound removal efficiency and turbidity removal efficiency using polluted water collected from the primary settling pond at Daejeon sewage treatment plant, turbidity, total phosphorus, and total nitrogen items between polluted and treated water were measured.
This study derived the optimal mixing ratio of mixed coagulant manufactured by combining PAC which is a coagulant in market with Torrefied Wood Flour that was overheat steam treated. In order to review the applicability of the mixed coagulant as a water treatment material, in-water organic compounds of T-P, T-N, and turbidity removal efficiency was analyzed when using the mixed coagulant. The followings results were drawn:
The analysis of the sample was performed by FITI Testing & Research Institute, and it was measured 3 times in repetition according to inductively coupled plasma/atomic emission spectrometry.
The collected primary settling pond’s outflowing water was divided at 1L in 1L beaker using a volumetric flask, and Jar test was performed according to mixed coagulant conditions.
1. The contents of Torrefied Wood Flour were selected as 0.5%, 1%, 2%, and 5% by referring to the previously conducted study to manufacture the mixed coagulant. In addition, T-P, T-N, and turbidity removal efficiency based on the injection amount of the manufactured mixed coagulant was indicated.
This study derived the optimal mixing ratio of mixed coagulant manufactured by combining PAC which is a coagulant in market with Torrefied Wood Flour that was overheat steam treated. In order to review the applicability of the mixed coagulant as a water treatment material, in-water organic compounds of T-P, T-N, and turbidity removal efficiency was analyzed when using the mixed coagulant.
Considering the previously performed organic compound removal efficiency result based on Torrefied Wood Flour content, 1% content of Torrefied Wood Flour was determined to be the optimal addition. Thus, this experiment aimed to analyze the organic compounds removal efficiency based on PAC concentration reduction, in the cases of PAC concentrations of 2%, 5%, 7%, and 10% with respect to 1% addition of Torrefied Wood Flour. The mixed coagulant removal efficiency based on PAC concentration according to 1% content of Torrefied Wood Flour is shown in Fig.

대상 데이터

In order to achieve this, Torrefied Wood Flour mixed PAC coagulant was used to analyze water pollutants removal efficiency based on the mixed coagulant concentration to evaluate the applicability of mixed coagulant. The evaluation items are turbidity, total phosphorus, and total nitrogen. This study also aimed to verify the optimal mixing ratio of mixed coagulant, as well as possibility of removing underwater pollutants through results derived from the evaluation.

이론/모형

In order to evaluate the total nitrogen of the primary settling pond outflowing water and treated water, the total nitrogen of ｢Water Pollution Standard Method (No. 2017-4)｣ was measured by using a water quality analyzer (HS-3300, HUMAS) which complies with optical density measurement based on chromatography method, and it was measured 5 times in repetition.
In order to evaluate turbidity of the primary settling pond outflowing water and treated water, a turbidimeter (Turbidimeter TB 210 IR, Lovibond, Germany) was used for the measurement with 5 times repetition and the analysis was based on turbidity analysis criteria of ｢Water Pollution Standard Method (No. 2017-4)｣. The turbidimeter has the minimum detection limit of over 0.

성능/효과

1) The optimal condition is the 1% addition rate of Torrefied Wood Flour in the market coagulant PAC (10%), and the analysis result of the removal efficiency of organic compound showed that when injecting 10 ml, T-P was up to 92%, T-N was approximately 22%, and turbidity was up to 91%. It was thus confirmed that the mixed coagulant developed in this study was applicable to the treatment of in-water organic compounds in the process of coagulation and blending.
2) According to the analysis of removal efficiency of organic compounds based on PAC concentration of 1%, which is the optimal amount of Torrefied Wood Flour, the removal efficiency of T-P 91%, T-N 32%, and the turbidity up to 90% were shown when 10 ml of 7% PAC concentration was injected.
3) PAC (10%) and the coagulation performance comparison experiment allowed the PAC concentration to be reduced by 30% to 50% when the coagulation process was carried out using a mixed coagulant based on 1% of Torrefied Wood Flour manufactured in this study. It has been confirmed that if used as a water treatment material using a mixed coagulant, the removal efficiency can be secured similar to that of the market coagulant PAC (10%).
Based on the previous experiments, it was determined that the optimal removal effect of organic material was achieved at a concentration of 7% of PAC for 1% of Torrefied Wood Flour. An experiment was conducted to compare and analyze the removal efficiency of organic compounds and PAC (10%) which is a market coagulant, with the final optimal efficiency.
Considering that the annual capacity of the domestic sewage treatment plant is 2,304,381 meters, the cost of injecting coagulant into the domestic sewage treatment plant is approximately 56,270,000,000 KRW per year. If the existing PAC is replaced by TWF 1%+PAC 7% which was developed through this study, it is determined that the existing coagulant injection will be reduced by 30%, which means 16.8 billion won can be secured as benefits of 30%, thereby securing the economic efficiency. Furthermore, the injection of PAC mixed with Torrefied Wood Flour in the primary settling pond can increase the size of floc by the coagulation with the underwater contaminants by Torrefied Wood Flour.
It shows that under the condition of TWF 1%+5% PAC, the result was 930 mg/L, and 597 mg/L under the condition of 1% TWF+7% TWF+5% PAC. It shows that compared to PAC 10%, TWF 1%+PAC 7% were reduced by 3 times, and TWF 1%+PAC 5% were reduced by 5 times. In addition, according to concentration dilution, 2,240 mg/L and 1,600 mg/L underwater aluminum concentration shall be indicated.
This is determined to be occurred by a similar cause as the result of the previous experiment. It was judged that the coagulation effect appears to be low due to the low reactivity of the positively charged aluminum ion which is contained in the coagulation, and of the positively charged nitrogen compounds that make up total nitrogen.
The results of this study showed that the coagulation process was carried out using the mixed coagulant manufactured according to the optimal Torrefied Wood Flour content derived from the experiment and the appropriate concentration of PAC, resulting in removal efficiency similar to the injection amount of PAC (10%). The use of PACs for the management of total phosphorus is increasing, and according to 2017 sewage statistics, the domestic sewage treatment plants’ sewage system supply rate is 94%, which means the number of domestic sewage treatment plants is currently 660.
Therefore, it can be determined that water treatment process by mixing and coagulation using Torrefied Wood Flour mixed coagulant developed in this study will secure economic and environmental effects, as well as removal efficiency similar to the existing coagulant PAC (10%). Although the removal efficiency has been verified, further studies need to be conducted on the size of floc and the principle of the substance removal according to the addition of Torrefied Wood Flour.
This study determined that 1% content of Torrefied Wood Flour is the optimal addition by considering the organic compound removal efficiency through the previous experiment for deriving the optimal content of Torrefied Wood Flour. In addition, in order to reduce content of PAC to secure economic feasibility and environmental stability, the experiment in this study manufactured the test material by diluting the Torrefied Wood Flour in PAC concentrations of 2%, 5%, 7%, and 10% based on 1% addition of Torrefied Wood Flour, and mixing it for approximately 5 hours at 800 rpm, as shown in Table 2.

후속연구

Therefore, it can be determined that water treatment process by mixing and coagulation using Torrefied Wood Flour mixed coagulant developed in this study will secure economic and environmental effects, as well as removal efficiency similar to the existing coagulant PAC (10%). Although the removal efficiency has been verified, further studies need to be conducted on the size of floc and the principle of the substance removal according to the addition of Torrefied Wood Flour.

참고문헌 (22)

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원문보기 상세보기
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원문보기 상세보기
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원문보기 상세보기
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표제어: PCR

동의어: Packet Collision Rate

용어 설명 출처 목록 (6)

용어 설명: PCR은 세균 특이성이 있는 primer를 이용하여 적은 수의 세균이 있을지라도 쉽게 검출할 수 있는 유용한 방법이며, 이를 이용하여 구강 내 치면세균막이나 타액에서 직접 세균을 검출할 수 있게 되었다[8].

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