[논문]Effect of Feeding Alfalfa and Concentrate on Meat Quality and Bioactive Compounds in Korean Native Black Goat Loin during Storage at 4℃

Kim, Hye-Jin; Kim, Hee-Jin; Kim, Kwan-Woo; Lee, Jinwook; Lee, Sang-Hoon; Lee, Sung-Soo; Choi, Bong-Hwan; Shin, Dong-Jin; Jeon, Ki-Hong; Choi, Jin-Young; Jang, Aera

doi:10.5851/kosfa.2022.e21

Effect of Feeding Alfalfa and Concentrate on Meat Quality and Bioactive Compounds in Korean Native Black Goat Loin during Storage at 4℃ 원문보기

Food science of animal resources, v.42 no.3, 2022년, pp.517 - 535

Kim, Hye-Jin (Department of Applied Animal Science, Kangwon National University) , Kim, Hee-Jin (Poultry Research Institute, National Institute of Animal Science) , Kim, Kwan-Woo (Animal Genetic Resources Research Center, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration) , Lee, Jinwook (Animal Genetic Resources Research Center, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration) , Lee, Sang-Hoon (Grassland and Forages Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration) , Lee, Sung-Soo (Animal Genetic Resources Research Center, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration) , Choi, Bong-Hwan (Animal Genetic Resources Research Center, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration) , Shin, Dong-Jin (Department of Applied Animal Science, Kangwon National University) , Jeon, Ki-Hong (Research Group of Food Processing, Korea Food Research Institute) , Choi, Jin-Young (Department of Division of Food Science and Culinary Arts, Shinhan University) , Jang, Aera (Department of Applied Animal Science, Kangwon National University)

Abstract ▼ AI-Helper

The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of feeding alfalfa: Concentrate at different ratios (8:2 or 2:8) to Korean native black goats (KNBG) for 90 days on meat quality and bioactive compound content. Feeding KNBG alfalfa and concentrate at different ratios did not impact meat pH, color, microorganism composition, volatile basic nitrogen levels, or lipid oxidation. The low alfalfa (KLA) group exhibited increased oleic acid and monosaturated fatty acid levels, both of which impact the palatability traits of meat. The abundance of bioactive compounds increased in the loin meat of the KLA group, leading to an increase in antioxidant activities. Our results suggest that feeding alfalfa and concentrate at a 2:8 ratio to KNBG can increase taste-related fatty acids and bioactive compounds in loin meat, relative to that achieved by feeding at an 8:2 ratio. Further investigation is required to evaluate the quality and the metabolites of bioactive compounds in KNBG meat and the effect of the different dietary ratios of forage and concentrate.

주제어

표/그림 (9)

표 Table 1. Ingredients and chemical composition of experimental diets
표 Table 2. Proximate composition of loin from Korean native black goat fed alfalfa and concentrates
표 Table 3. Effect of feeding alfalfa and concentrates on pH and meat color of Korean native black goat loin during the cold storage
표 Table 4. Effect of feeding alfalfa and concentrate on microorganisms of Korean native black goat loin during the cold storage
표 Table 5. Effect of feeding alfalfa and concentrate on volatile basic nitrogen (VBN) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) of Korean native black goat loin during the cold storage
표 Table 6. Effect of feeding alfalfa and concentrate on fatty acid composition (%) of Korean native black goat loin during the cold storage
표 Table 7. Effect of feeding alfalfa and concentrate on bioactive compounds of Korean native black goat loin during the cold storage
표 Table 8. Effect of feeding alfalfa and concentrate on antioxidant activities of Korean native black goat loin during the cold storage
그림 Fig. 1. The principal component (PCA) and partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) analysis for bioactive compounds and anti-oxidant activities of loin meat of Korean native black goat feeding alfalfa and concentrate. (A) PCA score plot, (B) biplot of PCA result, (C) PLS-DA score plot, (D) variable importance analysis. KHA (no. 1-5), KNBG fed high alfalfa (alfalfa: concentrate=8:2); KLA (no. 6- 10), KNBG fed low alfalfa (alfalfa: concentrate=2:8); CN, creatinine; COQ10, coenzyme Q10; LCAR, L-carnitine; CAR, carnosine; CR, creatine; ANS, anserine; KNBG, Korean native black goats.

AI 본문요약
AI-Helper

제안 방법

5 cm thick slices, placed on a polystyrene tray with low-density polyethylene (LDPE) film, and stored in an aerobic environment at 4±2℃, which reflects the common storage condition at home. Samples were selected on day 1, 5, 10, and 15 and evaluated in terms of quality, bioactive compounds, and antioxidant activities.
Ten KNBG (48.6±1.4 kg body weight; 4.8±1.2 years old, castrated male) were randomly divided into two groups and were fed with the experimental diet for 90 days of finishing period

데이터처리

4 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA) was used for statistical analysis. Means among treatment groups were compared by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with a general linear model. Significant differences among means were defined using Tukey’s test at p<0.
Significant differences among means were defined using Tukey’s test at p<0.05
(2021a). The validity of the PLS-DA model was verified using correlation coefficients (R2) and cross-validation correlation coefficients (Q2).

이론/모형

A colorimetric method was used to evaluate DPPH radical scavenging activity of the samples (Kim and Jang, 2021). The prepared meat sample was reacted with 0.
Creatine, creatinine, carnosine, and anserine were estimated using the method reported by Kim et al. (2019).
TBARS was estimated using the methods described by Kim et al. (2020).
The FRAP assay was carried out according to the method described by Kim et al. (2019).
The moisture content was calculated using weight difference after drying at 105℃ for 12 h. The Kjeldahl method was employed to analyse crude protein content, and the ether extraction method was used to determine crude fat content. The crude ash content was determined based on the weight difference after burning at 550℃ in a furnace.
The method described by Kim and Jang (2021) was used to estimate fatty acid composition. Two grams of meat sample was homogenized with Folch reagent (15 mL) with 0.
To identify the difference in bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity, multivariate statistical analysis was performed using principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). Analyses were performed with log-transformed and auto-scaled data using Metaboanalyst 5.

성능/효과

Creatinine content in loin meat from the KLA group was higher than that from the KHA group (p<0.05)
According to the Food Code in Korea, meat with a VBN value>20 mg/100 g is considered spoiled (MFDS, 2020). In this study, VBN values of loin meat from KHA and KLA groups were 19.87 and 18.80 mg/100 g, respectively. Although this could be considered fresh according to the criteria of spoiled meat in Korea, it is necessary to also consider the microorganism abundance.
polyunsaturated fatty acids). In this study, the higher level of antioxidant substances in loin meat such as L-carnitine, carnosine, and anserine which are relatively abundant in lean meat may be responsible for the surprisingly lower anti-lipid oxidation effect. Rancidity of meat, as determined based on lipid oxidation, can lead to an unpleasant flavour.
In this study, we found that loin from the KLA group had high L-carnitine, creatinine, and carnosine content, suggesting that supplementation with high alfalfa for 90 days to finishing KNBG does not induce an increase in bioactive compounds within loin meat. Rather, supplementation with alfalfa and concentrate at a ratio of 2:8 increased the bioactive compounds in loin meat.
Loin meat from the KLA group had higher oleic acid and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) compared to that from the KHA group during storage (p<0.05)
In this study, we found that loin from the KLA group had high L-carnitine, creatinine, and carnosine content, suggesting that supplementation with high alfalfa for 90 days to finishing KNBG does not induce an increase in bioactive compounds within loin meat. Rather, supplementation with alfalfa and concentrate at a ratio of 2:8 increased the bioactive compounds in loin meat. We postulate that the various nutrients and certain amino acids contained in concentrates might contribute to the metabolism of bioactive compounds in KNBG; however, further research is needed to evaluate the quality and metabolites of bioactive compounds in KNBG meat and determine whether it is affected by the different dietary ratios of forage and concentrate.
The initial pH of loin meat from the KHA and KLA groups was 6.00 and 5.92, respectively (Table 3). During storage, the pH of both groups increased (p<0.
The levels of saturated fatty acids (SFAs) in loin meat from the KHA and KLA groups were 38.72%–42.05% and 39.85%–41.59% during storage, respectively
The predominate fatty acids detected in loin meat from the KHA and KLA groups were palmitic acid, linoleic acid, oleic acid, arachidonic acid, and stearic acid (Table 6). These results agree with those of other studies on goat meat (Hwang et al.
, 2019). These results imply that loin meat from the KLA group had higher ABTS radical scavenging activity than boiled pork and black goat meat, similar to beef loin.
51 Log CFU/g. Thus, feeding different ratios of alfalfa and concentrate to finishing KNBG for 90 days did not impact microorganism levels in loin meat; however, meat from both groups may be spoiled by day 15 in aerobic storage at 4℃.

후속연구

, 1980). However, further analysis is required to evaluate the effect of histidine supplementation on carnosine and anserine contents, as well as the underlying metabolic mechanism in goat meat.
Rather, supplementation with alfalfa and concentrate at a ratio of 2:8 increased the bioactive compounds in loin meat. We postulate that the various nutrients and certain amino acids contained in concentrates might contribute to the metabolism of bioactive compounds in KNBG; however, further research is needed to evaluate the quality and metabolites of bioactive compounds in KNBG meat and determine whether it is affected by the different dietary ratios of forage and concentrate.

참고문헌 (54)

AOAC 1997 Official methods of analysis of AOAC International 16 th ed AOAC International Gaithersburg, MD, USA
Bank G Kagan D Madhavi D 2011 Coenzyme Q 10 : Clinical update and bioavailability Evid Based Complementary Altern Med 16 129 137 10.1177/2156587211399438

상세보기
Brito AF Tremblay GF Bertrand A Castonguay Y Bélanger G Michaud R Lafrenière C Martineau R Berthiaume R 2014 Alfalfa baleage with increased concentration of nonstructural carbohydrates supplemented with a corn-based concentrate did not improve production and nitrogen utilization in early lactation dairy cows J Dairy Sci 97 6970 6990 10.3168/jds.2013-7305 25173470

상세보기
Descalzo AM Rossetti L Grigioni G Irurueta M Sancho AM Carrete J Pensel NA 2007 Antioxidant status and odour profile in fresh beef from pasture or grain-fed cattle Meat Sci 75 299 307 10.1016/j.meatsci.2006.07.015 22063662

상세보기
Ercan P El SN 2011 Changes in content of coenzyme Q10 in beef muscle, beef liver and beef heart with cooking and in vitro digestion J Food Compos Anal 24 1136 1140 10.1016/j.jfca.2011.05.002

상세보기
Filgueras RS Gatellier P Aubry L Thomas A Bauchart D Durand D Zambiazi RC Santé-Lhoutellier V 2010 Colour, lipid and protein stability of Rhea americana meat during air- and vacuum-packaged storage: Influence of muscle on oxidative processes Meat Sci 86 665 673 10.1016/j.meatsci.2010.06.003 20659783

상세보기
French P O'Riordan EG Monahan FJ Caffrey PJ Vidal M Mooney MT Troy DJ Moloney AP 2000 Meat quality of steers finished on autumn grass, grass silage or concentrate-based diets Meat Sci 56 173 180 10.1016/S0309-1740(00)00037-1 22061906

상세보기
Gatellier P Mercier Y Renerre M 2004 Effect of diet finishing mode (pasture or mixed diet) on antioxidant status of Charolais bovine meat Meat Sci 67 385 394 10.1016/j.meatsci.2003.11.009 22061512

상세보기
Gil J Kim D Yoon SK Ham JS Jang A 2016 Anti-oxidative and anti-inflammation activities of pork extracts Korean J Food Sci Anim Resour 36 275 282 10.5851/kosfa.2016.36.2.275 27194938

원문보기 상세보기
Giner-Chavez BI Van Soest PJ Robertson JB Lascano C Pell AN 1997 Comparison of the precipitation of alfalfa leaf protein and bovine serum albumin by tannins in the radial diffusion method J Sci Food Agric 74 513 523 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0010(199708)74:4<513::AID-JSFA825>3.0.CO;2-B

상세보기
Hwang YH Bakhsh A Ismail I Lee JG Joo ST 2018 Effects of intensive alfalfa feeding on meat quality and fatty acid profile of Korean native black goats Korean J Food Sci Anim Resour 38 1092 1100 10.5851/kosfa.2018.e42 30479514

원문보기 상세보기
International Commission on Microbiological Specifications for Foods [ICMSF] 1986 Sampling for microbiological analysis: Principles and specific applications University of Toronto Press Toronto, Canada
Jung EY Hwang YH Joo ST 2016 The relationship between chemical compositions, meat quality, and palatability of the 10 primal cuts from Hanwoo steer Korean J Food Sci Anim Resour 36 145 151 10.5851/kosfa.2016.36.2.145 27194921

원문보기 상세보기
Jung GW Jo IH HwangBo S Lee SH Song HB 2008 Effects of different feeding systems on nutrient availability, nitrogen retention and blood characteristics in native or crossbred Korean black goats J Korean Soc Grassl Forage Sci 28 341 350 10.5333/KGFS.2008.28.4.341

원문보기 상세보기
Kadim IT Mahgoub O Al-Ajmi DS Al-Maqbaly RS Al-Saqri NM Ritchie A 2004 An evaluation of the growth, carcass and meat quality characteristics of Omani goat breeds Meat Sci 66 203 210 10.1016/S0309-1740(03)00092-5 22063949

상세보기
Kaldy MS Johnston A Smoliak S 1980 Amino acid composition of rough fescue J Range Manag 33 295 296 10.2307/3898077

상세보기
Kang SN Chu GM Song YM Jin SK Hwang IH Kim IS 2012 The effects of replacement of antibiotics with by-products of oriental medicinal plants on growth performance and meat qualities in fattening pigs Anim Sci J 83 245 251 10.1111/j.1740-0929.2011.00942.x 22435629

상세보기
Kim HJ Jang A 2021 Correlations between the levels of the bioactive compounds and quality traits in beef loin and round during cold storage Food Control 120 107491 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107491

상세보기
Kim HJ Kim HJ Jang A 2019 Nutritional and antioxidative properties of black goat meat cuts Asian-Australas J Anim Sci 32 1423 1429 10.5713/ajas.18.0951 31010982

원문보기 상세보기
Kim HJ Kim HJ Jeon JJ Nam KC Shim KS Jung JH Kim KS Choi Y Kim SH Jang A 2020 Comparison of the quality characteristics of chicken breast meat from conventional and animal welfare farms under refrigerated storage Poult Sci 99 1788 1796 10.1016/j.psj.2019.12.009 32111339

상세보기
Kim SW Park SB Kim MJ Kim DH Yim DG 2014 Effects of different levels of concentrate in the diet on physicochemical traits of Korean native black goat meats Korean J Food Sci Anim Resour 34 457 463 10.5851/kosfa.2014.34.4.457 26761283

원문보기 상세보기
Kim SW Yoon SH Kim JH Ko YG Kim DH Kang GH Kim YS Lee SM Suh SW 2012 Effects of feeding levels of concentrate on the growth, carcass characteristics and economic evaluation in feeds based on rice-straw of Korean black goats J Korean Grassl Forage Sci 32 429 436 10.5333/KGFS.2012.32.4.429

원문보기 상세보기
Kreider RB Kalman DS Antonio J Ziegenfuss TN Wildman R Collins R Candow DG Kleiner SM Almada AL Lopez HL 2017 International society of sports nutrition position stand: Safety and efficacy of creatine supplementation in exercise, sport, and medicine Int J Sport Nutr 14 1 18 10.1186/s12970-017-0173-z 28615996

상세보기
Kubo H Fujii K Kawabe T Matsumoto S Kishida H Hosoe K 2008 Food content of ubiquinol-10 and ubiquinone-10 in the Japanese diet J Food Compos Anal 21 199 210 10.1016/j.jfca.2007.10.003

상세보기
Lackner J Albrecht A Mittler M Marx A Kreyenschmidt J Hess V Sauerwein H 2021 Effect of feeding histidine and β -alanine on carnosine concentration, growth performance, and meat quality of broiler chickens Poult Sci 100 101393 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101393 34530228

상세보기
Lee D Lee HJ Yoon JW Ryu M Jo C 2021a Effects of cooking conditions on the physicochemical and sensory characteristics of dry- and wet-aged beef Anim Biosci 34 1705 1716 10.5713/ab.20.0852 33561325

원문보기 상세보기
Lee J Lee SS Kim CL Choi BH Lee SH Kim DK Lee ED Kim KW Ryu CH 2021b Effect of forage sources in total mixed ration (TMR) on in vitro rumen fermentation of goat J Korean Grassl Forage Sci 41 102 109 10.5333/KGFS.2021.41.2.102

원문보기 상세보기
Lee M Jeong S Seo J Seo S 2019 Changes in the ruminal fermentation and bacterial community structure by a sudden change to a high-concentrate diet in Korean domestic ruminants Asian-Australas J Anim Sci 32 92 102 10.5713/ajas.18.0262 30056686

원문보기 상세보기
Marino R Albenzio M Girolami A Muscio A Sevi A Braghieri A 2006 Effect of forage to concentrate ratio on growth performance, and on carcass and meat quality of Podolian young bulls Meat Sci 72 415 424 10.1016/j.meatsci.2005.08.007 22061725

상세보기
Marinova P Banskalieva V Alexandrov S Tzvetkova V Stanchev H 2001 Carcass composition and meat quality of kids fed sunflower oil supplemented diet Small Rumin Res 42 217 225 10.1016/S0921-4488(01)00245-0

상세보기
Mateescu RG Garmyn AJ O'Neil MA Tait RG Jr Abuzaid A Mayes MS Garrick DJ Van Eenennaam AL VanOverbeke DL Hilton GG Beitz DC Reecy JM 2012 Genetic parameters for carnitine, creatine, creatinine, carnosine, and anserine concentration in longissimus muscle and their association with palatability traits in Angus cattle J Anim Sci 90 4248 4255 10.2527/jas.2011-5077 22952371

상세보기
Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs [MAFRA] 2019 Statistical yearbook of agriculture, food and rural affairs Available from https://lib.mafra.go.kr/skyblueimage/7079.pdf Accessed at Dec 20, 2021
Ministry of Food and Drug Safety [MFDS] 2018 Regulations on microbial testing in meat Available from https://www.law.go.kr/LSW/admRulLsInfoP.do?admRulSeq=2100000109889 Accessed at Feb 3, 2022
Ministry of Food and Drug Safety [MFDS] 2020 Food code Available from https://www.dm.gov.ae/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Food-Code-2.0-Draft-Version-4.pdf Accessed at Jan 12, 2022
Mora L Sentandreu MA Toldrá F 2007 Hydrophilic chromatographic determination of carnosine, anserine, balenine, creatine, and creatinine J Agric Food Chem 55 4664 4669 10.1021/jf0703809 17506571

상세보기
No KM Leem DG Kim MG Park KS Yoon TH Hong J Park SY Jeong JY 2011 Analysis of coenzyme Q 10 in dietary supplement by HPLC J Food Hyg Saf 26 12 15
Nuernberg K Dannenberger D Nuernberg G Ender K Voigt J Scollan ND Wood JD Nute GR Richardson RI 2005 Effect of a grass-based and a concentrate feeding system on meat quality characteristics and fatty acid composition of longissimus muscle in different cattle breeds Livest Prod Sci 94 137 147 10.1016/j.livprodsci.2004.11.036

상세보기
Pogorzelska-Nowicka E Atanasov AG Horbańczuk J Wierzbicka A 2018 Bioactive compounds in functional meat products Molecules 23 307 10.3390/molecules23020307 29385097

상세보기
Prommachart R Belem TS Uriyapongson S Rayas-Duarte P Uriyapongson J Ramanathan R 2020 The effect of black rice water extract on surface color, lipid oxidation, microbial growth, and antioxidant activity of beef patties during chilled storage Meat Sci 164 108091 10.1016/j.meatsci.2020.108091 32126446

상세보기
Purchas RW Busboom JR 2005 The effect of production system and age on levels of iron, taurine, carnosine, coenzyme Q 10 , and creatine in beef muscles and liver Meat Sci 70 589 596 10.1016/j.meatsci.2005.02.008 22063884

상세보기
Qi B Wang J Ma YB Wu SG Qi GH Zhang HJ 2018 Effect of dietary β -alanine supplementation on growth performance, meat quality, carnosine content, and gene expression of carnosine-related enzymes in broilers Poult Sci 97 1220 1228 10.3382/ps/pex410 29325148

상세보기
Realini CE Duckett SK Brito GW Dalla Rizza M De Mattos D 2004 Effect of pasture vs. concentrate feeding with or without antioxidants on carcass characteristics, fatty acid composition, and quality of Uruguayan beef Meat Sci 66 567 577 10.1016/S0309-1740(03)00160-8 22060866

상세보기
Sarica S Corduk M Ensoy U Basmacioglu H Karatas U 2007 Effects of dietary supplementation of L-carnitine on performance, carcass and meat characteristics of quails S Afr J Anim Sci 37 189 201 10.4314/sajas.v37i3.4091

상세보기
Sebsibe A 2008 Sheep and goat meat characteristics and quality In Sheep and goat production handbook for Ethiopia Yami A Merkel RC (ed) Ethiopian Sheep and Goat Productivity Improvement Program (ESGPIP) Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 323 328
Shimada K Sakuma Y Wakamatsu J Fukushima M Sekikawa M Kuchida K Mikami M 2004 Species and muscle differences in L-carnitine levels in skeletal muscles based on a new simple assay Meat Sci 68 357 362 10.1016/j.meatsci.2004.04.003 22062403

상세보기
Son YS 1999 Production and uses of Korean native black goat Small Rumin Res 34 303 308 10.1016/S0921-4488(99)00081-4

상세보기
Steen RWJ Kilpatrick DJ 2000 The effects of the ratio of grass silage to concentrates in the diet and restricted dry matter intake on the performance and carcass composition of beef cattle Livest Prod Sci 62 181 192 10.1016/S0301-6226(99)00057-3

상세보기
Sujiwo J Kim HJ Song SO Jang A 2019 Relationship between quality and freshness traits and torrymeter value of beef loin during cold storage Meat Sci 149 120 125 10.1016/j.meatsci.2018.11.017 30503991

상세보기
Teleni E 1993 Catabolism and synthesis of amino acids in skeletal muscle: Their significance in monogastric mammals and ruminants Aust J Agric Res 44 443 461 10.1071/AR9930443

상세보기
Velasco V Williams P 2011 Improving meat quality through natural antioxidants Chil J Agric Res 71 313 322 10.4067/S0718-58392011000200017
Vernon RG 1980 Comparative aspects of lipid metabolism in monogastric, pre-ruminant and ruminating animals Biochem Soc Trans 8 291 292 10.1042/bst0080291 7399054

상세보기
Wu C Duckett SK Neel JPS Fontenot JP Clapham WM 2008 Influence of finishing systems on hydrophilic and lipophilic oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) in beef Meat Sci 80 662 667 10.1016/j.meatsci.2008.03.003 22063579

상세보기
Yang A Lanari MC Brewster M Tume RK 2002 Lipid stability and meat colour of beef from pasture- and grain-fed cattle with or without vitamin E supplement Meat Sci 60 41 50 10.1016/S0309-1740(01)00103-6 22063104

상세보기
Zhang XX Li YX Tang ZR Sun WZ Wu LT An R Chen HY Wan K Sun ZH 2020 Reducing protein content in the diet of growing goats: Implications for nitrogen balance, intestinal nutrient digestion and absorption, and rumen microbiota Animal 14 2063 2073 10.1017/S1751731120000890 32381142

상세보기

표제어: PCR

동의어: Packet Collision Rate

용어 설명 출처 목록 (6)

용어 설명: PCR은 세균 특이성이 있는 primer를 이용하여 적은 수의 세균이 있을지라도 쉽게 검출할 수 있는 유용한 방법이며, 이를 이용하여 구강 내 치면세균막이나 타액에서 직접 세균을 검출할 수 있게 되었다[8].

내보내기 구분	파일저장 인쇄 메일전송
구성항목	기본정보 상세정보 관리번호, 논문명, 저널/프로시딩명, 저자 , 발행년, 권, 호, 시작페이지, 끝페이지, 발행기관 관리번호, 논문명, 대등논문명, 저자 , 저널/프로시딩명, 발행기관, 발행년, 발행언어, 권, 호, 시작페이지, 끝페이지, ISBN, ISSN, 주제분야, 키워드, 초록(한글), 초록(영문), 저자(소속기관)
저장형식	Text(ASCII format) Excel format RefWorks Direct Export RIS format (for Reference Manager, ProCite, EndNote), Scholar's Aids, Mendeley
메일정보	받는사람 (필수) @ 보내는사람 (선택) @ 제목 내용 KISTI 검색결과 이메일 서비스
안내	총 건의 자료가 검색되었습니다. 다운받으실 자료의 인덱스를 입력하세요. (1-10,000) 검색결과의 순서대로 최대 10,000건 까지 다운로드가 가능합니다. 데이타가 많을 경우 속도가 느려질 수 있습니다.(최대 2~3분 소요) 다운로드 파일은 UTF-8 형태로 저장됩니다. 파일의 내용이 제대로 보이지 않을실 때는 웹브라우저 상단의 보기 -> 인코딩 -> 자동선택 여부를 확인하십시오. ~ Text(ASCII format) Excel format

연합인증