[논문]식품첨가물 E171이 수생물에 미치는 독성 평가

윤학원; 박준우; 송인규; 김강희

doi:10.11626/kjeb.2023.41.1.041

[국내논문] 식품첨가물 E171이 수생물에 미치는 독성 평가
Toxicity assessment of food additive(E171) in aquatic environments 원문보기

환경생물 = Korean journal of environmental biology, v.41 no.1, 2023년, pp.41 - 53

윤학원 (안전성평가연구소 환경독성영향연구센터) , 박준우 (안전성평가연구소 환경독성영향연구센터) , 송인규 (안전성평가연구소 환경독성영향연구센터) , 김강희 (안전성평가연구소 환경독성영향연구센터)

초록
AI-Helper

식품첨가제로 주로 사용되는 이산화타이타늄 혼합물인 최근 E171은 체내 축적 및 유전 독성을 야기할 수 있다는 사실이 입증되어, 현재 규정 개정을 통해 E171의 식품첨가물 사용이 제한되고 있다. 그러나, 현재까지 E171의 인체 위해성 연구는 많이 진행된 반면, E171의 환경생물에 미치는 독성 연구는 상대적으로 부족한 실정이다. 따라서, 본 연구에서는 최근 우려되는 잠재적 독성물질인 E171의 환경적 위해성을 파악하기 위해 수생태계를 대표하는 물벼룩(Daphnia magna)과 제브라피쉬(Danio rerio)를 대상으로 나노물질의 특성을 반영한 최신 표준문건을 활용하여 기존 시험법의 한계점을 보완한 최적의 독성시험을 수행하였다. 독성시험 결과, 실제 환경적 현실성을 고려한 농도범위의 E171에 노출된 물벼룩에서 유영저해가 발생했지만, 어류의 경우 치사나 이상행동개체가 관찰되지 않았다. 그러나, 산화스트레스 관련 분자생물학적 분석 결과, E171이 물벼룩과 어류에 모두 산화스트레스를 유발하여 이의 방어작용으로 항산화효소의 활성이 증가하는 것을 확인하였다. 다만, 항산화효소 관련 유전자의 발현 여부는 생물종에 따라 차이가 존재하였다. 따라서, 본 연구 결과를 통해 E171은 실제 환경적 현실성을 고려한 농도에서 수생물에 산화스트레스를 유도할 수 있으나, 생물체의 종류에 따라 가시적인 독성의 정도와 산화스트레스 관련 유전자 발현에 차이가 존재함을 확인하였다. 본 연구는 기존 시험법의 한계점을 보안한 최적의 독성시험을 통해 E171이 수생물에 미치는 위험성을 확인하였으며, 이 결과는 E171의 환경 위해성 평가를 위한 과학적 자료로서 활용될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

Abstract ▼ AI-Helper

E171, a mixture of titanium dioxide, has been widely used as a food additive due to its whitening effect and low toxicity. However, it has been proven that E171 is no longer safe for public health. So far, there are insufficient studies on the toxic effects of E171 on organisms especially using standardized test methods. In this study, toxicity assessments of E171 to two aquatic species, water flea (Daphnia magna) and zebrafish (Danio rerio), were performed using modified standardized test methods based on the physicochemical properties of E171. The hydrodynamic diameter, polydispersity index, and turbiscan stability index (TSI) were measured to ensure the dispersion stability of E171 in exposure media during the test period. The EC50 for immobilization of water flea was 141.7 mg L-1 while zebrafish was not affected until 100 mg L-1 of E171. Measurements of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant enzyme activities confirmed that E171 induced oxidative stress, leading to the activation of superoxide dismutase and catalase in both water flea and zebrafish, although the expression of antioxidant enzyme genes differed between species. These results suggested the potential risk of E171 to aquatic organisms and provided toxicological insights into the impacts of E171 on the environment.

Keyword

참고문헌 (57)

Aksakal E, D Ekinci and CT Supuran. 2021. Dietary inclusion of？royal jelly modulates gene expression and activity of oxidative stress enzymes in zebrafish. J. Enzym. Inhib. Med.？Chem. 36:885-894. https://doi.org/10.1080/14756366.2021.1900167

상세보기
Al-Ammari A, L Zhang, J Yang, F Wei, C Chen and D Sun. 2021.？Toxicity assessment of synthesized titanium dioxide nanoparticles in fresh water algae Chlorella pyrenoidosa and a？zebrafish liver cell line. Ecotox. Environ. Safe. 207:112037？https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2021.112037

상세보기
Baetke SC, T Lammers and F Kiessling. 2015. Applications of？nanoparticles for diagnosis and therapy of cancer. Br. J. Radiol.？88:20150207. https://doi.org/10.1259/bjr.20150207

상세보기
Barber DJ and IC Freestone. 1990. An investigation of the origin？of the colour of the Lycurgus Cup by analytical transmission？electron microscopy. Archaeometry 32:33-45. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4754.1990.tb01079.x

상세보기
Bhattacharjya S, T Adhikari, A Sahu and AK Patra. 2021. Ecotoxicological effect of TiO 2 nano particles on different soil enzymes？and microbial community. Ecotoxicology 30:719-732. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-021-02398-2

상세보기
Blaznik U, S Krusic, M Hribar, A Kusar, K Zmitek and I Pravst. 2021.？Use of food additive titanium dioxide (E171) before the introduction of regulatory restrictions due to concern for genotoxicity. Foods 10:1910. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10081910

상세보기
Brunet L, DY Lyon, EM Hotze, PJJ Alvarez and MR Wiesner. 2009. Comparative photoactivity and antibacterial properties？of C60 fullerenes and titanium dioxide nanoparticles. Environ.？Sci. Technol. 43:4355-4360. https://doi.org/10.1021/es803093t

상세보기
Chavan S, V Sarangdhar and V Nadanathangam. 2020. Toxicological effects of TiO 2 nanoparticles on plant growth promoting？soil bacteria. Emerg. Contam. 6:87-92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emcon.2020.01.003

상세보기
Dudefoi W, K Moniz, E Allen-Vercoe, MH Ropers and VK Walker. 2017. Impact of food grade and nano-TiO 2 particles on a？human intestinal community. Food Chem. Toxicol. 106:242-249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2017.05.050

상세보기
ECHA. 2017. Guidance on Information Requirements and Chemical Safety Assessment Appendix R7-1 for Nanomaterials？Applicable to Chapter R7b Endpoint Specific Guidance Version 2.0. European Chemicals Agency. Helsinki, Finland.？https://doi.org/10.2823/080237
EFSA. 2021. Safety Assessment of Titanium Dioxide (E171) as a？Food Additive. EFSA J. 19:130. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6585

상세보기
EPA, US. 2016a. Ecological Effects Test Guidelines; OCSPP 850.1010 Aquatic Invertebrate Acute Toxicity Test, Freshwater？Daphnids.
EPA, US. 2016b. Ecological Effects Test Guidelines; OCSPP 850.1075 Freshwater and Saltwater Fish Acute Toxicity Test.
Federici G, BJ Shaw and RD Handy. 2007. Toxicity of titanium dioxide nanoparticles to rainbow trout(Oncorhynchus mykiss):？Gill injury, oxidative stress, and other physiological effects.？Aquat. Toxicol. 84:415-430. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2007.07.009

상세보기
Fiordaliso F, P Bigini, M Salmona and L Diomede. 2022. Toxicological impact of titanium dioxide nanoparticles and food-grade？titanium dioxide (E171) on human and environmental health.？Environ. Sci. Nano 9:1199-1211. https://doi.org/10.1039/d1en00833a

상세보기
Garcia-Garcia S, S Wold and M Jonsson. 2009. Effects of temperature on the stability of colloidal montmorillonite particles？at different pH and ionic strength. Appl. Clay Sci. 43:1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2008.07.011

상세보기
Grand View Research. 2021. Market Analyiss Report: Titanium Dioxide Market Size, Share & Trends Analysis Report by Grade？(Anatase, Rutile), by Production Process (Sulfate, Chloride), by？Application (Paints & Coatings, Plastics) by Region, and Segment Forecasts, 2021-2028. Grand View Research. https://www.grandviewresearch.com/industry-analysis/titaniumdioxide-industry/toc
Greenbaum D, C Colangelo, K Williams and M Gerstein. 2003.？Comparing protein abundance and mRNA expression levels？on a genomic scale. Genome Biol. 4:1-8.
Griffitt RJ, K Hyndman, ND Denslow and DS Barber. 2009. Comparison of molecular and histological changes in zebrafish？gills exposed to metallic nanoparticles. Toxicol. Sci. 107:404-415. https://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfn256

상세보기
Han HY, MJ Yang, C Yoon, GH Lee, DW Kim, TW Kim, M Kwak,？MB Heo, TG Lee, S Kim, JH Oh, HJ Lim, I Oh, S Yoon and？EJ Park. 2021. Toxicity of orally administered food-grade？titanium dioxide nanoparticles. J. Appl. Toxicol. 41:1127-1147.？https://doi.org/10.1002/jat.4099

상세보기
Hou J, L Wang, C Wang, S Zhang, H Liu, S Li and X Wang. 2019. Toxicity and mechanisms of action of titanium dioxide？nanoparticles in living organisms. J. Environ. Sci. (China)？75:40-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2018.06.010

상세보기
Hong NH, YJ Jung and JW Park. 2016. Ecotoxicity assessment？of silver nanomaterials with different physicochemical characteristics in diverse aquatic organisms. Korean J. Environ. Biol.？34:183-192. https://doi.org/10.11626/KJEB.2016.34.3.183

원문보기 상세보기
Hund-Rinke K, C Nickel and D Kuhnel. 2017. Considerations？About the Relationship of Nanomaterial's Physical-Chemical？Properties and Aquatic Toxicity for the Purpose of Grouping.？Umweltbundesamt. UBA TEXTE. 102:2017.
Joudeh N and D Linke. 2022. Nanoparticle classification, physicochemical properties, characterization, and applications:？a comprehensive review for biologists. J. Nanobiotechnol.？20:1-29. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12951-022-01477-8

상세보기
Lee SH and BG Lee. 2021. Bioaccumulation of Ag and Zn in？earthworms (Eisenia fetida) from soil contaminated with Ag？and Zn nanoparticles using a radiotracer method. Korean？J. Environ. Biol. 39:550-558. https://doi.org/10.11626/KJEB.2021.39.4.550

원문보기 상세보기
Lee SW, SM Kim and J Choi. 2009. Genotoxicity and ecotoxicity？assays using the freshwater crustacean Daphnia magna？and the larva of the aquatic midge Chironomus riparius to？screen the ecological risks of nanoparticle exposure. Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 28:86-91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2009.03.001

상세보기
Lu Y, H Zhang, H Wang, N Ma, T Sun and B Cui. 2021. Humic acid？mediated toxicity of faceted TiO 2 nanocrystals to Daphnia？magna. J. Hazard. Mater. 416:126112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126112

상세보기
Luo M, X Qi, T Ren, Y Huang, AA Keller, H Wang, B Wu, H Jin and？F Li. 2017. Heteroaggregation of CeO 2 and TiO 2 engineered？nanoparticles in the aqueous phase: Application of turbiscan？stability index and fluorescence excitation-emission matrix？(EEM) spectra. Colloid Surf. A-Physicochem. Eng. Asp.？533:9-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2017.08.014

상세보기
Ma H, A Brennan and SA Diamond. 2012. Photocatalytic reactive？oxygen species production and phototoxicity of titanium？dioxide nanoparticles are dependent on the solar ultraviolet？radiation spectrum. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 31:2099-2107.？https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.1916

상세보기
Manier N, A Bado-Nilles, P Delalain, O Aguerre-Chariol and？P Pandard. 2013. Ecotoxicity of non-aged and aged CeO 2 ？nanomaterials towards freshwater microalgae. Environ. Pollut. 180:63-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2013.04.040

상세보기
Musial J, R Krakowiak, DT Mlynarczyk, T Goslinski and BJ？Stanisz. 2020. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles in food and personal care products - what do we know about their safety?？Nanomaterials 10:1-23. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10061110

상세보기
Nguyen TMP, P Lemaitre, M Kato, K Hirota, K Tsukagoshi, H？Yamada, A Terabe, H Mizutani and S Kanehira. 2021. Preparation of anatase titanium dioxide nanoparticle powders？submitting reactive oxygen species (ROS) under dark conditions. Mater. Sci. Appl. 12:89-100. https://doi.org/10.4236/msa.2021.122006
OECD GD No. 317. 2021. Guidance Document on Aquatic and？Sediment Toxicological Testing of Nanomaterials. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.
OECD GD No. 318. 2020. Guidance Document for the Testing？of Dissolution and Dispersion Stability of Nanomaterials and？the Use of the Data for Further Environmental Testing and？Assessment Strategies. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.
OECD TG No. 202. 2004. Daphnia sp. Acute Immobilization Test,？OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals. Organisation？for Economic Co-operation and Development. https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264069947-en
OECD TG No. 203. 2019. Fish, Acute Toxicity Test, OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals. Organisation for Economic？Co-operation and Development. https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264069961-en
Ong WJ, N Zheng and M Antonietti. 2021. Advanced nanomaterials for energy conversion and storage: Current status and？future opportunities. Nanoscale 13:9904-9907. https://doi.org/10.1039/d1nr90103f

상세보기
Ortelli S, A Costa, I Zanoni, M Blosi, O Geiss, I Bianchi, D Mehn, F？Fumagalli, G Ceccone, G Guerrini and L Calzolai. 2021. TiO 2 @？BSA nano-composites investigated through orthogonal？multi-techniques characterization platform. Colloid Surf. B-Biointerfaces 207:112037. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2021.112037

상세보기
Pakrashi S, S Dalai, TC Prathna, S Trivedi, R Myneni, AM Raichur,？N Chandrasekaran and A Mukherjee. 2013. Cytotoxicity of？aluminium oxide nanoparticles towards fresh water algal isolate at low exposure concentrations. Aquat. Toxicol. 132:34-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2013.01.018

상세보기
Praetorius A, A Gundlach-Graham, E Goldberg, W Fabienke, J？Navratilova, A Gondikas, R Kaegi, D Gunther, T Hofmann and？VDK Frank. 2017. Single-particle multi-element fingerprinting？(spMEF) using inductively-coupled plasma time-of-flight？mass spectrometry (ICP-TOFMS) to identify engineered？nanoparticles against the elevated natural background in soils.？Environ. Sci. Nano 4:307-314. https://doi.org/10.1039/c6en00455e

상세보기
Proquin H, C Rodriguez-Ibarra, CGJ Moonen, IM Urrutia Ortega,？JJ Briede, TM de Kok, H van Loveren and YI Chirino. 2017.？Titanium dioxide food additive (E171) induces ROS formation and genotoxicity: contribution of micro and nano-sized？fractions. Mutagenesis 32:139-149. https://doi.org/10.1093/MUTAGE/GEW051

상세보기
Richter V, A Potthoff, W Pompe, M Gelinsky, H Ikonomidou, S？Bastian, K Schirmer, S Scholz and J Hofinger. 2008. Evaluation of health risks of nano- and microparticles. Powder？Metall. 51:8-9. https://doi.org/10.1179/174329008X286640

상세보기
Schneider J, M Matsuoka, M Takeuchi, J Zhang, Y Horiuchi, M？Anpo and DW Bahnemann. 2014. Underst-anding TiO 2 ？photocatalysis mechanisms and materials. Chem. Rev.？114:9919-9986. https://doi.org/10.1021/cr5001892

상세보기
Skocaj M, M Filipic, J Petkovic and S Novak. 2011. Titanium dioxide？in our everyday life; Is it safe? Radiol. Oncol. 45:227-247.？https://doi.org/10.2478/v10019-011-0037-0

상세보기
Su S, W Wu, J Gao, J Lu and C Fan. 2012. Nanomaterials-based？sensors for applications in environmental monitoring. J.？Mater. Chem. 22:18101-18110. https://doi.org/10.1039/C2JM33284A

상세보기
Tang T, Z Zhang and X Zhu. 2019. Toxic effects of TiO 2 NPs on？Zebrafish. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 16:523. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16040523

상세보기
Taurozzi JS, VA Hackley and M Wiesner. 2012a. Preparation of？Nanoparticle Dispersions from Powdered Material Using？Ultrasonic Disruption (Version 1.1). National Institute of Standards and Technology Special Publication. 1200-2. https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.SP.1200-2
Taurozzi JS, VA Hackley and M Wiesner. 2012b. Preparation of a？Nanoscale TiO 2 Aqueous Dispersion for Toxicological or Environmental Testing(Version 1.2). National Institute of Standards？and Technology Special. Publication. 1200-3. https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.SP.1200-3
Taurozzi JS, VA Hackley and M Wiesner. 2012c. Preparation of？Nanoscale TiO 2 Dispersions in Biological Test Media for Toxicological Assessment(Version 1.1). National Institute of Standards and Technology Specical. Publication. 1200-4. https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.SP.1200-4
Valavanidis A, T Vlahogianni, M Dassenakis and M Scoullos. 2006. Molecular biomarkers of oxidative stress in aquatic？organisms in relation to toxic environmental pollutants. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 64:178-189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2005.03.013

상세보기
Venator. 2013. Product data sheet of HOMBITAN ® FG. www.venatorcorp.com.
Xiong D, T Fang, L Yu, X Sima and W Zhu. 2011. Effects of nanoscale TiO 2 , ZnO and their bulk counterparts on zebrafish:？Acute toxicity, oxidative stress and oxidative damage. Sci. Total？Environ. 409:1444-1452. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.01.015

상세보기
Yoo JW, JS Cha, HR Kim, JW Pyo and YM Lee. 2019. Modulation of antioxidant defense system in the brackish water flea？Diaphanosoma celebensis exposed to bisphenol A. Korean J.？Environ. Biol. 37:73-81. https://doi.org/10.11626/KJEB.2019.37.1.072

원문보기 상세보기
Yuan Y, Y Gao, L Mao and J Zhao. 2008. Optimisation of conditions for the preparation of β-carotene nanoemulsions using？response surface methodology. Food Chem. 107:1300-1306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foo-dchem.2007.09.015
Zhao X, S Wang, Y Wu, H You and L Lv. 2013. Acute ZnO nanoparticles exposure induces developmental toxicity, oxidative？stress and DNA damage in embryo-larval zebrafish. Aquat.？Toxicol. 136:49-59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2013.03.019

상세보기
Zhao Y, Z Wang, D Li, W Feng, X Bian and J Xu. 2019. Two PBDEs？exposure inducing feeding depression and disorder of digestive and antioxidative system of Daphnia magna. Ecotoxicol.？Environ. Saf. 176:279-287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.03.116

상세보기
Zhu X, L Zhu, Y Chen and S Tian. 2009. Acute toxicities of six？manufactured nanomaterial suspensions to Daphnia magna.？J. Nanopart. Res. 11:67-75. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-008-9426-8

상세보기

저자의 다른 논문 :

활용도 분석정보

상세보기

다운로드

내보내기

활용도 Top5 논문

해당 논문의 주제분야에서 활용도가 높은 상위 5개 콘텐츠를 보여줍니다.
더보기 버튼을 클릭하시면 더 많은 관련자료를 살펴볼 수 있습니다.

표제어: PCR

동의어: Packet Collision Rate

용어 설명 출처 목록 (6)

용어 설명: PCR은 세균 특이성이 있는 primer를 이용하여 적은 수의 세균이 있을지라도 쉽게 검출할 수 있는 유용한 방법이며, 이를 이용하여 구강 내 치면세균막이나 타액에서 직접 세균을 검출할 수 있게 되었다[8].

내보내기 구분	파일저장 인쇄 메일전송
구성항목	기본정보 상세정보 관리번호, 논문명, 저널/프로시딩명, 저자 , 발행년, 권, 호, 시작페이지, 끝페이지, 발행기관 관리번호, 논문명, 대등논문명, 저자 , 저널/프로시딩명, 발행기관, 발행년, 발행언어, 권, 호, 시작페이지, 끝페이지, ISBN, ISSN, 주제분야, 키워드, 초록(한글), 초록(영문), 저자(소속기관)
저장형식	Text(ASCII format) Excel format RefWorks Direct Export RIS format (for Reference Manager, ProCite, EndNote), Scholar's Aids, Mendeley
메일정보	받는사람 (필수) @ 보내는사람 (선택) @ 제목 내용 KISTI 검색결과 이메일 서비스
안내	총 건의 자료가 검색되었습니다. 다운받으실 자료의 인덱스를 입력하세요. (1-10,000) 검색결과의 순서대로 최대 10,000건 까지 다운로드가 가능합니다. 데이타가 많을 경우 속도가 느려질 수 있습니다.(최대 2~3분 소요) 다운로드 파일은 UTF-8 형태로 저장됩니다. 파일의 내용이 제대로 보이지 않을실 때는 웹브라우저 상단의 보기 -> 인코딩 -> 자동선택 여부를 확인하십시오. ~ Text(ASCII format) Excel format

연합인증