[논문]Predicting multilingual effects on executive function and individual connectomes in children: An ABCD study

Kwon, Young Hye; Yoo, Kwangsun; Nguyen, Hillary; Jeong, Yong; Chun, Marvin M.

doi:10.1073/pnas.2110811118

[해외논문] Predicting multilingual effects on executive function and individual connectomes in children: An ABCD study 원문보기

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, v.118 no.49, 2021년, pp.e2110811118 - e2110811118

Kwon, Young Hye (Program of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea) , Yoo, Kwangsun , Nguyen, Hillary (Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8205) , Jeong, Yong , Chun, Marvin M. (Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8205)

Abstract ▼ AI-Helper

SignificanceGiven that using multiple languages incorporates cognitive functions that require a harmony of the whole brain, can we tell whether a child is monolingual or multilingual by only looking at the pattern of functional connectivity? Here, we show that the multilingual experience modulates the functional connections of multilinguals enough to be distinguished from monolinguals. The pattern is distinctive when children are performing an emotional n-back task and even at rest. Furthermore, we found that multilingual children have a stronger relationship between their working-memory functional connectivity and behavior performance than monolinguals. Along with the result that multilingual children outperformed in measures of working memory, we highlight that using multiple languages in early life shapes executive function and functional connections.While there is a substantial amount of work studying multilingualism’s effect on cognitive functions, little is known about how the multilingual experience modulates the brain as a whole. In this study, we analyzed data of over 1,000 children from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study to examine whether monolinguals and multilinguals differ in executive function, functional brain connectivity, and brain–behavior associations. We observed significantly better performance from multilingual children than monolinguals in working-memory tasks. In one finding, we were able to classify multilinguals from monolinguals using only their whole-brain functional connectome at rest and during an emotional n-back task. Compared to monolinguals, the multilingual group had different functional connectivity mainly in the occipital lobe and subcortical areas during the emotional n-back task and in the occipital lobe and prefrontal cortex at rest. In contrast, we did not find any differences in behavioral performance and functional connectivity when performing a stop-signal task. As a second finding, we investigated the degree to which behavior is reflected in the brain by implementing a connectome-based behavior prediction approach. The multilingual group showed a significant correlation between observed and connectome-predicted individual working-memory performance scores, while the monolingual group did not show any correlations. Overall, our observations suggest that multilingualism enhances executive function and reliably modulates the corresponding brain functional connectome, distinguishing multilinguals from monolinguals even at the developmental stage.

Keyword

참고문헌 (92)

Aronin, Larissa, Singleton, David. Multilingualism as a New Linguistic Dispensation. International journal of multilingualism, vol.5, no.1, 1-16.

상세보기
Guo, T., Liu, F., Chen, B., Li, S.. Inhibition of non-target languages in multilingual word production: Evidence from Uighur-Chinese-English trilinguals. Acta psychologica, vol.143, no.3, 277-283.

상세보기
MARTIN-RHEE, MICHELLE M., BIALYSTOK, ELLEN. The development of two types of inhibitory control in monolingual and bilingual children. Bilingualism : language and cognition, vol.11, no.1, 81-93.

상세보기
Barac, Raluca, Bialystok, Ellen. Bilingual Effects on Cognitive and Linguistic Development: Role of Language, Cultural Background, and Education. Child development, vol.83, no.2, 413-422.

상세보기
Janus, Monika, Bialystok, Ellen. Working Memory With Emotional Distraction in Monolingual and Bilingual Children. Frontiers in psychology, vol.9, 1582-.

상세보기
YANG, HWAJIN, YANG, SUJIN. Are all interferences bad? Bilingual advantages in working memory are modulated by varying demands for controlled processing. Bilingualism : language and cognition, vol.20, no.1, 184-196.

상세보기
GREEN, DAVID W.. Mental control of the bilingual lexico-semantic system. Bilingualism : language and cognition, vol.1, no.2, 67-81.

상세보기
Psychology of Learning and Motivation Kroll J. F. J. F. Kroll, P. E. Dussias, C. A. Bogulski, J. R. V. Kroff, "Juggling two languages in one mind. What bilinguals tell us about language processing and its consequences for cognition" in Psychology of Learning and Motivation, B. H. Ross, Ed. (Academic Press, 2012), vol. 56, pp. 229-262.
van Heuven, Walter J.B., Dijkstra, Ton, Grainger, Jonathan. Orthographic Neighborhood Effects in Bilingual Word Recognition. Journal of memory and language, vol.39, no.3, 458-483.

상세보기
Kane, Michael J., Conway, Andrew R. A., Miura, Timothy K., Colflesh, Gregory J. H.. Working memory, attention control, and the n-back task: A question of construct validity.. Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition, vol.33, no.3, 615-622.

상세보기
Kapa, L.L., Colombo, J.. Attentional control in early and later bilingual children. Cognitive development, vol.28, no.3, 233-246.

상세보기
Yang, S., Yang, H.. Bilingual effects on deployment of the attention system in linguistically and culturally homogeneous children and adults. Journal of experimental child psychology, vol.146, 121-136.

상세보기
Blom, E., Kuntay, A.C., Messer, M., Verhagen, J., Leseman, P.. The benefits of being bilingual: Working memory in bilingual Turkish-Dutch children. Journal of experimental child psychology, vol.128, 105-119.

상세보기
Morales, J., Calvo, A., Bialystok, E.. Working memory development in monolingual and bilingual children. Journal of experimental child psychology, vol.114, no.2, 187-202.

상세보기
Chung-Fat-Yim, Ashley, Sorge, Geoff B., Bialystok, Ellen. The Relationship between Bilingualism and Selective Attention in Young Adults: Evidence from an Ambiguous Figures Task. The quarterly journal of experimental psychology : QJEP, vol.70, no.3, 366-372.

상세보기
Costa, A., Hernandez, M., Sebastian-Galles, N.. Bilingualism aids conflict resolution: Evidence from the ANT task. Cognition, vol.106, no.1, 59-86.

상세보기
Bialystok, Ellen, Poarch, Gregory, Luo, Lin, Craik, Fergus I. M.. Effects of bilingualism and aging on executive function and working memory.. Psychology and aging, vol.29, no.3, 696-705.

상세보기
Abutalebi, J., Guidi, L., Borsa, V., Canini, M., Della Rosa, P.A., Parris, B.A., Weekes, B.S.. Bilingualism provides a neural reserve for aging populations. Neuropsychologia, vol.69, 201-210.

상세보기
Ong, Gabriel, Sewell, David K., Weekes, Brendan, McKague, Meredith, Abutalebi, Jubin. A diffusion model approach to analysing the bilingual advantage for the Flanker task: The role of attentional control processes. Journal of neurolinguistics, vol.43, no.1, 28-38.

상세보기
Antón, Eneko, Carreiras, Manuel, Duñabeitia, Jon Andoni. The impact of bilingualism on executive functions and working memory in young adults. PloS one, vol.14, no.2, e0206770-.

상세보기
Arizmendi, Genesis D., Alt, Mary, Gray, Shelley, Hogan, Tiffany P., Green, Samuel, Cowan, Nelson. Do Bilingual Children Have an Executive Function Advantage? Results From Inhibition, Shifting, and Updating Tasks. LSHSS : Language, speech & hearing services in schools, vol.49, no.3, 356-378.

상세보기
Dick, Anthony Steven, Garcia, Nelcida L., Pruden, Shannon M., Thompson, Wesley K., Hawes, Samuel W., Sutherland, Matthew T., Riedel, Michael C., Laird, Angela R., Gonzalez, Raul. No evidence for a bilingual executive function advantage in the ABCD study. Nature human behaviour, vol.3, no.7, 692-701.

상세보기
Lehtonen, Minna, Soveri, Anna, Laine, Aini, Järvenpää, Janica, de Bruin, Angela, Antfolk, Jan. Is bilingualism associated with enhanced executive functioning in adults? A meta-analytic review.. Psychological bulletin, vol.144, no.4, 394-425.

상세보기
Paap, K.R., Johnson, H.A., Sawi, O.. Bilingual advantages in executive functioning either do not exist or are restricted to very specific and undetermined circumstances. Cortex; a journal devoted to the study of the nervous system and behavior, vol.69, 265-278.

상세보기
Ladas, Aristea I., Carroll, Daniel J., Vivas, Ana B.. Attentional Processes in Low‐Socioeconomic Status Bilingual Children: Are They Modulated by the Amount of Bilingual Experience?. Child development, vol.86, no.2, 557-578.

상세보기
Nichols, Emily S., Wild, Conor J., Stojanoski, Bobby, Battista, Michael E., Owen, Adrian M.. Bilingualism Affords No General Cognitive Advantages: A Population Study of Executive Function in 11,000 People. Psychological science : a journal of the American Psychological Society, vol.31, no.5, 548-567.

상세보기
Paap, K.R., Greenberg, Z.I.. There is no coherent evidence for a bilingual advantage in executive processing. Cognitive psychology, vol.66, no.2, 232-258.

상세보기
Anton, E., Fernandez Garcia, Y., Carreiras, M., Dunabeitia, J.A.. Does bilingualism shape inhibitory control in the elderly?. Journal of memory and language, vol.90, 147-160.

상세보기
Kirk, Neil W., Fiala, Linda, Scott-Brown, Kenneth C., Kempe, Vera. No evidence for reduced Simon cost in elderly bilinguals and bidialectals. Journal of cognitive psychology, vol.26, no.6, 640-648.

상세보기
DeLuca, Vincent, Rothman, Jason, Bialystok, Ellen, Pliatsikas, Christos. Duration and extent of bilingual experience modulate neurocognitive outcomes. NeuroImage, vol.204, 116222-.

상세보기
Snow, Catherine E., Hoefnagel-Hohle, Marian. The Critical Period for Language Acquisition: Evidence from Second Language Learning. Child development, vol.49, no.4, 1114-.

상세보기
Blakemore, Sarah-Jayne, Choudhury, Suparna. Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition. Journal of child psychology and psychiatry and allied disciplines, vol.47, no.3, 296-312.

상세보기
Sawyer, S.M., Afifi, R.A., Bearinger, L.H., Blakemore, S.J., Dick, B., Ezeh, A.C., Patton, G.C.. Adolescence: a foundation for future health. The Lancet, vol.379, no.9826, 1630-1640.

상세보기
Everson-Rose, Susan A., Mendes de Leon, Carlos F., Bienias, Julia L., Wilson, Robert S., Evans, Denis A.. Early Life Conditions and Cognitive Functioning in Later Life. American journal of epidemiology, vol.158, no.11, 1083-1089.

상세보기
DELUCA, VINCENT, ROTHMAN, JASON, PLIATSIKAS, CHRISTOS. Linguistic immersion and structural effects on the bilingual brain: a longitudinal study. Bilingualism : language and cognition, vol.22, no.5, 1160-1175.

상세보기
Hayakawa, Sayuri, Marian, Viorica. Consequences of multilingualism for neural architecture. Behavioral and brain functions BBF, vol.15, no.1, 6-.

상세보기
Becker, T.M., Prat, C.S., Stocco, A.. A network-level analysis of cognitive flexibility reveals a differential influence of the anterior cingulate cortex in bilinguals versus monolinguals. Neuropsychologia, vol.85, 62-73.

상세보기
Gonzalez-Castillo, Javier, Hoy, Colin W., Handwerker, Daniel A., Robinson, Meghan E., Buchanan, Laura C., Saad, Ziad S., Bandettini, Peter A.. Tracking ongoing cognition in individuals using brief, whole-brain functional connectivity patterns. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol.112, no.28, 8762-8767.

상세보기
Rogers, B.P., Morgan, V.L., Newton, A.T., Gore, J.C.. Assessing functional connectivity in the human brain by fMRI. Magnetic resonance imaging, vol.25, no.10, 1347-1357.

상세보기
Finn, Emily S., Shen, Xilin, Scheinost, Dustin, Rosenberg, Monica D., Huang, Jessica, Chun, Marvin M., Papademetris, Xenophon, Constable, R. Todd. Functional connectome fingerprinting: Identifying individuals based on patterns of brain connectivity. Nature neuroscience, vol.18, no.11, 1664-1671.

상세보기
Yoo, Kwangsun, Rosenberg, Monica D., Noble, Stephanie, Scheinost, Dustin, Constable, R. Todd, Chun, Marvin M.. Multivariate approaches improve the reliability and validity of functional connectivity and prediction of individual behaviors. NeuroImage, vol.197, 212-223.

상세보기
Rosenberg, Monica D., Scheinost, Dustin, Greene, Abigail S., Avery, Emily W., Kwon, Young Hye, Finn, Emily S., Ramani, Ramachandran, Qiu, Maolin, Constable, R. Todd, Chun, Marvin M.. Functional connectivity predicts changes in attention observed across minutes, days, and months. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol.117, no.7, 3797-3807.

상세보기
Rosenberg, Monica D., Finn, Emily S., Scheinost, Dustin, Papademetris, Xenophon, Shen, Xilin, Constable, R. Todd, Chun, Marvin M.. A neuromarker of sustained attention from whole-brain functional connectivity. Nature neuroscience, vol.19, no.1, 165-171.

상세보기
Yoo, Kwangsun, Rosenberg, Monica D., Hsu, Wei-Ting, Zhang, Sheng, Li, Chiang-Shan R., Scheinost, Dustin, Constable, R. Todd, Chun, Marvin M.. Connectome-based predictive modeling of attention: Comparing different functional connectivity features and prediction methods across datasets. NeuroImage, vol.167, 11-22.

상세보기
Avery, Emily W., Yoo, Kwangsun, Rosenberg, Monica D., Greene, Abigail S., Gao, Siyuan, Na, Duk L., Scheinost, Dustin, Constable, Todd R., Chun, Marvin M.. Distributed Patterns of Functional Connectivity Predict Working Memory Performance in Novel Healthy and Memory-impaired Individuals. Journal of cognitive neuroscience, vol.32, no.2, 241-255.

상세보기
Lin, Qi, Rosenberg, Monica D., Yoo, Kwangsun, Hsu, Tiffany W., O'Connell, Thomas P., Chun, Marvin M.. Resting-State Functional Connectivity Predicts Cognitive Impairment Related to Alzheimer's Disease. Frontiers in aging neuroscience, vol.10, 94-.

상세보기
Tomasi, Dardo, Volkow, Nora D.. Network connectivity predicts language processing in healthy adults. Human brain mapping, vol.41, no.13, 3696-3708.

상세보기
Cai, Huanhuan, Zhu, Jiajia, Yu, Yongqiang. Robust prediction of individual personality from brain functional connectome. Social cognitive and affective neuroscience, vol.15, no.3, 359-369.

상세보기
Hsu, Wei-Ting, Rosenberg, Monica D, Scheinost, Dustin, Constable, R Todd, Chun, Marvin M. Resting-state functional connectivity predicts neuroticism and extraversion in novel individuals. Social cognitive and affective neuroscience, vol.13, no.2, 224-232.

상세보기
Luciana, M., Bjork, J.M., Nagel, B.J., Barch, D.M., Gonzalez, R., Nixon, S.J., Banich, M.T.. Adolescent neurocognitive development and impacts of substance use: Overview of the adolescent brain cognitive development (ABCD) baseline neurocognition battery. Developmental cognitive neuroscience : a journal for cognitive, affective and social developmental neuroscience, vol.32, 67-79.

상세보기
Engel de Abreu, Pascale M. J.. Working memory in multilingual children: Is there a bilingual effect?. Memory, vol.19, no.5, 529-537.

상세보기
Giovannoli, Jasmine, Martella, Diana, Federico, Francesca, Pirchio, Sabine, Casagrande, Maria. The Impact of Bilingualism on Executive Functions in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review Based on the PRISMA Method. Frontiers in psychology, vol.11, 574789-.

상세보기
Front. Psychol. Anton E. 398 5 2014 Is there a bilingual advantage in the ANT task? Evidence from children E. Anton , Is there a bilingual advantage in the ANT task? Evidence from children. Front. Psychol. 5, 398 (2014).

상세보기
Blom, Elma, Boerma, Tessel, Bosma, Evelyn, Cornips, Leonie, Everaert, Emma. Cognitive Advantages of Bilingual Children in Different Sociolinguistic Contexts. Frontiers in psychology, vol.8, 552-.

상세보기
Ross, Josephine, Melinger, Alissa. Bilingual advantage, bidialectal advantage or neither? Comparing performance across three tests of executive function in middle childhood. Developmental science, vol.20, no.4, e12405-.

상세보기
Posner, Michael I.. Orienting of Attention. The Quarterly journal of experimental psychology, vol.32, no.1, 3-25.

상세보기
Bialystok, Ellen. The bilingual adaptation: How minds accommodate experience.. Psychological bulletin, vol.143, no.3, 233-262.

상세보기
Kroll, Judith F., Bialystok, Ellen. Understanding the consequences of bilingualism for language processing and cognition. Journal of cognitive psychology, vol.25, no.5, 497-514.

상세보기
Miller, Earl K., Cohen, Jonathan D.. AN INTEGRATIVE THEORY OF PREFRONTAL CORTEX FUNCTION. Annual review of neuroscience, vol.24, 167-202.

상세보기
Bedny, Marina, Pascual-Leone, Alvaro, Dodell-Feder, David, Fedorenko, Evelina, Saxe, Rebecca. Language processing in the occipital cortex of congenitally blind adults. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol.108, no.11, 4429-4434.

상세보기
Pliatsikas, Christos, Moschopoulou, Elisavet, Saddy, James Douglas. The effects of bilingualism on the white matter structure of the brain. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol.112, no.5, 1334-1337.

상세보기
Mohades, Seyede Ghazal, Struys, Esli, Van Schuerbeek, Peter, Baeken, Chris, Van De Craen, Piet, Luypaert, Robert. Age of second language acquisition affects nonverbal conflict processing in children: an fMRI study. Brain and behavior, vol.4, no.5, 626-642.

상세보기
Fan, Xiaoxuan, Wu, Yujia, Cai, Lei, Ma, Jingwen, Pan, Ning, Xu, Xiaoyu, Sun, Tao, Jing, Jin, Li, Xiuhong. The Differences in the Whole-Brain Functional Network between Cantonese-Mandarin Bilinguals and Mandarin Monolinguals. Brain sciences, vol.11, no.3, 310-.

상세보기
Chai, Wen Jia, Abd Hamid, Aini Ismafairus, Abdullah, Jafri Malin. Working Memory From the Psychological and Neurosciences Perspectives: A Review. Frontiers in psychology, vol.9, 401-.

상세보기
Lewis, Simon J. G., Dove, Anja, Robbins, Trevor W., Barker, Roger A., Owen, Adrian M.. Striatal contributions to working memory: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study in humans. The European journal of neuroscience, vol.19, no.3, 755-760.

상세보기
Moore, A.B., Li, Z., Tyner, C.E., Hu, X., Crosson, B.. Bilateral basal ganglia activity in verbal working memory. Brain and language, vol.125, no.3, 316-323.

상세보기
Grundy, John G., Anderson, John A.E., Bialystok, Ellen. Neural correlates of cognitive processing in monolinguals and bilinguals. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, vol.1396, no.1, 183-201.

상세보기
Zhang, Han, Hao, Shuji, Lee, Annie, Eickhoff, Simon B., Pecheva, Diliana, Cai, Shirong, Meaney, Michael, Chong, Yap‐Seng, Broekman, Birit F. P., Fortier, Marielle V., Qiu, Anqi. Do intrinsic brain functional networks predict working memory from childhood to adulthood?. Human brain mapping, vol.41, no.16, 4574-4586.

상세보기
Rosenberg, Monica D., Martinez, Steven A., Rapuano, Kristina M., Conley, May I., Cohen, Alexandra O., Cornejo, M. Daniela, Hagler Jr, Donald J., Meredith, Wesley J., Anderson, Kevin M., Wager, Tor D., Feczko, Eric, Earl, Eric, Fair, Damien A., Barch, Deanna M., Watts, Richard, Casey, B.J.. Behavioral and Neural Signatures of Working Memory in Childhood. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience, vol.40, no.26, 5090-5104.

상세보기
Tamietto, Marco, de Gelder, Beatrice. Neural bases of the non-conscious perception of emotional signals. Nature reviews. Neuroscience, vol.11, no.10, 697-709.

상세보기
Leivada, Evelina, Westergaard, Marit, Duñabeitia, Jon Andoni, Rothman, Jason. On the phantom-like appearance of bilingualism effects on neurocognition: (How) should we proceed?. Bilingualism : language and cognition, vol.24, no.1, 197-210.

상세보기
DeLuca, Vincent, Rothman, Jason, Bialystok, Ellen, Pliatsikas, Christos. Redefining bilingualism as a spectrum of experiences that differentially affects brain structure and function. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol.116, no.15, 7565-7574.

상세보기
Casey, B.J., Cannonier, Tariq, Conley, May I., Cohen, Alexandra O., Barch, Deanna M., Heitzeg, Mary M., Soules, Mary E., Teslovich, Theresa, Dellarco, Danielle V., Garavan, Hugh, Orr, Catherine A., Wager, Tor D., Banich, Marie T., Speer, Nicole K., Sutherland, Matthew T., Riedel, Michael C., Dick, Anthony S., Bjork, James M., Thomas, Kathleen M., Chaarani, Bader, Mejia, Margie H., Hagler Jr., Donald J., Daniela Cornejo Jr., M., Sicat Jr., Chelsea S., Harms Jr., Michael P., Dosenbach Jr., Nico U.F., Rosenberg Jr., Monica, Earl Jr., Eric, Bartsch Jr., Hauke, Watts Jr., Richard, Polimeni Jr., Jonathan R., Kuperman Jr., Joshua M., Fair Jr., Damien A., Dale Jr., Anders M.. The Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study: Imaging acquisition across 21 sites. Developmental cognitive neuroscience : a journal for cognitive, affective and social developmental neuroscience, vol.32, 43-54.

상세보기
Hamilton, Carol M., Strader, Lisa C., Pratt, Joseph G., Maiese, Deborah, Hendershot, Tabitha, Kwok, Richard K., Hammond, Jane A., Huggins, Wayne, Jackman, Dean, Pan, Huaqin, Nettles, Destiney S., Beaty, Terri H., Farrer, Lindsay A., Kraft, Peter, Marazita, Mary L., Ordovas, Jose M., Pato, Carlos N., Spitz, Margaret R., Wagener, Diane, Williams, Michelle, Junkins, Heather A., Harlan, William R., Ramos, Erin M., Haines, Jonathan. The PhenX Toolkit: Get the Most From Your Measures. American journal of epidemiology, vol.174, no.3, 253-260.

상세보기
Antoniou, Mark, Wright, Sarah M.. Uncovering the Mechanisms Responsible for Why Language Learning May Promote Healthy Cognitive Aging. Frontiers in psychology, vol.8, 2217-.

상세보기
Knecht, S, Dräger, B, Deppe, M, Bobe, L, Lohmann, H, Flöel, A, Ringelstein, E B, Henningsen, H. Handedness and hemispheric language dominance in healthy humans.. Brain : a journal of neurology, vol.123, no.12, 2512-2518.

상세보기
Noble, Kimberly G., McCandliss, Bruce D., Farah, Martha J.. Socioeconomic gradients predict individual differences in neurocognitive abilities. Developmental science, vol.10, no.4, 464-480.

상세보기
Eriksen, Barbara A., Eriksen, Charles W.. Effects of noise letters upon the identification of a target letter in a nonsearch task. Perception & psychophysics, vol.16, no.1, 143-149.

상세보기
Inhibitory Processes in Attention, Memory, and Language Logan G. D. 1994 G. D. Logan, “On the ability to inhibit thought and action: A users guide to the stop-signal paradigm” in Inhibitory Processes in Attention, Memory, and Language, D. Dagenbach, T. H. Carr, Eds. (Academic Press, 1994), pp. 189-239.
Thompson, Wesley K., Barch, Deanna M., Bjork, James M., Gonzalez, Raul, Nagel, Bonnie J., Nixon, Sara Jo, Luciana, Monica. The structure of cognition in 9 and 10 year-old children and associations with problem behaviors: Findings from the ABCD study’s baseline neurocognitive battery. Developmental cognitive neuroscience : a journal for cognitive, affective and social developmental neuroscience, vol.36, 100606-.

상세보기
Tulsky, David S., Carlozzi, Noelle, Chiaravalloti, Nancy D., Beaumont, Jennifer L., Kisala, Pamela A., Mungas, Dan, Conway, Kevin, Gershon, Richard. NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery (NIHTB-CB): List Sorting Test to Measure Working Memory. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society : JINS, vol.20, no.6, 599-610.

상세보기
Bauer, Patricia J., Dikmen, Sureyya S., Heaton, Robert K., Mungas, Dan, Slotkin, Jerry, Beaumont, Jennifer L.. III. NIH TOOLBOX COGNITION BATTERY (CB): MEASURING EPISODIC MEMORY. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, vol.78, no.4, 34-48.

상세보기
Stark, Craig E. L., Okado, Yoko. Making Memories without Trying: Medial Temporal Lobe Activity Associated with Incidental Memory Formation during Recognition. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience, vol.23, no.17, 6748-6753.

상세보기
Nichols, Thomas E., Holmes, Andrew P.. Nonparametric permutation tests for functional neuroimaging: A primer with examples. Human brain mapping, vol.15, no.1, 1-25.

상세보기
Hagler Jr., Donald J., Hatton Jr., SeanN., Cornejo Jr., M. Daniela, Makowski Jr., Carolina, Fair Jr., Damien A., Dick Jr., Anthony Steven, Sutherland Jr., Matthew T., Casey Jr., B.J., Barch Jr., Deanna M., Harms Jr., Michael P., Watts Jr., Richard, Bjork Jr., James M., Garavan Jr., Hugh P., Hilmer Jr., Laura, Pung Jr., Christopher J., Sicat Jr., Chelsea S., Kuperman Jr., Joshua, Bartsch Jr., Hauke, Xue Jr., Feng, Heitzeg Jr., Mary M., Laird Jr., Angela R., Trinh Jr., Thanh T., Gonzalez Jr., Raul, Tapert Jr., Susan F., Riedel Jr., Michael C., Squeglia Jr., Lindsay M., Hyde Jr., Luke W., Rosenberg Jr., Monica D., Earl Jr., Eric A., Howlett Jr., Katia D., Baker Jr., Fiona C., Soules Jr., Mary, Diaz Jr., Jazmin, de Leon Jr., Octavio Ruiz, Thompson Jr., Wesley K., Neale Jr., Michael C., Herting Jr., Megan, Sowell Jr., Elizabeth R., Alvarez Jr., Ruben P., Hawes Jr., Samuel W., Sanchez Jr., Mariana, Bodurka Jr., Jerzy, Breslin Jr., Florence J., Morri. Image processing and analysis methods for the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study. NeuroImage, vol.202, 116091-.

상세보기
Cox, Robert W.. AFNI: Software for Analysis and Visualization of Functional Magnetic Resonance Neuroimages. Computers and biomedical research, vol.29, no.3, 162-173.

상세보기
Shen, X., Tokoglu, F., Papademetris, X., Constable, R.T.. Groupwise whole-brain parcellation from resting-state fMRI data for network node identification. NeuroImage, vol.82, 403-415.

상세보기
10.1145/130385.130401 B. E. Boser I. M. Guyon V. N. Vapnik “Training algorithm for optimal margin classifiers” in Proceedings of the Fifth Annual ACM Workshop on Computational Learning Theory (Association for Computing Machinery 1992) pp. 144-152.
Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems Vapnik V. 1997 V. Vapnik, S. E. Golowich, A. Smola, “Support vector method for function approximation, regression estimation, and signal processing” in Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, M. C. Mozer, M. I. Jordan, T. Petsche, Eds. (The MIT Press, 1997), pp. 281-287.
10.1109/IJCNN.2010.5596486 N. Thai-Nghe Z. Gantner L. Schmidt-Thieme “Cost-sensitive learning methods for imbalanced data” in Proceedings of the International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IEEE 2010) pp. 1-8.
Bzdok, Danilo, Ioannidis, John P.A.. Exploration, Inference, and Prediction in Neuroscience and Biomedicine. Trends in neurosciences, vol.42, no.4, 251-262.

상세보기
Shen, Xilin, Finn, Emily S, Scheinost, Dustin, Rosenberg, Monica D, Chun, Marvin M, Papademetris, Xenophon, Constable, R Todd. Using connectome-based predictive modeling to predict individual behavior from brain connectivity. Nature protocols, vol.12, no.3, 506-518.

상세보기

LOADING...

활용도 분석정보

상세보기

다운로드

내보내기

활용도 Top5 논문

해당 논문의 주제분야에서 활용도가 높은 상위 5개 콘텐츠를 보여줍니다.
더보기 버튼을 클릭하시면 더 많은 관련자료를 살펴볼 수 있습니다.

표제어: PCR

동의어: Packet Collision Rate

용어 설명 출처 목록 (6)

용어 설명: PCR은 세균 특이성이 있는 primer를 이용하여 적은 수의 세균이 있을지라도 쉽게 검출할 수 있는 유용한 방법이며, 이를 이용하여 구강 내 치면세균막이나 타액에서 직접 세균을 검출할 수 있게 되었다[8].

내보내기 구분	파일저장 인쇄 메일전송
구성항목	기본정보 상세정보 관리번호, 논문명, 저널/프로시딩명, 저자 , 발행년, 권, 호, 시작페이지, 끝페이지, 발행기관 관리번호, 논문명, 대등논문명, 저자 , 저널/프로시딩명, 발행기관, 발행년, 발행언어, 권, 호, 시작페이지, 끝페이지, ISBN, ISSN, 주제분야, 키워드, 초록(한글), 초록(영문), 저자(소속기관)
저장형식	Text(ASCII format) Excel format RefWorks Direct Export RIS format (for Reference Manager, ProCite, EndNote), Scholar's Aids, Mendeley
메일정보	받는사람 (필수) @ 보내는사람 (선택) @ 제목 내용 KISTI 검색결과 이메일 서비스
안내	총 건의 자료가 검색되었습니다. 다운받으실 자료의 인덱스를 입력하세요. (1-10,000) 검색결과의 순서대로 최대 10,000건 까지 다운로드가 가능합니다. 데이타가 많을 경우 속도가 느려질 수 있습니다.(최대 2~3분 소요) 다운로드 파일은 UTF-8 형태로 저장됩니다. 파일의 내용이 제대로 보이지 않을실 때는 웹브라우저 상단의 보기 -> 인코딩 -> 자동선택 여부를 확인하십시오. ~ Text(ASCII format) Excel format

연합인증