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Science, v.170 no.3960 = no.3960, 1970년, pp.826 - 832
Kagan, Jerome (Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138)
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This article began by suggesting that different processes are likely to mediate alterations in behavior and cognitive structure and that conditioning principles do not seem sufficient to explain all the classes of change. Although the acquisition of conditioned responses, the potentiation of inborn ...
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H. Papousek in Early Behavior H. W. Stevenson E. H. Hess H. L. Rheingold Eds. (Wiley New York 1967) p. 249.
Infants over 3 months old who had learned the conditioned response continued to turn their head to the auditory stimulus even though they were completely satiated for milk and did not drink. This phenomenon replicates similar observations with pigeons and rats who after having acquired a conditioned response to obtain food continued to respond even though ample food was available without any effort [see B. Carder and K. Berkowitz
Science 1273 167 1970 10.1126/science.167.3922.1273 Science 167 , 1273 ( 1970 ); A. J. Neuringer,
10.1126/science.166.3903.399 ibid. 166 399 (1969)]. One interpretation of
this phenomenon assumes that when an or
ganism Is alerted or aroused for whatever
reason he issues those responses that are
prepotent in that context. This view is con
gruent with the demonstration that intra
cranial stimulation of the hypothalamus elicits
behaviors appropriate to the immediate situa
tion [E. S. Valenstein V. C. Cox J. W.
Psychol. Rev. 16 77 1970 10.1037/h0028581 Kakolewski , Psychol. Rev. 77 , 16 ( 1970 )]. If
food is available the rat eats; if water he
drinks; if wood chips he gnaws. Intracranial
stimulation like transfer from the home to
the experimental chamber alerts the animal
and prepotent behavior is activated.
Science Nottebohm F. 950 167 1970 10.1126/science.167.3920.950 F. Nottebohm , Science 167 , 950 ( 1970 ).
Harvard Educ. Rev. Brown R. W. 135 34 1964 10.17763/haer.34.2.c5263w0q03222r14 R. W. Brown and U. Bellugi , Harvard Educ. Rev. 34 , 135 ( 1964 ).
H. W. Magoun in On the Biology of Learning K. H. Pribram Ed. (Harcourt Brace & World New York 1969) p. 171.
10.1037/11494-000 J. Piaget The Origins of Intelligence in Children (International Universities Press New York 1952).
Science Grier J. B. 1692 155 1967 10.1126/science.155.3770.1692 J. B. Grier , S. A. Counter , W. M. Shearer , Science 155 , 1692 ( 1967 ).
10.1126/science.166.3908.1030 C. G. Beer ibid. 1.66 1030 (1969).
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R. L. Fanti In Perceptual Development in Children A. H. Kidd and J. L. Rivoire Eds. (International Universities Press New York 1966) p. 143.
M. M. Haith paper presented at the regional meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development Clark University Worcester Massachusetts March 1968.
Child Develop. McCall R. B. 939 38 1967 10.2307/1127094 R. B. McCall and J. Kagan , Child Develop. 38 , 939 ( 1967 ).
J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. Karmel B. Z. 649 69 1969 10.1037/h0028195 B. Z. Karmel , J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 69 , 649 ( 1969 ).
Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. Kuffler S. W. 281 17 1952 10.1101/SQB.1952.017.01.026 S. W. Kuffler , Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 17 , 281 ( 1952 ); J. Physiol. London 16, 37 (1953).
R. B. McCall and W. H. Melson Develop. Psychol. in press.
B. Z. Karmel C. T. White W. T. Cleaves K. J. Steinsiek paper presented at the meeting of the Eastern Psychological Association Atlantic City New Jersey April 1970.
J. Speech Hear. Res. Eisenberg R. B. 245 7 1964 10.1044/jshr.0703.245 R. B. Eisenberg , E. J. Griffin , D. B. Coursin , M. A. Hunter , J. Speech Hear. Res. 7 , 245 ( 1964 ); Y. Brackbill, G. Adams, D. H. Crowell, M. C. Gray, J. Exp. Child Psychol. 3, 176 (1966).
G. C. Carpenter paper presented at the Merrill-Palmer Infancy Conference Detroit Michigan February 1969.
R. A. Haaf and R. Q. Bell Child Develop.
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