초록 ▼

가축분은 방대하게 산재하는 값싼 영양자원이다. 가축분은 좁은 지역에 집중되있기때문 수집하기 쉬우며 따라서 사료 자원으로서 이용하는 경 우 그비용은 주로 원료 수집비용과 가공처리 비용이 차지한다. 즉 사료원료로서는 비교적 값이 싸게되며 축산경영에 있어서 이 낮은 원가로 말미암아 보다 많은 수익성을 기대할 수 있게 된다. 각종 가축의 사료비는 대개 전체 생산비의 50-80%를 차지하며 가축분을 단백질, 광물질 및 그밖의 영양소원등 새로운 사료자원으로 이용할 때 사료비를 20-40%로 절감할 수 있게 된다.
가축별 1년간 분생산량을

가축분은 방대하게 산재하는 값싼 영양자원이다. 가축분은 좁은 지역에 집중되있기때문 수집하기 쉬우며 따라서 사료 자원으로서 이용하는 경 우 그비용은 주로 원료 수집비용과 가공처리 비용이 차지한다. 즉 사료원료로서는 비교적 값이 싸게되며 축산경영에 있어서 이 낮은 원가로 말미암아 보다 많은 수익성을 기대할 수 있게 된다. 각종 가축의 사료비는 대개 전체 생산비의 50-80%를 차지하며 가축분을 단백질, 광물질 및 그밖의 영양소원등 새로운 사료자원으로 이용할 때 사료비를 20-40%로 절감할 수 있게 된다.
가축별 1년간 분생산량을 보면 브로일러의 연간 배분량 4.0, 산란계 12.0, 돈 146.0, 젖소 880.0 및 육우 657.0kg으로 그 수량이나 영양소 함량에서 재이용 가능성이 높은데도 불구하고 현재로는 환경오염 원인의 큰 몫을 차지하고 있는 실정이다.
고압가열 압출성형장치(extrusion cooker)는 단일 기계장치(extruder)를 사용하여 여러 가지 기능을 수행한다. 그 중요 기능으로는 원료의 분쇄, 탈수, 절단, 혼합, 압착가열처리, 전분호화(starch gelatinization), 단백질변성 (protein denaturation) 각종 미생물 파괴, 각종 원료의결착 및 성형 팽창 촉감의 변화 그리고 부분 탈수 기능등을 들 수 있다. 그러나 이들 기능은 고압가열 압출성형장치의 내부온도나 압력, 원료 및 수분함량등 처리조건에 따라 크게 달라지게 되는데 특히 가축분의 고압가열 압출성형 처리에 관한 연구는 국내는 물론 외국에서도 시험 보고된 바가 없다.
따라서 본 연구는 현대 크게 문제가 되고 있는 축산 농가 환경 오염원을 최소화하기 위하여 돈분 및 계분 등 가축분을 고압가열 압출성형장치를 이용하여 사료화하기 위하여 첫째 고압가열 압출성형장치의 설치 및 적정한 운전조건 특히 고압가열 압출성형장치에 의한 가축분 사료(Extruded Recycling Feed : ERF)의 생산조건을 구명하고 둘째 컴퓨터를 이용하여 ERF제품을 중심으로 하는 축종별 최소비용사료 모델을 설정하며 셋째 실제 ERF제품이 가금, 돈 및 산양에 대한 적정 이용성을 시험하려고 한다. 구체적인 연구내용은 다음과 같다.
1. 연구 I : 가축분의 영양소 조성분
가축분에 대한 영양소 조성분에 대한 연구는 지금까지 사룔로 이용되지 않은 관계로 그에 대한 자료가 부족한 형편이다. 현재까지 알려진 바에 의하면 가축분에는 영양소 함량이 비교적 품부하며 특히 Ca과 P이 풍부한 관계로 광물질의 가격을 고려하였을 때 이를 대치하는 것은 첨가비용을 절약할 수 있을 것으로 예상된다.
따라서 본 연구에서는 가축분중 비교적 수거가 용이한 돈분과 계분을 선택하고 이들의 화학적 조성분 및 미생물학적 분포를 조사하였다.
2. 연구 II : 가축분의 Extrusion 적정 조건 시험
환경 오염원이 되고있는 가축분을 고압가열 압출공법으로 처리하기위하여 1) 고압가열 압출장치를 제작 그 기본 사양 조건을 설정하였다. 본시험에 사용된 고압가열 압출장치는 single screw extruder(남성농산(주) 제작)로 die 직경 3.9-5.3 mm, screw rpm을 200∼300, barrel temprature 100∼$150^{\circ}C$ 범위에서 최적 처리조건을 조사 검토하였으며 2) 이들 돈분 및 계분과 곡류중 옥수수와의 혼합비를 달리하는 ERF 기초사료 생산기술 조건과 생산된 ERF제품의 사료적 특성을 파악하기 위하여 각 ERF 제품에 대한 물리.화학적 특성과 미생물학적 성상을 조사 검토하였다.
3. 연구 III : 계분 ERF 제품의 생물학적 평가
본 연구는 축산농가의 환경오염원이 되고 있는 가축분을 고압가열 압출공법으로 처리하는 ERF생산 시스템을 개발하는데 주 목적이 있다. 2차년도인 본 연구는 계분을 주 대상으로 하되 1) 1차년도 ERF제품생산 최적조건시험 문제점을 보완하고 2) 반추가축에 대한 반응을 구명하기 위하여 산양에의 사료가치를 시험하였으며 3) 가금에 대한 반응을 조사하기 위하여 산란계와 브로일러에의 사료가치 시험을 실시하고 4) 연구 I의 보완 사항으로서 ERF 제품의 기호성을 증진 시키기 위하여 향미제 첨가 시험을 실시하였을 뿐만 아니라 5) 음식물 잔여물 첨가에 의한 ERF 제품 생산에 관한 예비 시험을 실시하였다.
4. 연구 IV : 돈분 ERF 제품의 생물학적 평가
가축분중 농촌 환경 오염에 비중이 큰 돈분 재활용하기 위하여 1) 이들의 고압가열 압출처리를 위한 최적 조건을 조사하고 2) 육돈에대한 사양 및 도체시험을 실시하였으며 3) 산란계 및 브로일러에 대한 사료가치 시험을 실시하였다. 그리고 최근 크게 문제가 되고있는 음식 잔여물의 사료화를 위하여 4) 음식잔여물 자체 그리고 돈분과 음식잔여물 혼합물의 고압가열 압출공법 처리 최적조건을 시험하고 5) 돈분 ERF를 이용한 육돈 사양 시험을 실시하였다.

Abstract ▼

In order to find out the efficient use of livestock farm and food wastes, a series of experiments were conducted with poultry, swine and sheep. Poultry and swine manure and dried food waste were used as extruding recycling feeds (ERF). The specific purposes of this study were to 1) analyze the chemi

In order to find out the efficient use of livestock farm and food wastes, a series of experiments were conducted with poultry, swine and sheep. Poultry and swine manure and dried food waste were used as extruding recycling feeds (ERF). The specific purposes of this study were to 1) analyze the chemical compositions and microbial population, 2) determine the efficient production conditions in the extruder, and 3) evaluate feeding values of poultry and swine manure and food waste. The results were summarized as follows;
I. Chemical compositions and microbial populations of animal manure and food waste.
1. In poultry manure, crude protein contents of broiler and layer manure were 30.12-37.98% and 22.33-28.51%, respectively. Wide range was shown in protein contents from poutry manure, which might be originated from collection farms and different diets. Total amino acids in broiler and layer manure were 13.50% and 9.86%, respectively. And the essential amino acid ratios to total amino acids (EAA/TAA) were 31.7% and 33.4% for broiler and layer manure, respectively, which accounted for 1/3 of total amino acids.
2. In swine manure, protein contents of grower and breeder manure were 19-23% and 18-25%, respectively, showing wide ranges among collection farms. Total amino acids in grower and breeder manure were 12.11% and 10.51%, respectively. The total amino acids were over 60% of crude protein contents for both grower and breeder manure.
3. The changes in nutrient contents during storage for 24, 48, and 72 hours were checked. When stored below $15^{\circ}C$, crude protein contents in poultry and swine manure were slightly decreased up to 72 h storage time. However, it was significantly reduced at 2-6 hours after storage at $25^{\circ}C$.
4. Crude protein contents of food wastes were different from collection seasons, showing that those were lower in summer (11.3-13.3%) than in spring or fall season (21-26%).
5. At d 3 after storage of poultry and swine manure, microorganisms (i.g. coliform, E. coli and salmonella) were found all samples from broiler, layer, growing and breeding pigs. And as storage time passed, the microbial populations were greatly increased.
II. The efficient extruding conditions for livestock manure and food waste.
1. Poultry manure was mixed with corn and extruded. When poultry manure was mixed with corn more than 30%, the optimal barrel temperature (BT) was above $130^{\circ}C$ under 200 rpm of screw speed (SS) with 5.4 mm die in diameter (DD) in dry-type extruders.
2. When poultry manure mixing ratio with com was 30:70 or 40:60, the optimal DD, SS and BT in the extruder were 3.9 mm, 250-300rpm and over $130^{\circ}C$, respectively.
3. Generally, the chemical compositions of animal manure were not significantly affected by extrusion. But the moisture contents of extrudates were reduced by 5% as BT was increased by $10^{\circ}C$ from 100 to $150^{\circ}C$. Crude fat contents of the extrudates were also reduced as BT was increased in the extruders.
4. Microorganisms $110^{\circ}C$ BT, regardless of mixing ratio of manure (30 or 40%).
5. The optimal moisture content of extrudate (manure and com mixture) was 26-32% in terms of expansion ratio (ER) and water solubility index (WSI).
6. As the com inclusion level was increased from 40 to 70% in the extrudates, the bulk density (BD) and ER were also improved.
7. The optimal extruding conditions for poultry manure mixture containing soybean meal were $130^{\circ}C$: BT and 200-2S0 rpm SS in the extruders. And the ideal inclusion level of soybean meal was about 10% (10-20%) in the manure and soybean meal mixture.
8. When corn was substituted with tapioca to reduce cost in the mixture of manure and corn (50:50), the optimal substitution level of corn was 20% (manure 50 + corn 30 + tapioca 20).
9. For extrusion of the mixture with corn and swine manure (70:30 or 60:40), the optimal extruding condition was 3.5 mm DD, 250-300 rpm SS and $130^{\circ}C$ BT. During extrusion. crude protein content in the
extrudates was not changed (135%). but crude fat content was reduced by 5% as BT was increased. No microbials were detected.
10. BD was 420-730g/1 in the mixture of swine manure. corn and soybean meal. and it was increased as the addition level of corn was increased. EH was 1.267-1.824 and best at $130^{\circ}C$ BT.
11. In the extruding recycling feed (EHF) using food waste. BD was 1.16 kg/1. and ER was 0.90-1.09. So, in order to improve quality. starch addition was needed.
12. As the corn addition level was increased in the food waste. EH. WSI and GR were improved. which were related to expansion characterist irs. There was no changes III chemical compositions and no microorganisms in the extrudatcs.
13. In the ERF using swine manure, the addition of com improved ER, WAI, WSI and GR. At least 20% of corn addition was desired to produce quality ERF feeds. The optimal BT and mixing ratio of swine manure, food waste and com were $130^{\circ}C$ and 40:40:20, respectively. There was also no microorganisms (coliform, E. coli and salmonella) in the extrudates.
III. Feeding values of poultry manure ERF in poultry.
1. In the broiler experiment (6 weeks) using ERF diets containing poultry manure, corn and tapioca, there was no significant difference in growth rate of chicks fed between control and ERF 10% diets. But feeding ERF 10% diet reduced (P<0.05) growth rate of chicks as compared with control. There was no difference in feed conversion ratio (FCR) between control 0.97) and ERF 10% (2.06), but as the addition level of ERF diets was increased (above 20%), FCR was poor (P<0.05). Carcass % was lower in chicks fed ERF diets than control. As ERF was increased in the diets, carcass % was decreased from 70.46 to 68.58. In carcass, there was no difference in protein content 08-20%), but fat content was higher in chicks fed ERF 10% 02.89%) than control 01.17%). There was a trend to increase fat content in chicks as ERF increased. No difference was found in panel test of chicken among dietary treatments.
2. In the layer experiment usmg ERF diets containing poultry manure, corn and tapioca, there was no significant difference in egg production rate among treatments; control, ERF 10% and 20%. Feed intake was the lowest in control group, and slightly increased as ERF addition level was increased, resulting in poor FCR in ERF fed groups. Conversely, egg weight was heavier in ERF fed groups (20 and 40%) than control.
3. In the sheep experiment using ERF diets containing poultry manure, corn and tapioca, average daily gain (ADG) was higher in sheep fed control diet than others, but not significant difference among experimental groups except the ERF 40% group. The intakes of roughage and concentrate feeds were increased in sheep fed diets containing EltF 10, 20 or 30%, but those were reduced in sheep fed ERF 40%. So FCn was best in the control group and was improved as the inclusion level of ERF was increased. Fecal digestibility of DM was lower in EHF groups than in control, and decreased as the addition level of ERF was increased in the diet. The digestibilities of crude protein, fiber and ash were improved as ERF level was increased from 10 to 30%, but not 40%. Carcass % was also decreased as ERF was increased in the diets.
IV. Feeding values of swine waste and food waste mixture extuding recycle formula(SWERF) in poultry and swine.
1. In the broiler experiment using SWEHF diets containing swme manure, food waste and com, there was no difference in weight gam in chicks fed between control and diets containing SWERF up to 40%. However, as the addition level of SWERF in the diet was increased, feed intake was also increased, resulting in poor FCR. Carcass % was not affected by dietary treatments. Moisture, crude protein and crude fat contents in the carcass were 65.86-68.48%, 19.26-20.56%, and 11.47-12.825, respectively. Taste, juiciness and meat color in the chicken were higher in the conrol group than SWERF fed groups, but no difference was found among SWERF fed groups.
2. In the layer experiment using SWERF diets, egg production rate was significantly reduced (P<0.05) in layers fed SWERF 40%, but not 10 or 20%, as compared to control group. Egg production rate was also
reduced when hens fed diets containing food waste (FW) 20 or 40%. Feed intake was not affected by dietary treatments. FIG was low (P<0.05) in layers fed diets containing SWERF 20, 40% and FW 40% as compared to control. Generally, egg weight was low in layers fed SWERF or FW, egg shell thickness (Haugh Unit) was increased.
3. In the swine experiment using SWERF diets, there was no difference (P>0.05) in growth performance (ADG, ADFI and FIG) among treatments during growing period, but ADG was lower (P<0.05) in pigs fed diets containing SWERF 40% than 10% during finishing period. FIG was improved (P<0.05) in pigs fed 10% SWERF diet as compared to others. During the overall period, there was no significant difference in ADG, ADFI and F/G among treatments. DM digestibility of SWERF 40% was lower (P<0.05) than others.Energy digestibility of SWERF 20% diet was higher (P<0.05) than control and CP digestibility of SWERF 30% diet was higher (P<0.05) than control and SWERF 40% diets.Fat digestibilities of SWERF 10 and 20% diets were higher (P<0.05) than others. Digestibilities of Ca and P was lower (P<0.05) in SWERF 40% diet than others. Digestibilities of DM, crude protein and P were lower (P<0.05) in pigs fed swine manure than in pigs fed grower diet. The digestibility of energy was improved (P<0.05) when SMFW was extruded. Even though there was no difference in backfat thickness among dietary treatments, dressing % was lower (P<0.05) in pigs fed SWERF 40% than in pigs fed SWEHF 10 or 20%. Chemical compositions of pork was not affected hv dietary treatments, but during storage, TBAHS and POV values in pork from SWERF fed groups, especially 40%. were rapidly increased (P<0.05) as compared to control group.

목차 Contents

• 표지...1
• 제출문...3
• 요약문...5
• SUMMARY...24
• 목차...37
• 제 1 장. 서론...46
• 제 2 장. 가축분의 영양소 조성분...49
• 제 1 절. 서설...49
• 제 2 절. 재료 및 방법...50
• 제 1 항. 시료의 영양소 함량 분석...50
• 제 2 항. 돈분 및 계분의 pH와 총휘발성 지방산 함량 측정...52
• 제 3 항. 생물가...52
• 제 4 항. 소화물...52
• 제 3 절 연구 결과 및 고찰...53
• 제 1 항. 계분의 영양소 조성분...53
• 제 2 항. 돈분의 영양소 조성분...59
• 제 3 항. 돈분 및 계분의 조성분 변화...65
• 제 4 항. 음식잔여물의 영양소 조성분...69
• 제 5 항. 가축분 및 음식잔여물중 병원성 미생물 분포 현황...73
• 제 3 장. 가축분의 Extrusion 적정 조건 시험...77
• 제 1 절 서 설...77
• 제 2 절 재료 및 방법...78
• 제 1 항. Extruder 운전 기능...78
• 제 3 절. 결과 및 고찰...84
• 제 1 항. 계분 Extruding recycling feed(ERF) 제품 생산 시험...84
• 가. Barrel temperature가 계분 ERF 제품의 물리적 성상에 미치는 영향...84
• 나. Die diameter, screw speed 및 barrel temperature가 계분 ERF 제품에 미치는 영향...88
• 1) ERF 제품의 물리적 성상...88
• 2) ERF 제품의 영양소 조...92
• 3) ERF 제품의 병원 미생물 조사...95
• 다. 투입원료의 수분함량이 ERF 제품의 물리적 성상에 미치는 영향...97
• 라. 옥수수(전분) 배합이 계분 ERF 제품에 미치는 영향시험...100
• 1) ERF 제품의 물리적 성상...100
• 2) ERF 제품의 영양소 조성분...103
• 마. 단백질 강화용 대두박 배합이 계분 ERF 제품에 미치는 영향시험...105
• 1) ERF 제품의 물리적 성상...105
• 2) ERF 제품의 영양소 조성분...110
• 바. 타피오카에의한 옥수수 대치가 계분 ERF 제품에 미치는 영향시험...111
• 1) ERF 제품의 물리적 성상...111
• 2) ERF 제품의 영양소 조성분...114
• 3) ERF 제품의 병원성 미생물 분포 조사...116
• 제 2 항 돈분 Extruding recycling feed(ERF) 제품 생산 시험...117
• 가. Die diameter, screw speed 및 barrel temperature가 돈분 ERF 제품에 미치는 영향시험...117
• 1) 돈분 ERF 제품의 물리적 성상...117
• 2) 돈분 ERF 제품의 영양소 조성...120
• 3) 돈분 ERF 제품의 병원 미생물 분포 조사...121
• 나. 돈분, 옥수수 및 대두박형 ERF 제품의 물리적 성상...122
• 다. 음식잔여물 배합 돈분 ERF 제품의 물리적 성상에 미치는 영향...124
• 라. 음식 잔여물과 옥수수 배합이 ERF 제품에 미치는 영향...125
• 1) ERF 제품의 물리적 성상에 미치는 영향...125
• 2) ERF 원료 및 제품의 영양소 조성...126
• 3) 음식잔여물과 옥수수 배합형 ERF 원료 및 제품의 병원성 미생물 분포 조사...128
• 마. 음식잔여물과 옥수수 배합이 돈분 ERF 제품에 미치는 영향시험...129
• 1) ERF 제품의 물리적 성상...129
• 2) ERF 제품의 영양소 조성...131
• 3) ERF 제품의 병원 미생물 분포 조사...132
• 제 4 장. 계분 ERF 제품의 생물학적 평가...134
• 제 1 절 계분, 옥수수, 티피오카형 ERF 제품 급여가 브로일러의 증체량, 사료효율 및 도체성적에 미치는 영향...134
• 제 1 항. 서 론...134
• 제 2 항. 재료 및 방법...135
• 제 3 항. 결과 및 고찰...140
• 제 2 절. 계분, 옥수수, 타피오카형 ERF 제품의 급여가 산란계의 산란성적에 미치는 영향...149
• 제 1 항. 서 론...149
• 제 2 항. 재료 및 방법...150
• 제 3 항. 결과 및 고찰...152
• 제 3 절 계분, 옥수수, 타피오카형 ERF 제품의 급여가 재래산양의 사양성적 및 체조성에 미치는 영향...155
• 제 1 항. 서 론...155
• 제 2 항. 재료 및 방법...156
• 제 3 항. 결과 및 고찰...158
• 제 5 장. 돈분 ERF 제품의 생물학적 평가...163
• 제 1 절. 돈분 ERF 급여가 브로일러의 증체량, 사료효율, 체조성 및 경제성에 미치는 영향...163
• 제 1 항. 서 론...163
• 제 2 항. 재료 및 방법...164
• 제 3 항. 결과 및 고찰...168
• 제 2 절. SWERF 급여가 산란계의 산란능력 및 사료섭취량에 미치는 영향...174
• 제 1 항. 서 론...174
• 제 2 항. 재료 및 방법...174
• 제 3 항. 결과 및 고찰...177
• 제 3 절. 돈분 및 음식잔여물 혼합(SWERF) 사료 급여가 육성비육돈의 성장률, 소화율 및 육질에 미치는 영향...180
• 제 1 항. 서 론...180
• 제 2 항. 재료 및 방법...182
• 제 3 항. 결과 및 고찰...189
• 제 6 장. 인용문헌...197