초록 ▼

□ 과제명 : 과수 병해충 발생생태 및 종합관리 기술 개발
▶ 연구목적 :
○ 사과, 배, 감 재배단지 주요 병해충 종합 방제 시스템 구축
○ 배, 감 과원 약제 사용 절감으로 농가 경영비 20~30% 절감
○ 사과원 주요 병해충 분자마크 개발로 분류 기반 구축
▶ 주요연구내용 :
○ 1세부과제명 : 사과 병해 발생생태 및 방제 체계 구축
- 경북 사과 주산지 주요 사과 병해 발생상황을 조사 하였음
- 주요병해에 대해서 발생소장을 조사하였음
○ 2세부과제명 : 사과 해충 정밀예찰 및

□ 과제명 : 과수 병해충 발생생태 및 종합관리 기술 개발
▶ 연구목적 :
○ 사과, 배, 감 재배단지 주요 병해충 종합 방제 시스템 구축
○ 배, 감 과원 약제 사용 절감으로 농가 경영비 20~30% 절감
○ 사과원 주요 병해충 분자마크 개발로 분류 기반 구축
▶ 주요연구내용 :
○ 1세부과제명 : 사과 병해 발생생태 및 방제 체계 구축
- 경북 사과 주산지 주요 사과 병해 발생상황을 조사 하였음
- 주요병해에 대해서 발생소장을 조사하였음
○ 2세부과제명 : 사과 해충 정밀예찰 및 방제 체계 구축
- 월동해충 및 천적 생육기 주요 해충 및 천적 발생상황을 조사 하였음
- 6종 주요 나방류의 성페로몬트랩을 이용한 발생소장을 조사 하였음
- 복숭아순나방붙이 발생여부 및 발생상황을 조사 하였음
○ 3세부과제명 : 사과 주요 병해의 분자마크 개발
- 사과 갈색무늬병균 병원성 시험 및 유전체 분석
- 사과 갈색무늬병균 병원성 실험결과 병원성이 강한 것과 약, 비병원성 균주를 선발함
○ 4세부과제명 : 사과 주요 해충의 Biobarcord 작성 연구
- 복숭아순나방과 복숭아심식나방, 복숭아순나방붙이와 진딧물 천적류인 무당벌레, 진디벌, 진디혹파리, 꽃등에, 풀잠자리에 대하여 미토콘드리아의 COI영역내에 유니버셜 프라이머를 이용하여 DNA 서열정보를 분석하였음
- Mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I(COI) 영역에서 PCR한 후, 제한효소 MboII, EcoR1, HindIII로 절단한 결과, 대만 검역대상 해충인 복숭아심식나방과 주요 2종 나방류(복숭아순나방, 복숭아순나방붙이)가 구분 가능하였음
- 복숭아순나방과 복숭아심식나방, 복숭아순나방붙이에 대하여 ITS영역내에 유니버셜 프라이머를 이용하여 DNA 서열정보를 분석하였음
- 유충상태에서 구분하기 어려운, 복숭아순나방, 복숭아순나방붙이, 복숭아심식나방을 구분할 수 있는 primer 개발하였음
○ 5세부과제명 : 사과 주요 병해충의 DB 프로그램 개발
- 병해충 발생상황 조사 결과에 대한 DB 프로그램 개발
○ 6세부과제명 : 단세포 기록 기술을 이용한 과수 주요 나방류 해충의 친환경 선택성 유인제 개발
- 천연발효막걸리와 천연과실즙에 대하여 과수원 주요 나방류의 유인력을 평가
- 천연발효물질에 함유된 주성분 및 GC-EAD 실험을 통해 뉴질랜드 잎말이나방에 대해 냄새활성을 나타내는 물질들의 화학구조를 GC-MS (gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry) 를 사용하여 동정, 동정된 화합물질에 대한 야외 유인력을 평가함
- 발효막걸리와 자두발효물질, 파인애플발효물질이 주요 잎말이나방류의 유인력에 우수한 효과를 나타냄
○ 7세부과제명 : 감 주요 병해충 예찰체계 확립
- 감 병해충예찰단의 실용적 컨설팅기술을 개발하였고, 예찰방법을 개발하였음
- 감 병해충예찰단 육성을 위한 프로그램 구성하였음
○ 8세부과제명 : 배과원 농약살포 방법개선
- 농약살포 방법 개선을 위한 SS기(고속분무기, Speed Sprayer) 사용조건별 방제효과를 조사한 결과, 관행살포(1L/3.3㎡, 기준희석농도)가 대체로 배 재배기간 동안 배 주요 병해인 검은별무늬병, 붉은별무늬병 방제에 효과적이었으며, 수확과실에 대한 병해충 피해정도도 재배기간중 병해충 발생양과 유사하게 관행처리구에서 적은 피해를 보이는 경향이었다.
- 시기별로 살포된 약제의 부착정도를 판단을 위한 감수지 반응 조사는 감수지의 부착위치, 약제살포시 풍속과 풍향, 수체 관리상태 등의 영향으로 약제의 부착정도 부착량을 판단하기는 어려웠고, 형광성 Sodium Salt를 처리하고 야간에 자외선을 조사하여 사진을 촬영시에도 부위마다 부착형태가 다르고 수체내 잎의 위치에 따라 살포한 제제의 부착형태가 다르게 보였으나 Tartrazine을 이용해 잎에 부착되는 약량을 추정한 결과, 관행과 같은 약량을 사용한 시험구에서 부착량이 많음을 확인하였다.
- 배나무에 사용되는 약해는 농약사용방법에 의해 농도가 변화될 수 있어 수행하였는데, 살균제, 살충제에서는 대부분의 약제가 신고 품종에 대해 4배에서도 약해가 없거나 약해 기준에 의거하여 약한 약해반응을 보였다. 그러나 약해는 일반적으로 약제 살포시의 기상, 배나무의 수령, 수세, 살포 전후의 약제사용에 따라 달라 일관적으로 말하기는 어려울 것으로 생각된다.

Abstract ▼

This study was conducted for three years from 2009 to 2011 in the major apple producing districts in southern parts of South Korea, including 8 cities, to investigate the occurrence of major disease and insect pests and their natural enemies and the damage level caused by these pest and disease. The

This study was conducted for three years from 2009 to 2011 in the major apple producing districts in southern parts of South Korea, including 8 cities, to investigate the occurrence of major disease and insect pests and their natural enemies and the damage level caused by these pest and disease. The predominant apple diseases were white rot(Botryosphaeria dothidea), Marssonina blotch(Marssonina mali), Alternaria leaf spot(Alternaria mali), and bitter rot(Collectotrichum gloeosporioides and C. acutatum). Apple scab that reappeared in 1990 after disappearance for 15 years was disappeared again since 1997 In summary of the 3-year investigation, the continuous change in the composition of pest population in apple orchards has been common and is expected to continue over the next years. The occurrence of new pest such as G. molesta and the reduction of existing pest such as Lyonetia prunifoliellaare good examples. Therefore, the accumulation of the precision monitoring data as long-term commitment and the construction and implementation of effective pest management strategy is very important. In this context,this project should be continued as a long-term research commitment to construct the most efficient integrated pest management system to maximize productivity and protect our apple industry.
Marssonina coronaria associated with apple blotch disease causes severe premature defoliation, and is widely distributed in Korea. Thirteen isolates were collected from orchards located in Gyeongbuk Province from 2009～2011. All isolates displayedover 99.6% and 99.2% sequence similarity to each other in internal transcribed spacer regions and partial sequences of 28S rDNA, respectively. The isolates were phylogenetically closely related to Chinese isolates. Selected isolates did not differ in their pathogenicity. The ITS regions amplified by ITS1/ITS4 primers ranged from 572~600 bp in the isolates. High homologies among the sequences of isolates were found (99.6~100%). Among them, 100% sequence similarity was evident for six of the 13 isolates (GW01, GW04, GW10, YJ01, YJ02, and YJ04). Similarly, 100% sequence similarity resulted from three of the Cheongsong isolates (CS01, CS02, and CS03), two of the Cheongsong isolates (CS06 and CS08) and two of the Gunwi isolates (GW07 and GW08). Phylogenetic relationship based on ITS sequences indicated that all Korean isolates were closely related to Chinese isolates (EU329732, FJ606800, and EU329735) obtained from NCBI GenBank Three fruit moths of the oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta (Busck), Grapholita dimorpha (Komai) and the peach fruit moth, Carposina sasakii (Matsumura), infest apples in Korea by internally feeding behavior. C. sasakii is a quarantine insect pest from some other countries importing Korean apples. G. molesta is not a quarantine insect pest, but can be incorrectly identified as C. sasakii especially when it is found inside apple fruits at its larval stages because it is not easy to identify the three species by morphological characters alone. This incomplete identification results in massive economical loss by fruits needlessly destroyed or turned away at border inspection stations of the importing nations. This difficulty can be overcome by molecular DNA markers. Several polymorphic regions of mitochondrial DNA of both species were sequenced and used for developing specific restriction sites and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers. Based on these sequences, three diagnostic PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) sites were detected and validated for their practical uses. Also, species-specific PCR primers were devised to develop diagnostic PCR method for identifying the internal feeders The researches of apple pest forecasting system in Korea was to develop since 2009, which gives an opportunity of pest control to establish the fundamentals of apple IPM, and coming up with the new methods of forecasting for apple insect. The objective of the research was to develop a suite of simulation models to be used in conjunction with automatic meteorological monitoring equipment to provide a rational basis for decision making in pest management.To achieve satisfactory management of insect pests of apple growers must accurately establish the necessity for control actions such as supplementing natural enemy numbers or applying pesticides, and the optimal timing for these actions.
Inaccurate determination of these questions can lead to unnecessary or inefficient actions being taken, with undesirable environmental and financial consequences. The models have been thoroughly validated using historical results of pest populations in orchards in Korea.
Output from the forecasting system of apple pest has been satisfactorily accurate, and as a result a delivery system for the models has been developed. Also Database program of Apple pest, named APPLE-MAN, has an intuitive style of presentation involving simple pull-down menus, context-sensitive help statements and colour graphics, and allows users to familiarize themselves quickly with the system.
This project was initiated in 2010 to develop non-toxic attractants for lepidopteran pests through the international co-operational research between the national Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science(NIHHS) and New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research(PFR). This project is aiming to develop generic attractants for major lepidopteran pests in orchard, which involves behavioural bioassay for attractiveness of raw baits, chemical analysis of volatile compounds in the attractive baits, formulation and behavioural bioassay of syntheic mixtures of volatile compounds, and development of dispensers for the attractive baits. Attractiveness of different rice wines and fruit-based fermenting baits to various moth species was evaluated in fields in Korea and New Zealand during 2010-2011, to select attractive baits for further studies. Headspace samples were collected from these raw materials, and GC-EAD and GC-MS studies were carried out to identify olfactory active compounds in raw materials. In the GC-EAD sutdies, we identified eighteen EAD-Active compounds from the headspace samples of fermenting baits, and twelve of these EAD-active compounds were chemically identified by subsequent GC-MS analysis. The synthetic mixtures baits of volatile compounds on the base of the olfactory active chemicals which were identified in raw materials were tested in the fields to confirm the attractiveness to the major lepidopteran pests.
In the evaluation of the field trapping experiments in NZ and Korea during 2010-2011, we found that rice wine-, plum- and pineapple-based fermenting baits were significantly more attractive to leafroller pests than the other fruit-basted fermenting baits. When the attractiveness of the binary mixtures of three different kinds of fermenting baits(rice wine, peach and plum) were examined, we found that the binary mixture of fermentign rice wine and fermenting peach or the binary mixture of fermenting rice wine and frementing plum increased trap catches over any individual baits. In contrast, the binary mixture of fermenting peach and plum did not increase trap catches. This indicates that the composition of attractive compounds in the fermenting rice wine would be different from that of fermenting plum or fermenting peach. Therefore, we will also focus on identifying these compounds in each type of fermenting baits. There are EAC-active compounds of which chemical structures are yet to be identified. We will also continue our efforts to identify the EAD-active compounds in the fermenting baits.
Compared to the capability of persimmon pest monitoring for the growers and the beginners, growers were skillful for consulting the orchardists and beginners for processing the data of pest monitoring. To count the number of conidia for Collectotrichum gloeosporioides in rain, the treatment of adding the agar and centrifuging the rain mixture made about 24 times as easy as for the control. For Archips breviplicanus and Adoxophyes orana but Stathmopoda masinissa there seemed to be good result to use sex pheromone for monitoring periodically. For the stink bugs, attraction pheromone was inappropriate to see the fluctuation curve by adult male population, but dark light was effective to attract the adult male of Plautia stali.
These studies were conducted for improvement of agricultural pesticides spray methods by comparing of control effects when changed spraying condition such as dilution rate, spray volume, spray machine’ nozzle, pressure etc. We used the speed sprayer(SS) that model name was HA-1000SCA manufactured by Han A Esses Co., Ltd. Also, we considered a conventional treatment that spray volume was a litter per 3.3㎡ and SS’ running conditions were set 20㎏/㎠ of spraying pump, ø1.0mm corn type nozzle, 2,000 RPM, and 2.75km/h. We treated 4 blocks such as conventional(1L/3.3㎡, recommended dilution), low convetional(70% dilution water and recommended concentration), low volume 1(50~70% dilution water and 1.5 time high concentration), and low volume 2(70% dilution water and same agricultural pesticides amounts) in 2 fields(Field-Ⅰ& Ⅱ), respectively.
The conventional block(1L/3.3㎡, recommended dilution) was more effective for pear scab and rust during cultivation period, also the low volume 2 treatment was similar to conventional. In the low volume 2, conventional, low conventional, and low volume 1 block of field Ⅰ, infected leaf rate of pearscab was shown 8.8, 13.4, 26.8, 27.3% at late May 2009, respectively, but control effects were low in low conventional, and low volume 1 block for over 20% of infection at early-middle June. In early June on 2010, control effects of the conventional blocks in field Ⅰ and Ⅱ were better than the other blocks by 13.7 and 16.3% infections, respectively. In 2011, the control effect was shown by order of conventional, low volume 2, low volume 1, and low conventional, similarly former years.
Otherwise, the results of moth’ fluctuation by pheromone traps were shown indistinct between blocks and fields. This was estimated by other affect.
The damage of harvested fruit tended to show light damage in the conventional as disease and insect pests in cultivation period, similarly. In 2009, the damage rate by pearscab was shown about 48% in the low conventional of field Ⅰ. The damage by mealy bugs and other insect tended to low in the conventional.
To sum it up, we recommended to spray a litter per 3.3㎡ by recommended dilution for pests control in pear orchard. And, we have to put emphasis on the forecasting, prediction and considering of weather condition. Also, the research be require that development of spray machine for promotion of adherence of spraying particles and less use of agricultural pesticides because of no difference of spraying type each manufacturing companies of spray machines.
It was difficult to make a decision that the degree of adherence for spraying particles by water sensitive paper response. Because, the response was differ from by the position of the papers, wind speed and direction, tree form and management. Also, it was same that the UV photographs taken after fluorescence sodium salt spray. But, the result of estimated dose by tartrazine was show more adherence dose in the conventional and low volume 2 block.
The leaf damage from agricultural chemicals is different by change of dilution rate. So, we experimented for several single formulations but the damage was not or rare shown almost tested chemicals in 4 times high dilution for ‘ittaka”variety.

목차 Contents

• 제출문 ... 1
• 요약문 ... 2
• SUMMARY ... 6
• 제1장 서론 ... 10
• 제1절 연구의 필요성 및 목적 ... 10
• 제2장 국내외 기술개발 현황 ... 12
• 제1절 국내외 기술개발 현황 ... 12
• 제3장 연구개발수행 내용 및 결과 ... 14
• 제1절 재료 및 방법 ... 14
• 제2절 결과 및 고찰 ... 23
• 제4장 연구개발목표 달성도 및 대외기여도 ... 86
• 제1절 목표대비 달성도 ... 86
• 제2절 정량적 성과 ... 88
• 제5장 연구개발결과의 활용계획 ... 94
• 제1절 연구개발결과의 활용방안 ... 94
• 제6장 중요 변동사항 ... 95
• 제7장 참고문헌 ... 96
• 주요 결과 요약서 ... 106