초록 ▼

연구개발결과
□ 배수불량 층위 함유 토양특성 구명과 석비레 적토지 배수불량 층위 물리성 개선 기술 개발
○ 석비레 적토지에서 장석의 풍화로 생성된 점토가 공극에 집적되면서 물 이동 차단
○ 심토파쇄 증수효과(당근수량 기준) : 포크레인(1.3배) > 크랭크 쟁기(1.2배)>관행
□ 농경지 물리성 개량기준 평가 및 재설정
○ 밭토양 물리성 개량기준 설정
□ 고랭지 밭토양 유실특성 구명
○ 석비레 적토지 적정 물(水) 및 토양 유출기준 설정
- 물: 경사 15%, 토양: 경사 7%까지 OECD

연구개발결과
□ 배수불량 층위 함유 토양특성 구명과 석비레 적토지 배수불량 층위 물리성 개선 기술 개발
○ 석비레 적토지에서 장석의 풍화로 생성된 점토가 공극에 집적되면서 물 이동 차단
○ 심토파쇄 증수효과(당근수량 기준) : 포크레인(1.3배) > 크랭크 쟁기(1.2배)>관행
□ 농경지 물리성 개량기준 평가 및 재설정
○ 밭토양 물리성 개량기준 설정
□ 고랭지 밭토양 유실특성 구명
○ 석비레 적토지 적정 물(水) 및 토양 유출기준 설정
- 물: 경사 15%, 토양: 경사 7%까지 OECD기준 충족
○ 차항천 수계(388ha) 토양유실량 (경사 15%) : 10.31 MT ha^-1 yr^-1
- 상하경, 등고선, 등고선+비닐멀칭 등 보전농법 적용시 : 5배 감소
○ 고령지 작부체계별 토양보전 효과 : 윤작>나지>연작
○ 최적 작부체계 : 동계 헤어리베치 피복 후 등고선으로 배추ㆍ옥수수 윤작
□ 토양종류별 인산집적 한계농도 설정 및 chelate제 이용 인산 가용화 기술 개발
□ 물수지 모형 BUDGET 활용 기후 및 생산환경 변화시 논 관개요구량 및 관개시기 예측 기술 개발
○ 논토양 쟁기바닥층의 적정 투수속도는 1.5~2.5 mm/일
○ 투수속도가 빠른 논은 점토 흙으로 객토, 투수불량 토양은 배수시설 설치
□ GIS 공간분석 기반 권역별 농업유형 분류와 보전형 관리방안
○ 권역별 논토양 특성 분류 : 지형, 토성, 논급지를 주요 분류인자로 설정
○ 인자값과 농업 생산성(수량) 과의 비교 분석 결과(예)
지형 토성 배수등급 자갈함량 경사 유효토심 논급지
곡간지 식양질 약간불량 10% 미만 2-7% 100cm이상 1급지

Abstract ▼

This study was performed to investigate genetic processes and properties of soils with poorly drained horizons. Eighteen soils were selected: 6 soils with fragipan, 6 paddy soils re-established with fluvial parent materials, 2 soils established with saprolite, 6 soils with poorly drained horizons af

This study was performed to investigate genetic processes and properties of soils with poorly drained horizons. Eighteen soils were selected: 6 soils with fragipan, 6 paddy soils re-established with fluvial parent materials, 2 soils established with saprolite, 6 soils with poorly drained horizons affected by geomorphological changes. Soil physico-chemical properties anD_mineralogical properties were measured. Additionally, it was conducted to investigate ameliorating effects of soil physical properties by a crank rotavator and a excavator in Pyeongchang county.
1. Soil samples from each horizon were collected in five soil series (Gangreung sereis, Bugog series, Yeongog series, Jangwon series, and Pogog series) with fragipan to investigate micro-structure by clay accumulation and supplement classification of soils with pans. Soil physico-chemical properties were measured. Soil micro-structure was also determined by observing soil thin section with a polarizing microscope.
Pan horizons were found below 25 cm of soil depth in Gangreung, Jangwon, and Pogog series, between 30 and 60 cm in Bugog series, and below 50 cm in Yeongog series. Clay contents of the pan horizons were approximately 30% in Bugog and Yeongog series and ranged from 39 to 41% in Gangreung and Pogog series. Jangwon series had crystallic b-fabric and the others had striated b-fabric; b-fabric is an attribute inducing double refraction observed by a polar microscope.
Given geomorphology of Yeongog, Pogog, and Bugog series located in plain, low-slope hill, and foot slope with limited water movement, fragipan in those series were likely formed with clays moved from upper Bt horizon by gravity. The current grayish/reddish band-shaped fragipan of Gangreung series was formed by clay accumulation through marine terrace formation followed by conversion of red hematite in reduced condition. The fragipan in Jangwon series was caused by silt filling in pores between sand and gravels after debris fall on a slope.
2. Six study sites in Gumi, Goryeong in Gyeongbuk province and Naju in Jeonnam province were selected to investigate soil properties of poorly drained horizons in paddy soils which had a re-established layer with parent materials originated from fluvial deposits. The rock-forming minerals of establisheD_materials include quartz, feldspar, and biotite and clay minerals were kaolinite, illite, and vermiculate. Topsoil layers were differentiated from piled parent materials while soil structure of the topsoil layer was massive with striateD_microstructure. Compaction at soil re-establishment and a lack of struture and aggregate development in these soils were expected to limit vertical water movement inducing poorly drained horizons.
3. Six sites were selected to investigate impacts of construction on soil drainage:Usan-dong and Taejang-dong in Wonju, Guseong-dong in Cheonan, Cheongun-ri in Gimje, Wolsan-ri in Suncheon, and Samrak-ri in Goseong (Gyeongbuk province). Dominant rock-forming minerals were quartz, feldspar, and biotite and clay minerals were kaolinite, illite, and vermiculite. The b-fabric of soil samples were mosaic-speckled showing oriented fine materials, indicating repeated shrinking and swelling processes by wetting and drying. Two types of gleyzation were found. The first type is that gleyzation started from coarse-textured groundmass and extended to fine-textureD_materials when soil micro-structure was intergrain channel, prismatic, or massive. The other case is gleyzation starting at outside of peds adjacent to pores in soils with fissure micro-structure.
4. In highland crop fields, saprolite is piled up approximately every three years as much as 20 to 30 cm because farmers expect that adding new materials may improve productivity anD_mitigate hazards by continuous cultivation of a single crop. Piling saprolite, however, has been reported to induce soil drainage poor. Soil samples were collected from each soil horizon of crop fields in which saprolite had been piled up 2, 4, and 8 years ago, respectively. Soil physico-chemical properties anD_mineralogical properties were determined to research causes of deteriorated soil drainage. Based on X-ray diffraction analysis, strength of feldspar decreased and diffraction strength of hallosite increased with a lapse of time. Due to weathering, size of feldspar got smaller with time while pores filled with clay particles increased. It implies that poor drainage of saprolite-added fields was caused by processes that hallosite made of feldspar by weathering moves down and fills soil pore.
5. Effects of deep ploughing with a crank rotavator and an excavator was studied in sites located in Daekwanryeong-myeon, Pyeongchang in which soil physical properties was deteriorated by piling saprolite. The soil was made of parent material of Samgag series was piled up over the surface of Haggog series naturally developed in the area. Carrot was cultivated in the field and productivity and growth factors of carrot was compared between control and deep ploughing by a crank rotavator and an excavator. Effective soil depth extend to 60 cm or greater by 60 cm deep ploughing by an excavator, 50 cm deep ploughing by a crank rotavator, sand addition + 50 cm deep ploughing by a crank rotavator. On the other hand, effective soil depth was within 50 cm at control plots, sand addition + 30 cm ploughing. Productivity of carrot responded to amelioration of soil physical properties. The productivity was greater in deep ploughing treatments than that of control or 30 cm ploughing.
We carried out to reestablish soil physical standards for improvement in arable soil, considering soil properties and crop growth. The standards for paddy soil and orchard soil were covered with outcomes already studied. For standard of upland soil, some experiment was conducted by treated on soil compaction and response to soil properties and crop growth classified by soil texture. Also, the relation between soil physical factors was assessed, which is soil water content-strength, bulk density-permeability and bulk density-aeration porosity. The results were converged as bulk density, ground water level. We concluded the criteria for upland soil as less than 1.55 Mg m^-3 in sandy loam, 1.50 Mg m^-3 in loam, 1.40 Mg m^-3 in clay loam for subsoil bulk density, less than 1.30 Mg m^-3 commonly for topsoil bulk density and higher than 100 cm for ground water level. Therefore, it would support to manage soil physical quality.
The amount of runoff depends on the soil moisture and slope gradient when it rains in slope. And it varies depending on the rainfall intensity. Runoff flows faster and increased remarkably in excessive soil moisture than in moderate soil moisture, in 30mm/hr of rainfall intensity in various slope of saprolite soil. Thus the amount of runoff reduces significantly and soil loss reduces accordingly in less than 30mm/hr of rainfall intensity according to the moisture condition before the rainfall. But soil loss does not show a remarkable difference when it begins in 60, 90mm/hr of rainfall intensity. Because the runoff flow and the soil loss of slope varies remarkably according to the rainfall intensity and slope gradient, we should observe carefully the response outcome of the 2 factors. We have studied with rainfall simulator in 0.5, 7, 15, 30% of slope gradient and in 20, 60, 90mm/hr of rainfall intensity on saprolite soil and Changhang series soil since 2011. As a result we found that the soil loss in Changhang series soil increased in low slope and rainfall intensity because it was responsive to the rainfall intensity and slope gradient. the soil loss in saprolite soil didn’t increase up to 7%, 20mm and increased remarkably after that. The soil loss appear significantly in over 15% of slope gradient and 60mm/hr of rainfall intensity in both soils. To predict Soil Loss, relation equation between physical properties of soil, slope and rainfall intensity, and soil loss was estimated.
We carried out to use for improvement of soil conservation method in highland slope field, correcting a factor of soil loss by crop tillage and evaluating runoff and soil loss by slope for cultivation period It has examined the changes in rainfall intensity and rainfall by year in Daegwallyeong area, For these results, it was analyzed the soil conservation effect. Furthermore, soil loss in small watershed was evaluated by using the improvement value of soil conservation. There were analyzed to evapotranspirations by crop with affecting the field in initial moisture conditions. There are some rainfall characteristics which are high yearly variability for 2010-2013, higher rainfall intensity than before and occurrence of 50% of the total rainfall amount during the June to September. The change of runoff and soil loss increases as the slope of the test field is increased, the variability of range was higher in the 15% slope. Contour cultivation is effective in reducing of runoff and soil loss. On the other hand, soil coverage process is required overlaps with intensive rainfall season in June covered crops, such as chinese cabbage and radish. Contour cultivation in crop tillage and slope is reduced to about 5∼14 times of the soil loss than up-and-down and up-and-down plastic mulching, but risk of a ridge collapse during concentration of rainfall more than 15% slope risk of collapse is higher. With an increase in the gradient, saturated conductivity of subsoil and topsoil is higher, the value of the saturated conductivity of subsoil increased by water compaction in 2% slope. The soil infiltration rate of rainfall was reduced as slope increases, it became fast effluent time. Soil loss in small watershed of cahang(388 ha) was 10.31 MT ha^-1 yr^-1 with applying to the existing values of soil conservation factor in 15% slope. It was low approximately five times that soil loss was 2.48 MT ha^-1 yr^-1 with applying to improvement values of soil conservation factor in 15% slope. Evapotranspiration by crop was lower than many rainy day, the higher Chinese cabbage and radish. It will affect the coverage by the crop growth in particular.
We have carried out a series of experiments to evaluate the runoff and the soil loss depends on cropping system and to set up the proper cropping system in highland. The amount of the runoff and the soil loss in the crop rotation plot was more than in continuous cropping plot. Among crop rotation plot, the plot without hairy vetch in the winter showeD_more soil loss and runoff. Among continuous cropping plot, up and down tillage plot showeD_more soil loss and runoff. Bulk density and porosity of top soil according to cropping system showed low in crop rotation plot than continuous cropping plot. Saturated hydraulic conductivity in rotation plot changed remarkably than in continuous plot. And saturated hydraulic conductivity of the plot cultivated hairy vetch in the winter tended to increase annually. Because cultivating hairy vetch considered to cause high porosity of soil in rotation plot. So runoff could be decreased in high-saturated hydraulic conductivity involved with water movement-plot and soil loss could be decreased accordingly. Infiltration rate in continuous plot appeared high than in rotation plot. infiltration rate in rotation plot tended to increase and in continuous plot and bare plot tended to decrease. infiltration rate in continuous plot decreased gradually in contour plot and infiltration rate in up and down tillage plot decreased rapidly. It was because the loss of top soil in contour plot was smaller than up and down tillage plot. Therefore it is regarded to need a counterplan to raise infiltration rate and permeability rate in order to decrease the runoff by rainfall and the soil loss consequently.
We conducted to study the complex form and the accumulation mechanism of phosphate, the solubilization of accumulated-phosphate for the prevention of phosphate accumulation in agricultural land.
1. The complex forms of phosphate were highly different by the land use. The Al-P,Fe-P, Ca-P forms in polytunnel, upland and rice paddy were controlled by livestock inputs, soil pH, and reduction by flooding, respectively. The concentration of Al-P, Fe-P in soils applied pig and cow manures was higher than that of Ca-P. The Ca-P in soils with applied chicken manures were predominant. X-ray diffraction(XRD) showed that Al₃(PO₄)₂H₂O, β-TCP(β-Ca₃(PO₄)₂; Tri Calcium Phosphate), and FePO₄·H₂O were present in agricultural land.
2. The accumulation of phosphate in soils was attributed by salt accumulation and excess input of livestock manures and solid phosphate fertilizers. The reaction of phosphate with soil particle surfaces involves the adsorption of phosphate followed by precipitation of phosphate. change point from adsorption to precipitation reaction of phosphate was regarded as phosphate limit concentration for prevention of phosphate accumulation. The limit concentration of soils was different by soil pH and contents of clay and organic matter. Particularly, the limit concentration of polytunnel soils was ranged from 580 mg kg^-1 to 705 mg kg^-1 for available phosphate(Av.P₂O₅).
3. From the pot test and the polytunnel farm field experiment for solubilizing of accumulated phosphate in agricultural land, the application of chelating agents(DTPA; Diethylene Triamine Penta Acetic acid, EDTA; Ethylene Diamine Tetra Acetic acid) ncreaseD_more the availability of phosphate than that of organic acid(citric acid, oxalic acid, and acetic acid). The fruit yield and phosphate uptake of cherry tomato by the application of DTPA was higher than that of the other treatments. Also, from polytunnel farm field experiment, the application of DTPA was more effective than that of the other plots.
We carried out to study water-saving management in rice paddy field, considering climate change and soil environment, including the evaluation of the relationship between its particle size distribution fractal dimension (D_m) and water transport in paddy plow pan, in-situ survey of water depth decrease and ground water table, water balance simulation using BUDGET model.
1. Saturated hydraulic conductivities, K_s, of paddy plow pan decreased with decreasing clay content and D_m, showing power function relationships. The coefficient of determination, R², of the fitted power functions were higher in D_m as x-axis than in clay content. This means that D_m could give us more effective estimation than clay content. Especially, sandy-textured paddy soils had higher R², compared to ordinary paddy soils. K s of relatively coarse-textured soils with less than 18% of clay content, therefore, was more dependent on particle size distribution than that of relatively fine-textured soils.
2. From in-situ survey of water depth decrease and ground water table of rice paddy fields in Suwon, water depth decrease distributed from 4 to 14 mm day^-1 with peak value at mid-July, similar to ground water uprising time.
3. Gangseo soil with sandy loam texture with two levels of percolation rate, and Hwadone soil with clayey soil were tested by BUDGET model. In 2010, the simulation result was similar to in-situ water depth decrease measurement data. In addition, water balance predicted by BUDGET model showed that minimum percolation rate of layers through soil profile, plow pan, could determine the irrigation requirement of rice paddy field. Besides, different rainfall pattern resulted in different irrigation requirement time and amount, for example, June in 2006, late July & August in 2007, which gives us the importance of securing irrigation water against different rainfall pattern.
This study was conducted to related soil characteristics such as gravel content, drainage, available soil depth, slope, landform with agricultural productivity. Detailed information on soil characteristics is of great importance for the use and conservation of soil resources that are essential for hunan welfare and ecosystem sustainability. All the soil maps (1:50,000, 1:25,000, 1:5,000 scales) surveyed anD_made in RDA were computerized to make digital soil maps. On this results, we were collected data such as gravel content, drainage, available soil depth, slope that based on parcel-soil analysis data. Land suitability assessment the characteristics of land and classify them according to their availability and capability. It rooted in land classification system and has developed as an important tool for land use planning. We investigate the relation among soil morphological characteristics, soil group for management, suitability class and rice yield in paddy soils. The best soil characteristics were that drainage was somewhat poorly drained, texture family was silty clay loam, effective soil depth was more than 100 cm, slope was 2-7%, gravel content was less than 10% and paddy level class was 2 level.

목차 Contents

• 표지 ... 1
• 제출문 ... 2
• 요약문 ... 3
• SUMMARY ... 7
• 목차 ... 13
• 제 1 장 서 론 ... 14
• 제 2 장 국내외 기술개발 현황 ... 16
• 제 3 장 연구개발수행 내용 및 결과 ... 20
• 제1절 재료 및 방법 ... 20
• 제2절 결과 및 고찰 ... 43
• 제3절 적요 ... 156
• 제 4 장 연구개발목표 달성도 및 대외기여도 ... 163
• 1절 목표대비 달성도 ... 163
• 2절 정량적 성과(논문게재, 특허출원, 기타) ... 165
• 제 5 장 연구개발결과의 활용계획 ... 165
• 제 6 장 연구개발과정에서 수집한 해외과학기술정보 ... 166
• 제 7 장 기타 중요 변동사항 ... 167
• 제 8 장 국가과학기술종합정보시스템에 등록한 연구장비 현황 ... 168
• 제 9 장 참고문헌 ... 168
• 끝페이지 ... 178