초록 ▼

Ⅰ. 제 목
□ 토종닭 활용 산업화 촉진 기반기술 연구
Ⅱ. 연구개발의 목적 및 필요성
□ 우리맛닭의 유전특성, 자가성감별, 백신체계 설정을 통한 토종닭 산업의 활성화 촉진
○ 농장 사육단계의 문제점 파악과 현장보급상의 애로사항을 해결하는 연구 미비
○ 순계(純系)의 품종간 교잡으로 생산하는 토종 실용계의 외모 균일도 저하
○ 성감별 기법 활용에 의한 종계 및 실용계의 암수감별로 사육의 편이성 제고
○ 육계와 사양환경 및 백신이 다르나 토종닭에 적합한 백신프로그램 미비
□ 우리맛닭 종계 분

Ⅰ. 제 목
□ 토종닭 활용 산업화 촉진 기반기술 연구
Ⅱ. 연구개발의 목적 및 필요성
□ 우리맛닭의 유전특성, 자가성감별, 백신체계 설정을 통한 토종닭 산업의 활성화 촉진
○ 농장 사육단계의 문제점 파악과 현장보급상의 애로사항을 해결하는 연구 미비
○ 순계(純系)의 품종간 교잡으로 생산하는 토종 실용계의 외모 균일도 저하
○ 성감별 기법 활용에 의한 종계 및 실용계의 암수감별로 사육의 편이성 제고
○ 육계와 사양환경 및 백신이 다르나 토종닭에 적합한 백신프로그램 미비
□ 우리맛닭 종계 분양 농가의 문제점을 파악하고 해결방안을 제시
○ 유전특성, 자가성감별, 백신체계 설정
Ⅲ. 연구개발의 내용 및 범위
□ 제1세부과제 : 토종닭 산업화를 위한 유전형질 탐색 및 경제형질의 유전특성 구명
○토종닭 계통 모색관련 유전양상 탐색
- 축산원 순계 모색 표현형 조사
- 토종닭 DNA 시료 확보 및 유전양상 탐색
○가금 모색관련 후보유전자의 변이 탐색 및 분석
- 모색 관련 유전자 MC1R, PMEL17, TYR 유전변이 발굴
- 모색 표현형과 유전변이와의 연관성 분석
- 모색에 따른 경제형질과의 연관성 분석
○가금 모색관련 특이 DNA 마커 개발
- Chicken 60K SNP chip 분석을 통한 모색관련 특이 SNP 발굴
- 모색관련 분자 마커 개발
□ 제2세부과제 : 산업화 단계 토종닭의 양적, 질적 특성 구명 및 사양기준 설정
○ 토종 ‘우리맛닭’의 보급에 따른 현장 능력검정 및 산업화 현황 분석
- 전문점 및 제품 판매 등 시장 현황 분석
- 가공제품 개발 및 제품 개발 현황 분석
- 우리맛닭의 현장 능력검정에 의한 종계, 실용계 사양관리 요령 제시
○ 산업화 단계에서의 양·질적 특성구명 및 사양지침서 제작 보급
- ‘우리맛닭’ 종계농장 보급 및 농장단계에서의 능력검정
- 최종 생산물 특성 분석 및 새로운 제품 개발 방향 모색
- 산업발전을 위한 제도 개선 과제 도출 및 산업화 촉진 홍보
○ 사양 및 제품개발 등 산업화 기반기술 정리 및 정책지원과제 발굴
- 타 세부과제와 연관된 연구결과 정리 및 산업화 모델안작성
- 토종닭 산업 활성화를 위한 정책지원과제 발굴 건의
□ 제1협동과제 : 토종닭의 반성유전 이용 깃털 성감별 기법 개발
○ 자가성감별 계통조성을 위한 조만 우성유전자 탐색과 선발
- 병아리 성 감별을 위한 반성유전형질 탐색
- 조우성, 만우성 식별 방법 탐색
- 깃털 조만성 보유 계종 탐색 및 유전자 빈도 분석
○ 조만우성유전자를 이용한 부모 계통의 기초 계군 조성
- 자가성감별 부 계통 선발
- 자가성감별 모 계통 선발
- 자가성감별 모 계통 부계 선발을 위한 검정교배
○ 자가성별종 실용계 작출 시험
- 자가성감별 종계로 부터 생산 병아리의 성 감별 확인과 검증
- 만우성계통과 조우성 계통간 생산능력 비교 분석
□ 제2협동과제 : 국내 실용화 토종닭의 최적 방역체계 설정 연구
○ 토종닭 종계 및 실용계 질병관리 현황 파악 및 주요 질병에 대한 혈청학적 모니터링과 방역에 대한 농장관리자의 의식 개선
- 개별 농장 직접 방문, 상담을 통하여 질병관리 및 방역 실태 파악
- 주요 질병에 대한 정기적인 혈청 모니터링 실시
- 모니터링 진행 상황과 분석에 따른 교육 진행
○ 토종닭 종계 및 실용계 각각의 적합한 백신 프로그램 및 방역체계 개발 및 적용과 함께 농장관리자의 의식 개선
- 개별 농가 방문을 통하여 혈청 모니터링 유지하며 실질적 백신 프로그램과 방역체계 개발
- 종계의 생산성과 후대 병아리에 영향을 미치는 질병에 대한 모니터링 실시
- 백신 및 방역 시스템 적용 효과에 대한 지속적인 교육 진행
○ 적용한 백신 프로그램 및 방역체계의 효과분석, 검증 실시하여 최적의 질병관리 시스템 개발하여 모델화
- 각 농가에 적용한 백신 및 방역 프로그램의 효과 및 문제점 분석하여 최적의 프로그램 개발
-기존의 모니터링 결과를 토대로 다양한 토종닭 농가별 질병 방역 프로그램 모델 및 매뉴얼 개발
Ⅳ. 연구개발결과
Ⅴ. 연구개발결과의 활용계획
□ 토종닭 형질관련 마커의 적용을 통한 국내 가금 종자의 선발 및 유지
○ 모색관련 DNA 마커 현장 적용을 위한 순계, 종계라인에서 마커 적용
○ 국내 가금 종자를 이용한 모색관련 유전적 배경 구명 및 마커 개발
○ 경제형질 마커를 선발에 이용함으로서 유전적 개량량의 극대화 및 관련 기술의 현장 적용
□ 국내 가금 종자의 산업화 과정의 문제점 분석 및 해결로 산업화 정착 유도
□ 순수 국산 자가성감별 종계 개발로 국내 가금산업 기반 마련
□ 토종닭을 이용한 자가성감별 종계 개발로 PS계의 종계 농장 분양
□ 토종닭의 깃털 조만성을 이용한 자가성감별 기술의 특허화 (특허 출원)
□ 토종닭에 사육에 있어서 요구되는 방역프로그램 및 백신 프로그램의 표준화 설정
□ 축산과학원의 순계부터 원/종계, 실용계까지 지속적 모니터링을 통하여 방역체계 수정 보완

Abstract ▼

제1세부연구과제 : 토종닭 산업화를 위한 유전형질 탐색 및 경제형질의 유전특성 구명
In recent years, it has become increasingly important to protect national endemic genetic resources and use local breeds to create commercial strains that can adapt to the changing environment. In Korea, the National Institute of Animal Science (NIAS

제1세부연구과제 : 토종닭 산업화를 위한 유전형질 탐색 및 경제형질의 유전특성 구명
In recent years, it has become increasingly important to protect national endemic genetic resources and use local breeds to create commercial strains that can adapt to the changing environment. In Korea, the National Institute of Animal Science (NIAS) has been studying the process of indigenization of foreign breeds in to Korea and methods to restore Korean native chicken breeds. Korean Native Chickens (KNCs) as defined by NIAS in 2008 are chickens that have been bred true for at least seven generations. The commercial KNC called Woorimatdag (WR CC) was developed by crossing three native chicken breeds (Heo et al., 2011). Woorimatdag has contributed to the industrialization of KNCs because of its rapid growth and the texture of the meat in comparison to the native chickens (Park, 2010). However, the use KNC H strain in the paternal line to create Woorimatdag has led to the decrease in plumage uniformity. Unlike typical white broilers, KNCs usually have colored feathers and various pigmentation patterns. Plumage color is an important factor that is used by consumers to distinguish between KNC strains. Although plumage color is easily observed, the genetics behind the feather coloration is governed by both qualitative and quantitative features (Klungland and Vage, 2000).
In chickens, mutations in MC1R and TYR genes have been shown to be associated with feather pigmentation (Kerje et al., 2003; Liu et al., 2010). However, there is a lack of research on the genetics of plumage coloration in Korean chicken at the genome-wide scale. The purpose of this study is to characterize the genetic polymorphism underlying different plumage color using the chicken 60K SNP chip through GWAS (genome-wide association study) and to increase plumage color uniformity of Woorimatdag. The results will also be used for selecting and breeding KNC H strain. The chicken 60K SNP chip does not contain SNPs of the M C1R region, and so we could not identify the effects of M C1R in this study. The results of this study are nevertheless meaningful in that novel loci affecting pigmentation at genome-wide level were found. The results support a
polygenic effect in feather pigmentation. This means previously reported genes M C1R , TYR , PM EL, M LP H , ASI P , SOX 10, and SLC34A2 as well as the reported loci in this study are important in plumage coloration. The results may contribute to selecting and breeding of KNC H for plumage color uniformity.
제2세부연구과제 : 산업화 단계 토종닭의 양적, 질적 특성 구명 및 사양기준 설정
The current work was carried out to investigate the effect of crossbred Korean native chickens (KNC) on fatty acid, amino acid and nucleotide-related compounds contents of chicken meat. A total of 360 male chicks (1d of age) was used in this work and were divided 4 groups as A) (KNC egg-meat type C strains × KNC meat type S strains) × Ross broiler, B) (KNC egg-meat type C strains × KNC meat type H strains) × KNC meat type S strains, C) (KNC native R strains × KNC meat type S strains) × KNC meat type H strains and D(White Semibroiler Chickens) strains for 5 weeks at the flat house. Palmitic acid and vaccenic acid were highest in C strain meat, and myristic acid and linolenic acid were lowest in A strain meat (p<0.05). Saturated fatty acid was lowest in C strain meats (p<0.05). Valine, leucine, phenylalanine and lysine of essential acid were low in A strain meat. Cystine, aspartic acid, glycine, alanine and proline were also low in A strain meat. Hypoxanthin (Hx) was high compared other strains at 5 weeks and low at 10 weeks. IMP was high compared other strains at 5 and 10 weeks. AMP has not significant difference among strains at 5 weeks but B strain was high other strains at 10 weeks. These results showed that C stain was excellent on the fact of nutrients compared to other strains. Consequently, the result of this work gave the basic data that needed to develop the new strains.
Broilers were raised as the same environmental conditions with Korean native chickens (KNC) and slaughtered at the same age (13 week) to observe the physiochemical differences in breast and leg meat. The crude fat content of broilers was significantly higher than that of KNC in both breast and leg meat. pH of both breast and leg meat of broiler was lower than that of KNC. Redness of breast meat surface was higher in broiler than KNC. Except for the chewiness of raw leg meat, which was higher in KNC than broiler, the results of texture showed no difference between broilers and KNC.
However, the collagen content of leg meat of KNC (6.78 mg/g) was significantly higher than that of broilers (3.12 mg/g). Results showed that broilers reared and slaughtered as the same conditions with KNC had significantly higher fat content while lower collagen content. Therefore, these physicochemical differences clearly indicate that the meat characteristics of broilers cannot be similar to KNC even if the environmental conditions and slaughter age are identical.
제1협동연구과제 : 토종닭의 반성유전 이용 깃털 성감별 기법 개발
The method of sexing based on differences in the rate of feather growth provides a convenient and inexpensive approach. The locus of feather development gene (K ) is located on the Z chromosome and can be utilized to produce phenotypes that distinguish between the sexes of chicks at hatching.
To establish the auto-sexing native chicken strains, this study analyzed the genotype frequency of the feathering in domestic chicken breeds. The method of classification of slow- and rapid-feathering chickens was also investigated. In the slow-feathering chicks, the coverts were either the same length or longer than the primary wing feathers at hatching. However, the rapid-feathering chicks had the primary wing feathers that were longer than the coverts. The growth pattern of tail feather also distinctively differed between the rapid- and slow-feathering chicks after 5-days. The accuracy of wing feather sexing was about 98% compared with tail sexing.
In domestic chicken breeds, Korean Black Cornish, Korean Rhode Island Red, and Korean Native Chicken-Red had both dominant (K ) and recessive (k+) feathering genes. The other breeds of chickens, Korean Brown Cornish, Ogol, White Leghorn, Korean Native Chicken-Yellow, -Gray, -White and -Black had only the recessive feathering gene (k+).
Consequently, feather sexing is available using the domestic chicken breeds. Establishing the maternal stock with dominant gene (K -) and paternal stock with recessive gene (k+k+), the slow-feathering characteristic is passed from mothers to their
sons, and the rapid-feathering characteristic is inherited by daughters from their fathers. Currently, the feather sexing which is based on the differences in the feather characteristics at hatching is the representative sexing method of chicken, because the late-feathering is sex-linked trait. The feather sexing can be used if the breed has dominant feathering gene (K )
in maternal and recessive gene (k+) in paternal. Therefore it is necessary to identify the association of feathering genes and quantitative traits in chickens. In this study, we investigated the influence of the rate of feathering on productive traits in
Korean Native Chicken. In results, there was no significant difference between early-feathering chickens and late-feathering chickens in reproductive performance such as fertility and hatchability. Livability, body weights, egg production, egg weight and egg quality also did not significantly differ between early- and late-feathering chickens. Age at first egg was the only
trait of those tested in which significant difference was observed. The early-feathering chickens laid eggs 3 days earlier than late-feathering chicken. As a result, there is no influence of feathering phenotypes on productive performance in Korean Native Chickens. Consequentially, establishing the feather sexing strain is available using the Korean Native
Chicken breed without considering of the effect of feathering genes on productive traits.
제2협동연구과제 : 국내 실용화 토종닭의 최적 방역체계 설정 연구
As the national income and awareness of welfare have increased lately, the quality of life and well-being craze have become a rising issue. As a result, the attention on and consumption of Korean native chickens have grown significantly. Therefore, research on the restoration and breeding of the Korean native chickens has begun under the lead of research institutes specialized in Korean native chickens.
While the interest in the breeding of Korean native chicken has risen, virtually no study has been conducted on the quarantine system for Korean native chicken, especially on the resistance to and singularity of the diseases of newly bred species. Therefore, we propose to construct a methodical quarantine system based on the research results collected from a series of serological and pathological monitoring on a regular basis on newly bred parents and commercial stocks.
In order to design the new quarantine system, a total of 63,597 serological monitoring and separation identification analysis of Salmonella were carried out. The serological monitoring analyzed the titers of maternally derived antibodies as well as the antibodies acquired from active immunity. For the major diseases of native grandparents and parents stocks, ND, IB, LPAI, and SG, flocks at ages of 1, 20, 30, and 60 days old were monitored, followed by monthly observations. For APV, a new poultry farming disease, the chicks were monitored on their 30th day after birth, also followed by monthly check-ups. Furthermore, the flocks were regularly monitored for egg transmissible diseases, SP, CIAV, FAdV, and MG/MS. In particular, bacteria isolation was conducted for potential Salmonella infection (SP and SG) at each visit. Additionally, at their ages of 1, 20, 30, and 60 days old, the flocks of commercial chicks born from Korean native chicken parents stocks underwent analysis of maternally derived antibodies level as well as a series of monitoring on major diseases such as ND, IB, LPAI, and SG.
When we visited each farm, we consulted with the clients about the diseases and performed diagnosis and judgment when suspicious of disease. We also held educational seminars on the topics of the diseases that have either occurred in the client farms or have been a threat to many farms.
One of the main achievements of this project is the improvement and standardization of the vaccine program required for the breeding of Korean native parents and commercial chickens. The successful application of the systematic program based on the inspection results led to the prevention of disease outbreaks ahead of time, and have thus contributed to the increase in rural household income. Moreover, consulting advice on feeding, breeding and disease managements has improved the clients’ awareness of the importance of a solid quarantine system.
This project can technically improve the efficiency of farm management methods via the application of the disinfection and vaccine program, as it has developed the most efficient model for vaccine program by analyzing the titer data for each inoculation pattern of varying flock ages.
From an economic perspective, we believe that the introduction of the bio-security and disease management program will improve productivity and reduce the average mortality rate; ultimately leading to an increase in rural household income.

목차 Contents

• 표지 ... 1
• 제 출 문 ... 2
• 요 약 문 ... 3
• SUMMARY ... 5
• 목 차 ... 9
• 제 1 장 서 론 ... 10
• 제 2 장 국내외 기술개발 현황 ... 12
• 1절 : 국내 연구 현황 ... 12
• 2절 : 국외 연구 현황 ... 12
• 3절 : 국내외 연구현황 비교 및 필요 연구 분야 ... 13
• 제 3 장 연구개발 수행 내용 및 결과 ... 14
• 제1세부연구과제 : 토종닭 산업화를 위한 유전형질 탐색 및 경제형질의 유전특성 구명 ... 14
• 제2세부연구과제 : 산업화 단계 토종닭의 양적, 질적 특성 구명 및 사양기준 설정 ... 26
• 제1협동연구과제 : 토종닭의 반성유전 이용 깃털 성감별 기법 개발 ... 47
• 제2협동연구과제 : 국내 실용화 토종닭의 최적 방역체계 설정 연구 ... 60
• 제 4 장 연구개발목표 달성도 및 대외기여도 ... 73
• 1절 : 목표대비 달성도 ... 73
• 2절 : 정량적 성과 ... 74
• 제 5 장 연구개발결과의 활용계획 ... 80
• 제 6 장 연구개발과정에서 수집한 해외과학기술정보 ... 81
• 제 7 장 기타 중요 변동사항 ... 82
• 제 8 장 국가과학기술종합정보시스템에 등록한 연구장비 현황 ... 83
• 제 9 장 참고문헌 ... 84
• 끝페이지 ... 91