초록 ▼

○연구결과
1)인삼에 대한 AMF접종효과
묘삼에 AMF를 접종함으로서 인삼 지상 지하부의 생육증진효과를 나타내 인삼 지하부 생체중이 이식 후 16주와 96주에 대조구에 비해 각각 36.5%와 30.4% 증가 되었슴.
2) 예정지 관리와 병저항성물질 확인
예정지관리시 보리와 수단그라스의 재배로 AMF번식체 밀도 증가를 가져올 수 있었고, AMF감염된 묘삼내의 chitinase와 β-1,3-glucanase활성이 AMF접종 후 7일경에 높아졌슴.
3) 인삼포장의 주요 병해의 발생실태와 생물적 방제효과와 방제

○연구결과
1)인삼에 대한 AMF접종효과
묘삼에 AMF를 접종함으로서 인삼 지상 지하부의 생육증진효과를 나타내 인삼 지하부 생체중이 이식 후 16주와 96주에 대조구에 비해 각각 36.5%와 30.4% 증가 되었슴.
2) 예정지 관리와 병저항성물질 확인
예정지관리시 보리와 수단그라스의 재배로 AMF번식체 밀도 증가를 가져올 수 있었고, AMF감염된 묘삼내의 chitinase와 β-1,3-glucanase활성이 AMF접종 후 7일경에 높아졌슴.
3) 인삼포장의 주요 병해의 발생실태와 생물적 방제효과와 방제 전략
전남지역 인삼포장의 주요 병해는 모잘록병, 탄저병, 접무늬병 및 잿빛곰팡이병등이었고, 선발된 3개 균주의 chitin분해미생물 중 Chromobacterium sp. strain C-61과 Lysobacter enzymogenensis의 혼합 배양액은 탄저병에 대하여 81.3%, 점무늬병에 대하여 84.7%의 방제효과를 보였으며, 모잘록병에 대하여 82.3%, 잿빛곰팡이병에 대하여 72.8%의 방제효과를 보였슴.
인삼포장에 고사된 식물체를 제거함으로서 탄저병은 약 30%, 점무늬병은 약 25%의 방제효과를 보였고, 한편, 비가림차광망을 설치하였을 경우 탄저병은 약 40%, 점무늬병은 약 25%의 방제효과를 나타냈슴

Abstract ▼

1.Distribution charcteristics of an indigeneous arbuscularmycorrhizal fungi(AMF) in ginseng garden soil of Jeonnam region and mass proliferation of AMF inoculum
This study was carried out to investigate the distribution characteristics, colonization patterns of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF)

1.Distribution charcteristics of an indigeneous arbuscularmycorrhizal fungi(AMF) in ginseng garden soil of Jeonnam region and mass proliferation of AMF inoculum
This study was carried out to investigate the distribution characteristics, colonization patterns of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on ginseng field soils and ginseng roots collected from Jeonnam region(Gokseong, Yeonggwang, Yeongam and Haenam) and the changes in AMF propagule density and physiochemical properties of soil were cultivated with host crops for establishment of the soil management methods in improving and maintaining of soil quality of a ginseng fields. Total average density of AMF spores was in the range of 3.4～5.9 g^-1 dried soil, and spore density in investigated soils was increased up to three years old ginseng field. Whereas, AMF spore density in the marginal field soil with 6.3～14.7 g^-1 was higher than in ginseng field soil. In distribution of AMF spores in size, the highest distributed frequency was 74.3% in the range of 45～106㎛ in diameter. AMF colonization pattern of in ginseng roots depended on highly with a Paris-type mycorrhizal association. Average infection percentage showed between 40% and 50% levels and especially, the highest mycorrhizal infection rate was 64.4% in Yeongam area. The hyphal quantity increased with an increment of ginseng cultivation years. External hyphae length (EHL) in the rhizosphere soil of ginseng field was in the range of 0.5～4.4 m g^-1dried soil. Total dry weight of propagated AMF inoculant in 6 months after mass proliferation was 150kg and average density of AMF spore was 18.5 g^-1dried soil.
2. Improvement of AMF propagule density in the soil before ginseng cultivation
Winter crops (barley and rye) and summer crops (sudangrass and soybean)were cultivated in combination with treatments to improve AMF propagation and soil aggregation in ginseng field before planting. Yield of harvested green manure was higher at the rye only (3,045 kg ha^-1),rye / sudangrass (2,756.8 kg ha^-1), barley / soybean (1,628.3 kg ha^-1), respectively. Soil organic matter was increased about 0.1～0.2% after incorporation of winter crops comparing to control. Soil aggregation rate was improved at barley (45.7%) and at rye / sudangrass cultivated plot (45.1%). The number of AMF spores in soil after cultivating of winter crops was slowly increased. In summer crops, AMF spore density at sudangrass cultivated plot (64.0 g^-1dried soil) was higher than soybean cultivated plot. EHL was 15～20m g^-1 at winter crop, whereas at summer crop cultivation was 26～29m g^-1 in sudangrass and in 17～22 m g^-1 in soybean plot. Glomalin content in the soil cultivated with host crop was higher than that of control. Especially, the highest glomalin content was shown in the soybean cultivated plot after barley harvest with a 1.7mg g^-1.
These results indicated that the most effective soil management of pre-management of ginseng field is cultivating sudangrass as a succeeding crop after post-harvesting of barley for improvement of AMF spore density and soil physical properties.
3. Studies on the growth response to Korean ginseng(Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) seedling inoculated with an arbuscular mycorrhiozae inoculum in field condition
To establish the effective conditions for inoculating the arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi (AMF) inoculum into the ginseng seedlings, the mixtures with hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC), flour, glutinous starch syrup, seaweed extract and the tap water were used as good adhesives by estimating the AMF inoculum's adhesive ability.
The physical characteristics of one year old Korean ginseng seedlings which used in transplanting were 1.33 of weight, 19.43cm of length, 5.54 mm of diameter, 47.23 cm² of surface area and 18.5 spores/g of the spore density of the inoculums propagated for 6 months. Among the various levels of the viscosities (1, 25, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250 cp) tested in this study, it is estimated that the 150cp viscosity of adhesives showed the strongest in adhesive ability with 2.81g of AMF inoculums. Because there was not much difference in AMF inoculum's adhesive ability were several different materials, seaweed extract, which known to be effective on AMF hyphae germination and growth, was used as a main material and HEC was added into the seaweed extracts to adjust the viscosity. There was not found any significant physical differences of cortex cells in ginseng seedlings with observation under the microscope after 3 hours dipping with adhesive materials. The accumulated and sequential oxygen wastages from each adhesive materials 45mg from HEC, 43mg from glutinous starch syrup and the seaweed extracts, 32mg from flour and 22mg from the tap water.
Sequential oxygen wastages showed the highest at around 1 hr after adjustment to constant temperature, resulting in 13mg from HEC, 12mg from the mixtures with the sea weed extracts and flour, 11mg from the glutinous starch syrup and 9mg from tap water and then it was barely existed after 7 hours.
To examine the effectiveness of AMF into ginseng seedling the field condition, we investigated the growth response of one year-old Korean ginseng seedlings inoculated with AMF (46 spores per seedling) at transplanting time. The chemical properties of the field soil were a 5.9 of pH, 0.20 dS/m of EC, 279.7 mg/kg of P₂O₅, 1.61 g/kg of SOM, 0.06 % of T-N, 0.62 cmol/kg of exchangeable K, 1.86 cmol/kg of Ca, 0.82 cmol/kg of Mg and 0.22 cmol/kg of Na, respectively. At sixteen weeks after inoculation with AMF, the growth of mycorrhizal ginseng plants were improved by additional inoculation of AMF. Root fresh weight, leaf area, and chlorophyll content of AMF inoculated ginseng plants were improved significantly. Root fresh weight of ginseng in 16 and 52 weeks after transplanting were increased respectively in 36.5% and 30.4% compared to non-inoculated ginseng seedlings. The macro-nutrient and micro-nutrient concentrations of the ginseng plants inoculated with AMF were highly increased compared to those of non-inoculated ones. The spore densities of AMF in the rhizosphere soil at 16 weeks after inoculation with and without AMF were 256.8 and 186.3 spores/30g fresh soil, respectively. The AMF infection rate in lateral roots of AMF inoculated ginseng plants was approximately 19% higher compared to the lateral roots of non-inoculated control plants.
In AMF mycorrhizal plants, the bioprotection against soil-borne pathogens can result from the preactivation of defence responses including some structural modifications and the pathogenesis-related(PR) proteins accumulation, such as chitinase, β-1,3-glucanase etc.
Therefore, we determined whether chitinase or β-1,3-glucanase activities in ginseng seedlings inoculated with or without AMF was increased.
Our results showed that plant chitinase activity was highly increased at 7 day with treatment of AMF, meaning mycorrhizal-specitic induction of plant chitinases could be involved in the biocontrol of a certain pathogen by AMF.
Taken together, we can conclude that inoculation of ginseng seedlings with AMF at transplanting time may enhance plant growth and consequently improve the yield of ginseng root.
4. Ecology of major diseases and strategies of eco-friendly controls against pathogens in ginseng field in Jeonnam area.
1)Major diseases of ginseng field and their ecology in Jeonnam area.
Major diseases of ginseng in Jeonnam area were Alternaria blight, Anthracnose, Damping-off, Gray mold, Root rot and Root-knot nematode. Chemical fungicides have been treated for control of Alternaria blight, Anthracnose, Damping-off and Gray mold,
Alternaria blight and Anthracnose were observed from early and middle June. Damping-off was occurred from middle to early May and Gray mold was observed from late march to late June. Dead plants were observed in all of ginseng plantations. Numbers of spores of Alternaria panax, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Botrytis cinerea were distributed on the dead plants. It was considered that the spores might be played an role as major inoculum of diseases occurring in the growing season of ginseng.
2)Stratigies for control of anthracnose and alternaria blight of ginseng by environmental-friendly system.
The dead plants that observed in July at the ginseng plantations had the numbers of conidia of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Alternaria panax.. Eradication of the dead plants showed considerable control effect, with control value of about 30% for anthracnose and about 25% for alternaria blight. The rain cut-shade roofs showed control values of about 40% for anthracnose and about 25% for alternaria blight. We could see that the fields of rain cut-shade roofs are spraying much less fungicides (less than a half in spraying times) than the fields of general shade roofs in Jeonnam area. In 2005 experiment, the treatment of combined culture solution with L. enzymogenensis and Chromobacterium sp. strain C-61 showed superior control efficacy with control values of 81.3% for anthracnose and 84.7% for alternaria blight, which were similar to those of fungicidal treatment. In 2006 experiment, however, control efficacy of the culture solution was lower than that of fungicide. Present study indicates that anthracnose and alternaria blight of ginseng can be controlled by environmental-friendly system such as use of rain cut-shade roof, eradication of dead plants and application of biocontrol agents.
3)Biological control of damping-off and gray mold of ginseng by chitinolytic microorganisms
Damping-off caused by Rhizoctonia solani and Pythium sp. and gray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea are important disease in the ginseng plantations.
The growth of R. solani was largely inhibited on PDA plates by chitinolytic bacteria such as Chromobacterium sp. strain C-61 and Lysobacter enzymogenensis, and Pythium sp. was inhibited by Serratia plymuthica. All of these antagonists inhibited growth of Botrytis cinerea. The pot experiments showed that damping-off is largely suppressed by L. enzymogenensis and Chromobacterium sp. strain C-61. However, S. plymuthica was interfere with the emergence of ginseng and formed lesion on the ginseng leaves. In 2005 experiment, the treatment of combined culture solution with L. enzymogenensis and Chromobacterium sp. strain C-61 showed control values of 82.3% for damping-off and 72.8% for gray mold, which were similar to those of fungicidal treatment. Superior control efficacy of the culture solution on damping-off was also obtained by 2006 experiment. These results suggest that damping-off and gray mold of ginseng can be controlled by environmental-friendly method.

목차 Contents

• 표지 ... 1
• 제출문 ... 2
• 요약문 ... 3
• SUMMARY ... 10
• CONTENTS ... 16
• 목차 ... 19
• 제1장 연구개발과제의 개요 ... 22
• 제1절 연구개발의 목적과 내용 ... 22
• 1. 연구개발 목표 ... 22
• 2. 연구개발 내용 ... 23
• 제2절 연구개발의 필요성 ... 25
• 1. 기술적 측면 ... 26
• 2. 경제·산업적 측면 ... 27
• 제3절 연구개발 범위와 추진체계 ... 27
• 제2장 국내·외 기술개발현황 ... 29
• 제1절 국내 기술현황 ... 29
• 제2절 국외 기술현황 ... 29
• 제3절 추후 전망 ... 31
• 제3장 연구개발 수행내용 및 결과 ... 32
• 제1절 전남지역 인삼재배지의 Arbuscular균근균(AMF) 분포특성 및 접종원 증식 ... 32
• 1. 서언 ... 32
• 2. 재료 및 방법 ... 33
• 가. 인삼 재배지의 AMF 분포특성 ... 33
• 나. 토착 AMF증식재배 ... 35
• 3. 결과 및 고찰 ... 36
• 가. 인삼재배지 AMF분포특성 ... 36
• 나. AMF접종원 증식결과 ... 48
• 4. 결과요약 ... 50
• 제2절 인삼재배 예정지 토양의 AMF번식체 밀도향상 방안연구 ... 51
• 1. 서언 ... 51
• 2. 재료 및 방법 ... 52
• 가. 처리내용 ... 52
• 나. 녹비작물(綠肥作物)의 투입 ... 53
• 다. 토양의 물리·화학적 특성 ... 53
• 라. AMF 밀도변화와 감염율 ... 53
• 마. AMF외생균사(External hyphae)추출 및 길이 ... 53
• 바. Glomalin추출 ... 53
• 3. 결과 및 고찰 ... 54
• 가. 예정지관리 토양의 AMF밀도 제고와 물리성개선 ... 54
• 4. 결과요약 ... 60
• 제3절 인삼 재배에서 Arbuscular균근균(AMF) 접종 효과에 관한 연구 ... 61
• 1. 서언 ... 61
• 2. 재료 및 방법 ... 63
• 가. Arbuscular균근균 접종원 부착용 재료 선발 ... 63
• 나. 인삼에 대한 AMF 접종 효과 ... 64
• 다. 균근감염 인삼의 병저항성 관련물질 확인 ... 68
• 3. 결과 및 고찰 ... 69
• 가. Arbuscular균근균 접종원 부착용 재료 선발 ... 69
• 나. 인삼의 AMF 접종효과 구명 ... 74
• 다. 인삼 중 조사포닌 분석결과 ... 87
• 라. 균근감염 인삼의 병저항성 관련물질 확인 ... 87
• 4. 결과요약 ... 89
• 제4절 전남지방의 인삼에 발생하는 주요 병의 종류 및 친환경적 방제 전략 ... 91
• 1. 서언 ... 91
• 2. 재료 및 방법 ... 92
• 가. 주요 인삼 병의 종류 및 특성 ... 92
• 나. 주요 인삼 병의 친환경적 방제 전략 ... 93
• 3. 연구결과 ... 96
• 가. 전남지방에서 발생하는 주요 인삼 병의 종류 및 발생생태 ... 96
• 나. 전남 지방의 주요 인삼 병에 대한 친환경적 방제 전략 ... 102
• 4. 결과 및 고찰 ... 112
• 가. 전남지방에서 발생하는 주요 인삼 병의 종류 및 발생생태 ... 112
• 나. 전남지방의 주요 인삼 병의 친환경적 방제 전략 ... 113
• 5. 결과요약 ... 116
• 가. 전남지방에서 발생하는 주요 인삼 병의 종류 및 발생생태 ... 116
• 나. 인삼 탄저병과 점무늬병의 친환경적 방제전략 ... 116
• 다. 인삼 모잘록병과 잿빛곰팡이병의 생물적 방제 ... 117
• 제4장 연구목표 달성도 및 관련분야 기여도 ... 118
• 제1절 연구목표 달성도 ... 118
• 제2절 관련분야에 대한 기여도 ... 119
• 제5장 연구개발결과의 활용계획 ... 120
• 제1절 활용보급 계획 ... 120
• 제7장 참고문헌 ... 122
• 끝페이지 ... 129