보고서 정보
주관연구기관 |
서울대학교 Seoul National University |
보고서유형 | 최종보고서 |
발행국가 | 대한민국 |
언어 |
한국어
|
발행년월 | 2011-12 |
과제시작연도 |
2010 |
주관부처 |
농림축산식품부 Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs(MAFRA) |
등록번호 |
TRKO201400026418 |
과제고유번호 |
1545002447 |
사업명 |
농림기술개발 |
DB 구축일자 |
2014-11-10
|
초록
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○ 연구결과
본 연구 1년차 과제에서 옥수수–대두박의 대체원료로서 copra 박의 대체원료 가능성을 평가하였다. 육성기의 조단백질(crude protein) 소화율에서 copra 박을 18% 첨가한 처리구가 다른 처리구들에 비해 유의적으로 낮은 수치를 나타내었으나(P<0.05), 비육기 영양소 소화율과 in vitro 영양소 소화율 실험과 회장 소화율 실험 결과에서 모든 처리구간에 유의적인 차이가 나타나지 않아 copra 박을 18%까지 첨가하여도 돼지의 영양소 소화율에 부정적인 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 사양 실험
○ 연구결과
본 연구 1년차 과제에서 옥수수–대두박의 대체원료로서 copra 박의 대체원료 가능성을 평가하였다. 육성기의 조단백질(crude protein) 소화율에서 copra 박을 18% 첨가한 처리구가 다른 처리구들에 비해 유의적으로 낮은 수치를 나타내었으나(P<0.05), 비육기 영양소 소화율과 in vitro 영양소 소화율 실험과 회장 소화율 실험 결과에서 모든 처리구간에 유의적인 차이가 나타나지 않아 copra 박을 18%까지 첨가하여도 돼지의 영양소 소화율에 부정적인 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 사양 실험에서는 종료체중과 일당증체량에서 통계적인 유의차가 나타나지 않았으나, 실험 전 기간 동안 copra 박 첨가수준이 증가할수록 사료효율이 유의적으로 낮아지는 것을 볼 수 있었다(P<0.05). 또한 지방산패도 분석 결과에서는 도축 후 7일차에는 모든 처리구간 유의적인 차이가 없었으므로 장기적인 관점에서 볼경우 큰 영향을 미치지 않을 것으로 사료된다.
본 연구의 2년차 실험에서는 육성–비육기 사료 내 옥수수-대두박을 mannanase를 첨가한 palm 박으로 대체 시 이들의 이용 가능성을 규명하였다. 6주까지의 사양실험 결과 체중, 일당증체량, 일당사료 섭취량에 있어서 유의적인 차이를 나타내지 않았으나 사료효율에서 palm 박을 18% 첨가한 PKM18 처리구의 경우 다른 처리구에 비해서 유의적으로 낮은 모습을 보였다. Palm 박의 첨가 수준이 올라감에 따라 육성기 체중이 감소하는 경향이 나타내었으나, 사료효율에 있어 12%까지는 비슷한 수준을 나타내었다. 반면 비육기에서는 palm박을 18%까지 첨가하여도 체중, 일당증체량, 일당사료 섭취량에서 유의적인 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 영양소 소화율 실험에서는 조단백질 소화율의 경우, palm 박을 18% 첨가한 처리구가 다른 처리구에 비해 가장 낮은 수치를 나타났으나(P<0.01) 이 외의 다른 영양소에서는 통계적인 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 두 대체원료인 copra 박과 palm 박의 육성–비육돈 사료 내첨가 비교 실험결과, 사양실험에서 비육기 6주 동안의 체중과 비육전기 사료 효율에서 palm 박을 처리한 처리구가 copra 박을 처리한 처리구에 비하여 유의적으로 높게 나타났다(P<0.05). 사료섭취량에서는 palm 박과 copra 박의 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 혈중 요소태질소나 육질 검사에 있어서는 처리구간의 유의적인 차이가 나타나지 않았으나 보수력에서 mannanase 수준이 증가할수록 유의적으로 증가하였다(P=0.01). 위의 연구결과는 copra 박은 12%까지 대체가 가능하며, palm 박을 18% 수준으로 급여하는 것은 돼지의 소화율에 있어 부정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 두 원료의 효과를 비교하였을 때, 비육기 사료에 copra 박 보다는 palm 박을 첨가하는 것이 비육돈의 성장에 더 좋은 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으며 보수력에 있어 800IU 수준의 mannanase의 첨가는 육질 향상에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 유당대체제로서 이유자돈사료 내 쌀 가공품의 수준별 첨가 시 이유자돈의 성장 성적에는 유의적인 차이가 나타나지 않았지만 유당을 쌀가공품으로 대체하여 6%까지 첨가하였을 때 일당증체량과 일당사료 섭취량이 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 분 내 대장균 수에서는 대조구에 비해 쌀가공품의 첨가수준이 증가할수록 분 내 대장균의 수가 유의적으로 감소하였고(P<0.05), 설사빈도와 분내 휘발성 지방산 농도에서는 각 처리구간 유의차는 나타나지 않았다. 해부실험에 따른 소장의 형태학적 관찰에서는 비록 통계적인 유의차가 없었으나, 쌀 가공품의 첨가수준이 증가할수록 융모의 길이와 융와 깊이가 커지는 것으로 나타났으며, 장내 유익한 미생물 균총 수 또한 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 본 실험을 통해 이유자돈 사료 내 쌀 가공품의 첨가는 이유자돈의 성장능력, 설사빈도 및 장 내 미생물 균총에 대해서 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다.
3년차 연구에서는 임신돈 사료에 palm 박 및 효소제의 첨가가 임신기 생리적 변화와 분만에 미치는 영향을 조사하고 임신돈 사료에 palm 박의 적용 가능성을 평가하기 위해 수행되었다. 실험 전 기간 동안 대조구의 체중이 수치상으로 낮게 나타났으나 유의적인 차이는 발견되지 않았으며, palm 박과 효소인 mannanase 첨가에 대한 요인분석(2×2)에 있어서도 palm 박 및 효소제의 첨가에 대한 효과가 발견되지 않았다. 따라서 임신돈 사료에서 옥수수–대두박을 10% 수준까지 palm 박으로 대체하는 것은 모돈의 체형에 문제가 없는 것으로 나타났으며, 효소제의 효과가 나타나지 않았다는 점을 고려하면 10% 수준의 palm 박은 효소제가 없다 하더라도 임신돈이 충분히 이용할 수 있는 것으로 보인다. 포유모돈의 대체원료인 palm 박 이용 가능성에 대한 실험에서는 이유 및 폐사율에서 모든 처리구에서 유의적인 차이는 없었으며, 체중과 등지방의 두께에서도 유의차는 발견되지 않았다. 결과적으로 포유모돈 사료 내 palm 박 10%의 급여는 모돈의 체형과 생산성에 유의적인 차이를 가져오지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 육성–비육돈 사료 내 옥수수–대두박의 대체원료인 타피오카 주정박의 첨가 실험에서는 사양성적에서 육성기 첫 3주간은 사료 내 타피오카 수준이 높아질수록 linear하게 체중, 일당증체량, 사료효율이 낮게 나타났으나, 비육전기(7-10주)에서는 타피오카 주정박 15% 첨가구에서 일당증체량과 일일사료섭취량이 높게 나타났으며, 비육후기에서 일일섭취량은 사료 내 타피오카 주정박 함량에 영향을 받지 않았지만 비육전·후기 모두 quadratic 효과가 발견되었다(P<0.05). 혈중 요소태 함량은 타피오카주정박 첨가 처리구에서 전 기간 일정하게 감소하는 결과를 나타내었으며(P<0.05), 영양소 소화율에서 건물, 조단백질, 조회분 소화율이 타피오카 주정박의 첨가에 따라 linear하게 감소하는 것으로 나타났다(P<0.05). 육질 분석에서는 돈육의 pH, 육색, 보수력 및 전단력에서 처리구 간 유의차가 나타나지 않았 나 사료 내 타피오카 주정박 15% 를 첨가한 처리구가 다른 처리구들에 비해 낮은 정육율 (dressing percentage)을 보였으며, 타피오카 주정박 첨가 수준의 증가에 따라 등심근의 조지방 함량 linear하게 증가하는 결과를 보였다(P<0.05). 가열감량에서 타피오카 주정박의 첨가수준이 증가할수록 감소하는 경향을 나타내었다(Linear, P<0.05). 결과적으로 비육기 사료 내 타피오카 주정박을 10%까지 첨가하여도 성장에 이상이 없음을 나타내었다.
결론적으로 본 연구를 통하여 옥수수–대두박의 대체원료로서 copra 박, palm 박, 쌀 가공품, 타피오카 주정박 등의 사료 내 첨가는 돼지의 성장성적 및 돈육의 품질에 부정적인 영향이 나타나지 않았으며, 기존 옥수수–대두박 위주 사료의 대체원료로서 저해요소가 발견되지 않았다. 또한 경제성 분석을 통하여 옥수수–대두박 위주의 사료와 비교 시 성장, 돈육 품질 및 생산성에 영향을 미치지 않았으므로, 사료비 절감에 일정 수준이 대체원료들의 첨가는 효과적일 것으로 사료된다.
Abstract
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In a few years, corn and soybean meal(SBM) were primary feed ingredients in the swine industry of the world. However, after 2006, world market prices for major feed ingredients including corn and SBM recently have risen sharply because of the increasing demand of feed ingredients for livestock produ
In a few years, corn and soybean meal(SBM) were primary feed ingredients in the swine industry of the world. However, after 2006, world market prices for major feed ingredients including corn and SBM recently have risen sharply because of the increasing demand of feed ingredients for livestock production in rapid developing countries and increasing use of major feed ingredients for biofuel production(e.g.,ethanol and biodiesel)in the world.
Alternative feed ingredients should be possessed several properties such as cheap price, storability, adequate nutrients, large amount of production and so on. Currently, as potential alternative ingredients which can be utilized in swine diets, palm kernel meal(PKM), copra meal(CM), dried distillers grains with soluble(DDGS), guar meal, tapioca can be suggested. However, the use of these ingredients has been limited because of their low nutrient digestibility and potential anti–nutritional factors. These alternative ingredients are typically contained the high amount of dietary fiber and its major component is non–starch polysaccharide(NSP). The NSP has been considered ‘anti–nutritional’ due to their negative influence on digestion and absorption of nutrients such as starch and protein in the gut of monogastric animals. It is known that NSP has also shown to impair growth performance in swine(Blackburn and Johnson, 1981; Rainbird et al., 1984).
Mannan is one of NSP which is mainly composed of mannose and it has several negative physiological effects in swine diet. As a result, degrading of mannan is known to enhance the feeding nutritional values of SBM(Coon et al., 1990). To resolve the negative effects of alternative feed ingredients, a variety of dietary enzymes has been supplemented to animal diets because dietary enzymes are designed to break down the potential anti–nutritional factors such as mannan and NSP. There are several experiments which showed that the supplementation of carbohydrase increases the nutrient digestibility in swine(Gdala et al., 1997; Jensen et al., 1998; Yin et al., 2001; Kim et al., 2003). Among the alternative feed ingredients, copra and palm kernel meal have received great attention because of their relatively comparable nutritional values and low price compared to corn and SBM. However, these ingredients contain a high amount of mannan consequently those intervened with utilization in diets for monogastric animals. B eta–mannanase is a kind of carbohydrase, for degrading a mannan component which constitutes hemicellulose to MOS or mannose. It is reported that β–mannanase supplementation improved the feed efficiency and nutrient digestibility in broilers fed copra meal (Dingle et al., 2006) and increased body weight of broilers fed palm kernel meal (Luis, 2002). However, there has been a lack of information pertaining to effects of β–mannanase supplementation ongrowing–finishing pigs. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate effects of various levels of β–mannanase supplementation to swine diets containing alternative ingredients.
In the first year study, different levels of extruded rice product supplementation as an alternative to lactose on growth performance, diarrhea score, fecal E. coli and volatile fatty acid(VFA) in weaning pigs were investigated. Treatments were 1) control(basal), L3(basal+3% extruded rice product), L6(basal+6% extruded rice product). The control diet in phase I and phase II contained 16 and 9% of lactose, respectively. For the feeding trial, a total of 81 crossbred pigs, averaging 7.56±1.18kg body weight, were allotted to three treatments in three replicates with nine pigs per pen by randomized complete block(RCB) design. During the whole experimental period for 5 weeks, there were no significant differences in growth performance, diarrhea score and fecal volatile fatty acid concentration among all treatments. Although there were no significant differences, pigs fed diet of L6 tended to show higher BW, ADG, ADFI. and fecal volatile fatty acid concentration compared to other treatments. Treatment L6 showed the lowest fecal E. coli count among all treatments(P<0.05). These results suggested that inclusion of extruded rice product has similar performance a with 6% of lactose in diet for weaning pigs and reduce approximately 9% production cost of weaning pig's diet. Therefore, extruded rice product could be utilized as an alternative feed ingredient to lactose in weaning pig’s diet. The evaluation of the effects of supplementation levels of copra meal with mannanase on growth performance, nutritional digestibility and meal quality ingrowing–finishing pigs were also conducted. A total of 80 crossbred pigs with an average body weight of 27.22±0.09kg were allotted to one of the following dietary treatments : : 1) NC(basal diet), 2) PC(basal diet+ β–mannanase), 3) CM6(copra meal 10%+β–mannanase), 4) CM12(copra meal 12%+β–mannanase) and 5) CM18(copra meal 18%+β–mannanase). This experiemt was conducted in RCB design in 4 replicates with 4 pigs per pen. There was no significant difference in final body weight, ADG and ADFI a mong treatments. However the pigs fed CM18 diet showed significantly higher F/G ratio than the others(P<0.05). At 6 week and overall period, BW and ADG of pigs were not affected by copra meal supplementation levels up to 12%, but subsequently declined with CM18(quadratic response, P<0.05). In addition, a linear trend of higher G/F ratio with CM18 at late finishing period(P<0.05) and overall period (P<0.01) was observed. Digestibility of crude protein was lower (P<0.05)when the pigs fed CM18 diet and had a linear effect of copra meal level compared to other treatments (P<0.05). Also, TBARS value in pork had a linear effect(d 3,P<0.01: d5,P<0.05) and significant higher value when pigs were fed CM12 or CM18 treatment diets. However, loin pH and Hunter values were not affected by dietary treatments. These results demonstrated that copra meal up to 12% with β– mannanase can be supplemented properly in corn-SBM diet for growing–finishing pig instead of corn or SBM.
In the second year study, an experiment was investigated to evaluate the effect of various levels of β–mannanase on growth performance and pork quality of pigs with the diets containing either 6%, 12%, 18% palm kernel meal(palm meal). A total of 80 growing pigs([Yorkshire×Landrace]×Duroc), averaging 29.68±0.17kg body weight were assigned in a 5 treatments in 4 replicates with 4 pigs per pen by RCB design. Experimental diets were formulated for 3 phase during growing(week 0–6), finishing I(week 6–11) and II(week 11–16) and supplemented with same amount of concentrations(IU) of ß–mannanase including 1) Negative control(no mannanase supplementation), 2) Positive control(800IU mannanase 0.01%), 3) PKM6(6% palm kernel meal+800IU mannanase 0.01%), 4) PKM12(12% palm kernel meal+800IU mannanase 0.01%), 5) PKM18(18% palm kernel meal+800IU mannanase 0.01%). Feed and water were provided ad libitum during whole experimental period. There were no differences between palm kernel meal and NC treatment in ADG, ADFI, G/F ratio ingrowing phase. In overall phase, no significant differences were found on body weight, ADG and ADFI. High level of ß–mannanase supplemented did not show any positive result regardless of dietary treatments. Another experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of various levels of β–mannanase on growth performance and pork quality of pigs with the diets containing either 10% copra meal or palm kernel meal. A total of 96 growing pigs([Yorkshire×Landrace]×Duroc), averaging 32.47±0.76kg body weight were assigned in a 2x3 factorial arrangements with 4 pigs per pen. Experimental diets were formulated for 3 phase during growing(0–6 week), finishing I(6–9 week) and II(9–12 week), and supplemented with different concentrations(IU) of β–mannanase including 1) C800 : copra meal+800IU ; 2) C1200 : copra meal+1,200IU; 3) C1600 : copra meal+1,600IU ; 4) P800 : palm meal+800IU; 5) P1200 : palm meal+1,200IU and 6) P1600 : palm meal+1,600IU. Feed and water were provided ad libitum during whole experimental period. Effi cacy of β–mannanase in palm kernel meal diet in body weight in both finishing periods was higher than in copra meal diet(P<0.05) and palm kernel meal had a higher ADG(P=0.005) and G:F ratio(P=0.006) compared to copra meal groups. Crude fat digestibility in palm kernel meal groups had higher than that of copra meal group(P=0.004). High level of β–mannanase supplemented resulted in higher water holding capacity(P<0.01) regardless of dietary treatments. Higher content of crude fat, lower crude protein and crude ash in longissimus muscle in palm meal group were observed(P<0.001). This study demonstrated that palm meal diet with β–mannanase showed better growth performance and higher fat content in longissimus muscle in finishing pigs
In the third year, evaluation of the effect of dietary tapioca distillers dried grain with soluble(T–DDGS) on growth performance, blood urea nitrogen concentration and pork quality in swine was investigated. A total of 80 crossbred pigs([Yorkshire×Landrace]×Duroc), initial body weight of 28.91±1.92kg, were allotted to 4 treatments based on body weight and sex in a randomized complete block(RCB) design in 5 replicates with 4 pigs per pen. Treatments were: 1)control(basal diet), 2) T–DDGS5(5% of dietary tapioca distillers dried grain with soluble), 3) T–DDGS10(10% of dietary tapioca distillers dried grain with soluble), 4) T–DDGS15(15% of dietary tapioca distillers dried grain with soluble). All nutrients of experimental diets were met or exceeded NRC standard(1998). In growing phase(0–6 week), 15% addition of dietary T–DDGS showed significant low body weight, average daily gain(ADG) and G:F ratio than other treatments, resulted in linear effect(P<0.05) during first 3 weeks. In early finishing phase(7–10 week), control and dietary T–DDGS15 groups showed higher ADG and ADFI, resulting in quadratic effect (P<0.05). The ADFI was not influenced by dietary treatments during late finishing phase, but quadratic tendency was observed during total finishing phase. Serum BUN concentration was linearly decreased by addition of tapioca DDGS(P<0.05) during early growing and total finishing phases(P<0.05). A total of 12 growing pigs(average 46.25±2.17kg BW) were used for evaluating nutrient digestibility but digestibility of DM, CP and ash were decreased by addition of tapioca DDGS in diet(linear P<0.05).
Sixteen pigs were slaughtered at average 113.39±3.73kg BW and dietary T–DDGS15 treatment showed the lowest dressing percentage among treatment(P<0.05). And crude fat composition of pork was linearly increased(P<0.05) by addition of dietary T–DDGS10 in diet but the highest cooking loss was observed in this treatment(P<0.05). In ecomonic efficiency, feeding of tapioca DDGS in early growing phase negatively influenced on the economical efficiency(P<0.05), but similar feed cost per gain was observed after early growing phase. Consequently, this experiment demonstrated that tapioca DDGS can be supplemented in finishing pig’s diet. However, more than 10% of tapioca DDGS resulted in detrimental effects on pork quality.
From these experiments, the result indicated that alternative ingredients such and palm kernel meal, copra meal, tapioca DDGS in corn–soybean meal diet could be supplemented without any detrimental effect on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and pork quality in growing finishing pigs. Further studies are needed to evaluate adequate supplementation levels in swine diet for maximizing profitability of swine industry.
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