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Kafe 바로가기주관연구기관 | 국립원예특작과학원 National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science |
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보고서유형 | 최종보고서 |
발행국가 | 대한민국 |
언어 | 한국어 |
발행년월 | 2015-03 |
과제시작연도 | 2014 |
주관부처 | 농촌진흥청 Rural Development Administration(RDA) |
등록번호 | TRKO201500010249 |
과제고유번호 | 1395035337 |
사업명 | 농업기후변화적응체계구축 |
DB 구축일자 | 2015-07-11 |
Ⅳ. 연구개발결과
제1세부연구과제: 사과의 동해 한계온도 설정 연구
사과 품종별 동해 한계 온도를 4년간 조사하여 10% 고사 온도는 (LT10) -24.7℃이고, 40%고사 온도(LT40)은 –28.9℃ 였다. M.9와 M.26대목의 내동성은 차이가 없었고, 온도가 낮을수록 발아율은 낮아졌다. 사과의 내동성은 휴면기에 –30℃에서도 견디지만, 휴면타파 후에는 이보다 높은 온도에서도 피해를 받고, 정아보다는 액의 내동성이 더 강한 것으로 나타났다. 온도하강 및 상승 속도가 내동성에 미치는 영향은 특정시기의 특정온도에서만
Ⅳ. 연구개발결과
제1세부연구과제: 사과의 동해 한계온도 설정 연구
사과 품종별 동해 한계 온도를 4년간 조사하여 10% 고사 온도는 (LT10) -24.7℃이고, 40%고사 온도(LT40)은 –28.9℃ 였다. M.9와 M.26대목의 내동성은 차이가 없었고, 온도가 낮을수록 발아율은 낮아졌다. 사과의 내동성은 휴면기에 –30℃에서도 견디지만, 휴면타파 후에는 이보다 높은 온도에서도 피해를 받고, 정아보다는 액의 내동성이 더 강한 것으로 나타났다. 온도하강 및 상승 속도가 내동성에 미치는 영향은 특정시기의 특정온도에서만 영향을 미치는 것으로 판단되었다. 수세가 안정된 나무는 수세가 약한 나무에 비해 C/N율이 높고 내동성이 높은것으로 나타났다.
제2세부연구과제: 배의 동해 한계온도 설정 연구
배의 품종에 따른 휴면기간 중 저온 유지 시간 및 온도에 따른 내동성을 비교 결과, 저온처리 시간에 따른 꽃눈발아율은 –21℃에서 6시간일 경우 품종간 거의 차이가 없었으나 온도가낮아지고 지속시간이 길어질수록 낮아졌다. 전해질 누출률은 -30℃ 이하에서는 저온지속시간에관계없이 대부분의 품종이 30%이상의 높은 전해질 누출률을 보여 온도가 낮아질수록 저온지속 시간이 길수록 전해질 누출률이 높아졌다. 배의 품종별 내동성 확인 결과 꽃눈발아율은 전해질누출률 또는 TTC 검정을 통한 흡광률과의 높은 상관관계를 보였으며 배의 외재휴면 기간중 내동성은 저온 유지시간 및 온도에 따라 다르며 품종별 저온 피해 한계온도가 다름을 확인할 수 있었다.배의 휴면 시기별 동해 피해 온도는 그 해 기상 및 발육속도에 따라 달라지며, 1월 중순~2월중순(DVI 1.1~1.7)에 가장 강한 시기로 가지가 50%이상 죽는 온도(LT50)는 –28~-30℃였다.휴면시기 동안 LT50 온도는 12월 중순에는–23~-25℃, 1월 중순에는 –28~-30℃, 2월 중순에는 –25~-27℃였다. 품종별 1월 중 LT50 온도(DVI 1.17)는 한아름, 원황, 화산, 감천배가 -28℃, 만풍배, 신고, 추황배는 –29℃, 황금배 –30℃였다..–15℃, -21℃, -27℃ 온도에서 상승 및 하강속도를 각각 2, 3, 5, 7℃/hr로 9시간 동안 저온처리 결과, 각 처리 내 품종 간 차이를 보였으며, 처리 간에도 온도 하강 및 상승속도가 느려지면서 저온에 노출된 시간이 길었던 2℃/hr에서 가장 낮은 꽃눈 발아율을 보였다. 온도의 상승 및 하강 속도가 서서히 이루어져 저온에 세포가 적응하여 내동성을 갖는 것보다 저온에 노출된 시간이 길어질수록 발아가 저해되는 현상이 나타났다.원황, 만풍배, 신고 3품종의 생육단계별(발아기, 전엽기, 백뢰기, 개화시, 만개기) 저온처리 후화기 피해율을 조사한 결과 생육단계별 저온피해 한계 온도는 발아기 –9℃, 전엽기 –7℃, 백뢰기 –5℃, 개화시 –3℃, 만개기는 –2℃였다.수체 내 질소수준이 동해에 미치는 영향을 확인하기 위해 질소 수준에 따른 저온처리 후 조사 결과 꽃눈의 갈변율은 –15℃와 –21℃에서 갈변율이 유의하게 높았으며 발아율과 전해질누출률에서는 –21℃ 처리에서 포장 간에 유의차를 보였다. 꽃눈은 전반적으로 높은 저온처리온도에서 유의차를 보였다. 가지 갈변율은 –24℃ 이하의 저온에서 갈변율이 나타났다. 결론적으로 꽃눈과 가지의 저온피해 온도는 차이가 있었지만 질소 수준이 높은 포장의 꽃눈 및 가지의 피해율이 더 높게 나타났다저장양분에 따른 1년생 가지와 꽃눈의 유리당 함량은 sorbitol, sucrose, glucose, fructose순이었다. 발육시기에 따른 xylem sap의 sorbitol 함량 조사 결과. 발육지수가 0.62인 11월 30일이후부터 분석되었으며, 1.58인 1월 15일까지 지속적으로 증가하다 이후부터 감소되었다. 즉,휴면기간 동안 총당에 대한 솔비톨 함량이 증가됨을 확인할 수 있었다.
제3세부연구과제: 포도의 동해 한계온도 설정 연구
포도의 동해 한계온도 설정을 위하여 저온처리 수준을 5수준으로, 처리한 후 삽목후 발아율과 전해질 누출률을 조사하였으며, 눈의 50%가 죽는 온도를 기준으로 보았을 때 캠벨얼리와청수 품종에서는 –22℃, 진옥, 홍이슬, MBA는 –20℃ 정도, 거봉, 흑구슬, 수옥, 흑보석은 –18℃로 추정할 수 있었다. 또 저온처리 후의 삽수의 발아율과 전해질 누출률 간에는 r2=0.6431의 높은 상관관계를 보였고 y = -126ln(x) + 550.86의 회귀식을 작성할 수 있었다. 봄철 저온에 따른 포도의 발아후 피해율을 발아기, 전엽 1~2매기, 전엽 3~4매기, 전엽 5~6매기에 처리온도를 3℃, 0℃, -2℃ 및 –4℃, 처리시간을 각각 1시간, 2시간, 3시간으로 하였을 때 전엽 후5~6매기가 되었을 때 –4℃에서 3시간 조우하였을 때 피해가 발생되었다. 온도 하강 및 상승속도에 따른 포도의 동해처리후의 피해율은 –19, -25, -31℃ 중에서 캠벨얼리에서 –19℃에서온도를 급격하게 하강시킨 것이 발아율이 낮았으나 다른 처리에서는 유의한 차이가 없었다. 저장양분에 따른 포도의 동해처리후의 피해율은 캠벨얼리에서는 처리온도에 따라 –19, -22℃에서는 유의한 차이가 없었으나 온도가 더 낮은 –25℃에서 유리당의 함량이 높았던 구에서 발아율이 유의하게 높았다. 거봉에서는 –16, -19, -22℃ 중에서 처리온도가 가장 낮았던 –22℃에서 유리당의 함량이 낮았던 구에서 전해질 누출률이 66.23%로 가장 높았다.
제4세부연구과제: 과수의 휴면 심도가 동해에 미치는 영향
사과 ‘후지’, 배 ‘신고’, 포도 ‘캠벨얼리’, 복숭아 ‘천중도백도’의 휴면심도 추정 모델을 개발하였다. 추정 모델에 의해 11월 중순부터 이듬해 3월까지 시기별 휴면심도를 추정하였다. 11월상순부터 이듬해 3월까지 일정한 간격(1주일)으로 저온 수준별 동해 피해율을 조사하고, 이를근거로 휴면심도 및 저온 수준별 동해 피해율을 예측할 수 있는 모델을 작성하였다.
제5세부연구과제: 과수 재배안전지대 전자지도 작성
현재 미국 등에서 제작, 이용되고 있는 내한성지도의 제작방법을 적용하여 우리나라 평년(1971~2000년, 1981~2010년)의 “평균년최저온도”를 기준으로 내한성지도를 작성하였다.기존 문헌조사를 통해 주요과수(사과, 배, 포도, 복숭아)의 재배안전지대 구분을 위한 기준을 설정하고, 이를 근거로 재배안전지대를 5개 지대로 구분하는 구분도를 작성하였다. 또한1, 2, 3세부과제에서 도출된 주요 과수(사과, 배, 포도)의 품종별 동해 발생온도를 근거로품종별 동해 위험지수를 고려한 재배 안전지대 전자지도를 작성하였다. 본 과제에서 도출된 전자지도는 신규과원 조성 및 과수산업 정책수립의 기초 자료로 활용될 수 있을 것으로생각된다.
제6세부연구과제: 전국 과수 생물계절 양상 및 품질변화 DB구축
농촌진흥청 시험연구조사기준과 BBCH(Biologische Bundesanstalt, Bundessortenamt and Chemical industry)체계를 참고하여 사과, 배, 포도, 복숭아의 생물계절 및 과실품질 조사매뉴얼을 제작하였다. 조사매뉴얼을 근거로 하여 11~18세부과제에서 조사된 전국의 생물계절(발아기, 만개기, 낙엽기)과 수확기 과실품질(과중, 당도, 과실크기)을 실시간으로 입력,표출할 수 있는 시스템(m-fruit)을 구축하였다(2011~2014년 데이터 축적). m-fruit에 축적된 과실 품질 데이터와 기상과의 관계를 상관분석, 기여도분석, 회귀분석을 실시하여 기상조건에 따른 과실품질을 추정하는 모델식을 도출하였으나 작목 및 품종에 따라 관여하는기상요인이 다르고 회귀분석의 결정계수가 낮았다. 기상요인 외 재배기술 수준에 따른 품질차이 오차를 줄이기 위해서는 다년간의 자료 축적 후 재 분석이 필요할 것으로 판단되었다.
제7세부연구과제: 과수 휴면심도와 유전 발현물질의 연관성 연구
휴면심도별 유전 발현물질의 연관성 연구를 위해 기존에 보고된 유전자 중 목본류나 과수류중에서 내한성과 관련된 유전자 6개를 선발하였다. 이들은 LEA-type proteins, transcriptional control, PR proteins, storage proteins, abscisic acid biosynthesis, polygalacturonase inhibitor protein에 대한 작용기작을 갖는다. 선발된 유전자를 NCBI에서 accession no. 확인하고, blast를 검색하여 과종별로 유사도가 가장 높은 유전자를 찾아 선발하였다. Blast 검색으로 유전자를 찾을 수가 없으면, 과종별로 기능적으로 유사한 유전자를 GenBank에서 찾아서 선발하였다.선발된 유전자의 염기서열을 이용하여 primer를 제작하였다. 휴면시기별로 샘플링한 식물체로부터 CTAB 추출 방법을 이용하여 RNA를 분리한 후 real-time PCR에 의해 유전자의 발현정도를 조사하였다.포도에서 dehydrin, bspA, nced1 유전자의 상대적 발현은 가을동안 점차 증가하고 겨울에 최대를 보이며, 봄에 감소하는 계절적인 패턴을 보였다. 그러나, cbf4, PR1 유전자는 계절적으로발현 차이를 나타내지 않았다. Dehydrin 유전자의 발현은 9월부터 점차 증가하여 12월에 최대를 나타내고 점차 감소하여 2월 이후에는 발현 변화의 차이는 없었다. BspA 유전자는 9월과10월에 최대를 나타내고 1월 이후에는 발현 변화가 없었다. NCED1 유전자의 발현은dehydrin, bspA 유전자의 발현 양상보다 완만하게 발현되어 9월부터 2월까지 발현되다가 3월이후부터는 발현 변화가 없었다. 상대적으로 내한성이 강한 ‘캠벨얼리’와 약한 ‘거봉’에서 실험전기간 동안 품종간 발현차이는 나타나지 않았다.사과에서 cbf2, nced1, pgip, dehydrin 유전자의 상대적 발현은 가을 동안 점차 증가하고, 한겨울에 최대를 보이며, 봄에 감소하는 계절적 패턴을 보였다. 한편, Mal d 1 유전자는 계절적으로 발현 차이를 나타내지 않았다. NCED1, cbf2 유전자의 발현은 10월부터 점차 증가하여 12월에 최대를 나타내고 점차 감소하여 3월 이후에는 발현 변화의 차이는 없었다. Dehydrin,pgip 유전자의 발현 양상보다 완만하게 발현되었고 3월이후에는 발현 변화가 없었다. 사과 품종에서 내한성이 강한 ‘후지’가 cbf2, dehydrin, nced1, pgip 유전자의 발현이 ‘홍로’보다 높게나타났으나, 통계적인 유의차는 없었다.배에서 cbf, dehydrin, nced1, pgip 유전자의 상대적 발현은 가을 동안 점차 증가하고, 한겨울에 최대를 보이며, 봄에 감소하는 계절적 패턴을 보였다. 한편, PR1a 유전자는 계절적으로 발현 차이를 나타내지 않았다. Dehydrin 유전자의 발현은 9월부터 점차 증가하여 11월에 최대를나타내고 점차 감소하여 3월 이후에는 발현 변화의 차이는 없었다. NCED1 유전자의 발현은11월부터 점차 증가하여 1월에 최대를 나타내고 점차 감소하여 4월 이후에는 발현 변화의 차이는 없었다. cbf 유전자의 발현은 9월부터 점차 증가하여 12월에 최대를 나타내고 점차 감소하여 3월 이후에는 발현 변화의 차이는 없었다. pgip 유전자의 발현은 9월부터 점차 증가하여11월에 최대를 나타내고 점차 감소하여 1월 이후에는 발현 변화의 차이는 없었다. 상대적으로내한성이 강한 ‘신고’는 ‘원황’에 비해 발현량이 높거나 빨리 나타났지만, 통계적인 유의차는 없었다.복숭아에서 cbf, dehydrin, nced1 유전자의 상대적 발현은 가을 동안 점차 증가하고, 한겨울에최대를 보이며, 봄에 감소하는 계절적 패턴을 보였다. 한편, PR10, pgip 유전자는 계절적으로발현 차이를 나타내지 않았다. cbf 유전자의 발현은 10월부터 점차 증가하여 12월에 최대를 나타내고 점차 감소하여 2월 이후에는 발현 변화의 차이는 없었다. Dehydrin 유전자의 발현은 9월부터 점차 증가하여 12월에 최대를 나타내고 점차 감소하여 2월 이후에는 발현 변화의 차이는 없었다. NCED1 유전자는 10월부터 12월까지만 발현하였다. 상대적으로 내한성이 강한 ‘찌요마루’와 약한 ‘오도로끼’에서 실험 전기간 동안 품종간 발현차이는 나타나지 않았다.과종별로 DTA 시스템으로 얻은 열방출점을 분석하여 눈과 가지의 치사율을 나타내는 온도에따라 눈 LTE50, 가지 LTE50으로 눈 및 가지 50%의 고사율을 각각 나타내었다. 과수원에서 휴면중인 눈과 줄기를 2013년 11월부터 2014년 3월까지 시료로부터 내한성을 비교하였다. 내한성이 가장 강했던 시기의 LTE은 눈은 ‘캠벨얼리’ –22℃, ‘거봉’ –20℃이고, 가지는 ‘캠벨얼리’–25.3℃, ‘거봉’ –23℃, ‘후지’ –18℃, ‘홍로’ –15.8℃, ‘신고’ –20.6℃, ‘원황’ –17.9℃, ‘찌요마루’ –22℃, ‘오도로끼’ –22℃로 나타났다. 이와 같이 과종별 품종별로 겨울부터 봄까지 눈과줄기의 내한성을 시험한 결과 탈순화 후 내한성을 잃게 되어 기온이 갑작스럽게 내려가면 동해피해를 예상할 수 있다.
제8세부연구과제: 과수 휴면 연관성 생리물질 탐색 연구
1. 발아율 및 발아 소요 일수 조사를 이용한 내재 휴면기 설정
‘후지’ 사과나무의 내재 휴면 기간은 발아 소요 일수 및 발아율 조사를 통해 만개 후165일부터 255일 사이 즉, 10월 말부터 이듬해 1월 초까지 약 70일 정도 지속됨을 알 수있었으며, 최초 발아까지 20일 이내, 최종 발아율 60% 이상을 기준으로 외재 휴면에서 내재휴면으로, 다시 내재 휴면에서 환경 휴면으로 전환되는 시점을 찾을 수 있었다. 이렇게도출된 내재 휴면기 동안 요구되는 저온을 산출한 결과, 내재 휴면 타파기인 만개 후255일까지 축적된 저온은 CH 모델의 경우 666시간, Utah 모델은 517CU으로 조사되었다.‘캠벨얼리’ 포도나무의 경우, 만개 165일 이후에 채취된 가지는 100% 발아할 뿐만 아니라발아 소요일수가 짧아 내재 휴면이 완전히 타파된 것으로 판단되어 최종적으로 9월 말에서11월 말까지 약 2달간 내재 휴면이 지속됨을 알 수 있었다. 또한 이 기간 동안 CH 모델과Utah 모델에 의한 저온 적산 값 계산 시, 각각 321시간과 442CU로 조사되었다.‘신고’ 배의 내재 휴면은 10월 초순경(만개 후 145일과 160일 사이) 시작되어 약 80일정도 지속되다가 12월 말경 타파된다. 이러한 내재 휴면 타파를 위한 저온 요구도를 계산한결과, 두 모델 모두에서 유효한 저온은 10월 중순(10월 16일)경 축적되기 시작하였으며, 내재휴면이 타파되었다고 추정된 만개 후 235일(12월 25일)의 chill unit는 CH 모델의 경우629시간, Utah 모델의 경우 719CU로 조사되었다.만개 후 150일(9월 13일) 이후에 채취된 ‘장호원 황도’ 복숭아의 가지는 11월까지도 전혀발아하지 않고 있어 ‘장호원 황도’의 내재 휴면은 만개 후 135일~150일 사이에 시작되는것으로 생각된다. 이후에도 지속적인 육안 관찰이 이루어지고 있으며 12월 18일 관찰에서10월 31일과 11월 13일에 채취된 가지의 일부가 발아하였으나 각각 최초 발아까지 48일과35일이 소요되어 내재 휴면이 완전히 타파되었다고 판단하기 어려웠다.
2. 휴면 심도에 따른 대사 물질 변화
ABA의 함량은 눈에서 가장 높았으며, 가지에서는 눈에 비해 낮은 수준의 ABA가검출되었다. 특히, 내재 휴면 개시와 더불어 축적되기 시작하여 내재 휴면 기간 동안 일정수준의 함량이 유지되었으며, 내재 휴면 타파와 함께 감소하였다.또한 주요 품종에서 PUT, SPD, SPM 3종류의 폴리아민이 발견되었다. 그 중 PUT와SPD은 시기에 따른 일정한 변화 양상을 보이지 않았으나 두 물질간의 구성비 자체가 생육또는 휴면과 연관되어 있음을 확인하였다. 반면에 SPM은 생육시기별 변화가 적고, 특히‘신고’ 배의 경우 함량이 극히 적어 내재 휴면과는 직접적인 관련이 없었다.가용성 당은 각 과종에 따라 다른 변화 양상을 보였다. ‘후지’ 사과의 모든 기관에서 만개후 165일을 기점으로 축적 양상이 전환되어 함량이 급격히 증가하였으며, 만개 후 200일 쯤다시 감소하였다. ‘캠벨얼리’ 포도의 눈에서 만개 후 120일과 165일 사이에 큰 변화 없이일정 수준 유지되는 총 가용성 당 함량 및 1년생 가지의 전분 함량 조사로 내재 휴면 기간을설명할 수 있는 지표로써의 사용 가능성을 확인하였다. 또한 ‘신고’ 배에서도 마찬가지로눈과 1년생 가지에서의 당 함량 양상이 다른 것으로 조사되었으며, 1년생 가지에서 만개 후175일을 기점으로 당 축적 양상이 변화함을 확인하였다. 특히, 1년생 가지에서의 총 가용성당 함량이 급격히 증가하는 시기는 휴면 개시기와 일치하며, 감소하는 시점 또한 휴면 타파시기와 맞물려 ‘신고’ 배의 내재 휴면 기간을 설명할 수 있는 좋은 지표로 작용할 수 있다고생각되었다.
제9세부연구과제: 바람이 과수생육과 내한성에미치는영향 및 풍해경감 연구
본 연구는 바람이 과수 작물에 광합성, 증산 등과 같은 기본적인 생리반응에 미치는 영향에대해 조사하고, 강풍에 의해 나타나는 과실의 낙과 임계점을 탐색하여 종합적으로 바람이 과수에 미치는 피해 형태 구명 및 피해 경감 대책을 수립할 수 있는 자료로 활용하고자 수행하였다.휴면기 ‘후지’/M9을 이용하여 백도제, 신문지, 볏짚, 발포보온재로 지제부 피복 및 송풍여부에 따른 수액 이동 및 발아기 차이를 조사한 결과, 청명한 날 피복재별로 양광면과 음광면의온도편차는 대조구가 가장 컸고 백도제와 발포보온재가 가장 적었다. 수액흐름은 대조구/송풍,무송풍, 백도제 송풍, 무송풍, 신문지/송풍, 발포보온재/송풍 처리구에 센서를 부착하여 측정한결과 발포보온재/송풍처리구와 신문지/송풍처리구가 대조구이 비해 약 21일 수액흐름 개시가빨랐고 대조구와 백도제의 송풍 여부에 따른 차이는 각각 18, 13일로 송풍처리구가 늦었다. 또한 발아기 차이는 발포보온재, 볏짚, 백도제, 신문지, 대조구 순이었다.생육기 사과, 배, 포도, 복숭아의 수체에 풍속(대조구, 3, 5m·s-1)과 처리방향(대조구, 단방향,양방향)을 구분하여 광합성특성과 피해형태 등을 분석한 결과, 네 과종 모두에서 풍속에 따라초기에는 광합성과 증산 등이 촉진되었으나 처리시간이 누적됨에 따라 반대의 결과로 나타났다. 또한 기공개도율과 기공전도도는 광합성속도와 비례적인 관계였으며, 처리시간이 누적되면서 잎에 국소적인 반점과 잎 끝이 타들어가는 듯한 피해 현상이 발생하였다. 양방향 송풍처리의 경우 3, 5m·s-1처리구 보다는 광합성과 증산 등이 높게 나타났으나 대조구보다는 낮게 나타나 생육에 이로울 수 있는 연풍일지라도 지속적으로 누적이 되면 생육에 부정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다.과실의 생육시기별로 사과 ‘후지’와 배 ‘신고’의 과실을 인위적으로 생육시기(7, 8, 9월)와 낙과 각도(0, 30, 60°, 인위적으로 낙과시킨 각도)를 달리하여 과실특성과 부착력을 조사하였다.사과는 과중과 결과모지의 굵기는 생육기에 따라 급격히 증가하지만 부착력은 7, 8, 9월이 각각 2.1±1.25, 1.8±1.26, 1.6±1.29kg으로 큰 차이를 보이지 않았다. 반면 잡아당기는 각도를 달리했을 때에는 7월(R2=-0.6497), 8월(R2=-0.6080), 9월(R2=-0.7892)에 각도가 커짐에 따라 과실의부착력은 감소하는 유의한 부의상관을 나타내었다. 배 역시 과중은 시기별로 증가하였지만 과중과 부착력은 유의한 결과를 나타내지 않았다. 생육시기별 각도에 따른 부착력은 사과와 마찬가지로 7월(R2=-0.4347***), 8월(R2=-0.5300***), 9월(R2=-0.5687***) 모두 유의한 부의상관을나타내었다.과실의 낙과 임계점을 탐색하기 위해 생육기 사과 결과모지의 고유진동수를 측정한 결과,0.98~2.69Hz 범위 내에서 분포하고 있었고, 풍동 내에서 9m·s-1까지 풍속을 증가시켰을 때 과실의 변위만 발생하고 낙과는 되지 않았다. 진동대에서의 실험 결과 풍속과 변위가 비례적인관계를 나타내었고 회귀식을 구했을 때, 수직변위 y=0.93x-0.7, 수평변위 y=1.27x-1.2로 나타났다. 이러한 관계에 풍속을 대입했을 때, 임계 낙과풍속은 8~10m·s-1로 나타났다.태풍과 같은 강한 바람은 순간적인 강한 힘에 의해 과실을 움직이게 하여 결과적으로 낙과시키게 된다. 따라서 임팩트해머(단계별 힘: 5.2, 8.8, 12.5, 16.6, 26.2N)로 결과모지를 타격 했을때, 26.2N에서 53.3%로 가장 높았으며, 힘에 비례하여 낙과율도 달라졌다. 동일 시기에 과실의부착력은 0°도 각도로 낙과시켰을 때, 25.9N으로 타격에 의해 50% 이상 낙과된 26.2N과 유사하였다. 또한 동일한 힘으로 타격대상(결과모지와 과실)을 달리했을 때에는 결과모지가 과실보다 2배 이상 높았으며, 낙과되는 형태는 과경을 제외한 과실의 낙과가 많이 발생하였다.
제10세부연구과제: 과수 내한성 품종 조기선발 분자표지 개발
포도 신품종육성에서 내한성을 계통을 조기에 선발하기 위하여, 다양한 품종을 대상으로 RAPD를 수행하고, 그 결과를 바탕으로 교배조합 ’의 실생계통에서 내한성 관련 sequence characterized amplified region(SCAR) 분자표지를 개발하였다. 400여개의 primer를 사용하여bulk집단에서의 RAPD 분석을 통해서 6개의 UBC random primer를 최종적으로 선발하였고,RAPD 산물을 클로닝 후 염기서열을 분석하였다. 6개의 SCAR primer (UBC123-428,UBC196-353, UBC221-503, UBC317-800, UBC342-500, UBC344-451)를 제작하고 교배조합실생에 재검정한 결과 내한성과 관련한 특이밴드를 확인할 수 있었다. 교배실생간의 특이적인밴드출현양상은 수피 내의 탄수화물함량과 전해질전도도(EC)는 신초생존율의 조사 결과와비슷한 양상을 보였다. 선발된 SCAR marker는 염색체상에 위치를 확인할 수 있었으며, 주로cytochrome P450, glutathione S-transferase, leucine-rich repeat 등의 유전자가 분포하였다.본 연구를 통하여 개발된 새로운 SCAR marker는 포도 내한성 품종의 조기선발을 통한육종효율 증진에 크게 기여할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.포도의 내한성과 관련하여 다양한 유용유전자를 발굴하고 그들의 특이적인 발현 양상을 조사히였다. ‘캠벨얼리’와 ‘머스캣베일리에이’의 휴면아와 신초의 전사체를 분석하여 유용유전자를선발 및 기능을 규명하고 어셈블리된 short reads 데이터에서 유의하게 발현되었다고 판단되는유전자를 선발, 클러스터링 분석 후 annotation(GO, KEGG)을 수행하였다. 저온조건에서 발현된 유전자의 기능범주는 chemical stimulus(26.1%), response to abiotic stimulus(23.4%),oxidation reduction(18.1%)과 response to stress(14.1%)와 같은 1차반응과 관련된 다양한 생물학적 과정에 관련된 유전자들이 관여하는 것으로 나타났다. ‘캠벨얼리’에서 발현이 증가하는 주요한 유전자는 chalcone and stilbene synthase family protein, RmlC-like cupins superfamily protein, homolog of carrot EP3-3 chitinase와 cytochrome P450이고, ‘머스캣베일리에이’에서발현이 감소하는 주요 유전자는 17.6 kDa class II heat shock protein, HXXXD-type acyl-transferase family protein과 gibberellin 2-oxidase 8이다. 저온처리에 의해 생성된 전사물 세트 데이터는 포도의 내저온성 육종 프로그램에서 분자마커의 개발과 유전자 개발의 자원을 제공할 수 있을 것이다. 본 연구결과에서 나타난 발현양상이 다른 유전자는 분자마커와 유용유전자원으로서의 가능성을 보여주며 다양한 포도품종의 내저온성 육종프로그램에서도 활용될 수 있을 것이다.Real-time PCR과 RT-PCR을 통해 분석한 67개의 유전자 중에서 저온 처리한 ‘캠벨얼리’와 ‘머스캣베일리에이’ 포도에서 43개와 10개의 유전자발현이 증가하였고, 4개와 37개의 유전자발현이 감소하였다. 저온 처리한 두 품종 모두에서 cold induced protein(CIP), lipoxygenase(LOX),glutathione S-transferase(GST), polygalacturonase-inhibiting protein(PGIP)와 cold acclimation specific protein(CAS15A)의 발현이 증가하였고, 반면에 cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase 2(CAD2)와 cold acclimation protein(WCS120)의 발현은 감소하였다. 이러한 유전자의 발현은 저온순화와 관련하여 병 저항성 관련 유전자의 발현은 유도하였고 밀 저온특정유전자의 발현은 억제하였음을 보여준다. 분석된 유전자 중에서, ‘캠벨얼리’ 포도에서 CLP, cell wall protein(CW), TIP, TLP와 WRKY transcription factor 10(WRKY10)가 전사물 수준에서저온에 반응하는 것이 상당히 증가하였다. 전사체 분석은 포도 육종 프로그램에서 유전정보와유용한 유전자를 제공하는 훌륭한 연구방법이다.
제11세부연구과제: 경기지역 기상에 따른 과수 생물계절 양상 변화와 품질의 연관성 연구
사과 2품종, 배 2품종, 포도 2품종, 복숭아 2품종을 대상으로 16개소를 선정하여 기상, 생육상황, 과실특성, 과실비대상황을 4년간 조사하여 자료를 축적하였으며 기상재해 현황도 조사하였다.. 장호원황도와 장택백봉을 대상으로 착과수준을 달리한 결과 착과량이 많아질수록 과중과당도가 떨어졌으며 겨울철 꽃눈 고사율이 증가하였다. 따라서 과실품질과 소득 및 내한성을 고려한 적정착과 수준은 주간단면적 기준으로 TCA3 이었다. 복숭아 잎이 기상재해로 조기낙엽시에는 해당되는 비율만큼 적과처리를 해주어야 이듬해 착과수를 확보할 수 있고 겨울철 저장양분이 감소되는 것을 경감하여 내한성을 증진시킬 수 있었다.
제12세부연구과제: 강원지역 기상에 따른 과수 생물계절 양상 변화와 품질의 연관성 연구
강원지역 겨울철 동해발생과 복숭아 휴면심도와의 상관관계를 통하여 ‘복숭아 동해 예측프로그램 개발’ 및 ‘강원 과수 안전재배지대 분석 시스템 분석’ 관련한 프로그램을 개발하였다. 또한 복숭아 착과량과 적엽처리에 따른 내한성 검정을 통하여 겨울철 월동대책 강화방안에 관한영농활용자료를 제출하였다. 강원지역 과수 안전재배 설정과 사과 개별지주를 이용한 방조망일체형 시스템 확대보급에 관한 정책제안을 실시하였다.
제13세부연구과제: 충북지역 기상에 따른 과수 생물계절 양상 변화와 품질의 연관성 연구
충북 충주 등 5개 지역의 평균기온, 최저기온, 최고기온은 연도별 큰 차이가 없었으나 강수량 및 일조시간은 연도에 따라 큰 차이를 보였다.과종에 품종에 따른 생육 및 과실특성을 보면 사과 ‘후지’의 발아기는 2014년이 3월 24일 전후로 가장 빨랐고 2011년이 4월 8일 전후로 가장 늦었으며 과중은 영동이 304g으로 가장 무거웠고 당도는 제천이 15.2 °Brix로 가장 높았다. 배 ‘신고’의 발아기는 2014년이 3월 17일 전후로 가장 빨랐고 2011년이 4월 3일 전후로 가장 늦었으며 과중은 진천과 영동이 각각 644.5g,644.8g으로 무거웠고 당도는 충주와 보은이 각각 13.0 °Brix, 13.1 °Brix로 높았다. 복숭아 ‘장호원황도’의 발아기는 2014년이 3월 18일 전후로 가장 빨랐고 2011년이 4월 8일 전후로 가장 늦었으며 과중은 제천이 324.8g으로 가장 무거웠고 당도도 12.8 °Brix로 가장 높았다. 포도 ‘캠벨얼리’의 발아기는 영동, 청원이 4월 20일로 가장 빨랐고 보은이 4월 28일로 늦었으며 전엽기는영동, 청원이 4월 24일로 가장 빨랐다. 과실특성 중 과방중, 과방장, 과방경, 1립중, 과립수는조사 지역간 유의성이 없었으며 당도는 보은이 15.3 °Brix 높고, 영동이 13.5.3 °Brix로 낮아 지역간 유의성을 보였다.충북지역 기상재해로는 2011년에 동해피해 763 ha, 2012년 우박피해 639 ha, 태풍피해 1,044ha 발생하였으며 2013년에 과수의 동해 피해 1,490 ha, 2014년에 우박피해 623 ha, 서리피해753.4 ha 발생하였다.복숭아 우박피해에 의한 엽 손상시 인산가리 엽면살포는 생장이 왕성한 시기인 6월~8월 사이에 15일 간격으로 0.4%(80g/20ℓ, 300ℓ/10a)을 4회 살포하면 ‘장호원 황도’ 신초의 전분함량이 100g 건조중에 4.45g으로 42% 증가하였다.착과수준에 따른 포도 ‘캠벨얼리’의 과방중은 신초당 과소착과 처리구에서 413.0g으로 가장무겁고, 과다착과 처리구에서 가벼웠으며 1립중은 과다착과에서 가벼웠고 과소착과 처리구와적정착과 처리구 간에 유의성은 없었다. 휴면기 –20℃ 저온처리에서 과소착과 처리구와 적정착과 처리구간에는 꽃눈 피해율에서 차이가 작았으나, 과다착과 처리구에서 꽃눈 피해율이 높았고, 시간이 증가할수록 피해율은 증가하였다. 휴면타파기 –10℃ 저온처리에서는 과소착과처리구> 적정착과 처리구> 과다착과 처리구 순으로 꽃눈 피해율이 낮았다.포도 ‘캠벨얼리’ 품종은 배수불량 조건에서 절간장이 작았으며, 신초장은 길었으나 신초장,엽장, 엽폭은 처리간 유의성이 없었다. 당도는 배수양호에서 14.1 °Brix로 높았고, 산도는 배수불량에서 0.51%로 높았으며 안토시아닌 함량은 배수불량보다 배수양호와 배수적정에서 높았지만 통계적 차이는 없었다. 명도(L)는 배수적정과 배수양호에서 높았고 적색도(a)는 배수양호에서 황색도(b)는 배수불량에서 낮았으며 전분함량은 배수양호가 5.2로 높았고, 전정 후의 꽃눈피해율은 배수적정에서 낮았다.
제14세부연구과제: 충남지역 기상에 따른 과수 생물계절 양상 변화와 품질의 연관성 연구
충남지역 재배되는 사과, 배, 포도 및 복숭아 2품종을 대상으로 각 과종당 5개 지역의 생육특성 및 과실 특성을 조사한 결과 개화, 만개 및 숙기는 봄철 평균기온등 기상조건에 많은 영향을 받은 반면 과실의 품질은 농가별, 재배기술 및 방식에 의한 차이가 컸다. ‘거봉’ 포도의착과량 및 조기낙엽정동에 따른 과실품질 및 동해발생에 미치는 영향에서는 포도 ‘거봉’ 재배시 태풍이나 병해충에 의해 50% 이상 조기낙엽이나, 주당 150송이(1,600㎏/10a) 이상 과다 착과시 저장양분 부족으로 과실 착색 및 품질이 저하되며, 주당 150송이 이상 과다 착과시 동해위험이 37% 증가하므로 동해방지 및 적정 품질을 유지하기 위한 적정 수체기준으로 주당 150송이 이하 착과 및 생육기 50%이하 조기낙엽 되지 않도록 수체 관리하여야 할 것으로 생각된다.
제15세부연구과제: 전북지역 기상에 따른 과수 생물계절 양상 변화와 품질의 연관성 연구
사과는 홍로와 후지 품종을 대상으로 6개소, 배는 원황과 신고 품종을 대상으로 6개소, 복숭아는 천중도백도와 장호원황도를 대상으로 6개소, 포도는 켐벨얼리와 거봉품종을 대상으로 3개소를 선정하여 기상, 생물계절, 생육상황, 과실특성, 과실비대상황을 4년간 조사하여 자료를 축적하였으며 기상재해 현황도 조사하였다. 사과는 홍로 품종을 선정하여 착과수준을 달리하여시험을 실시한 결과 착과량이 많아질수록 당도와 과중이 떨어졌으며 꽃눈 동해 피해율이 증가하였다. 사과 홍로 품종에 있어서 과실품질과 소득 및 동해경감을 위한 적정수준은 주간단면적기준으로 TCA-3 이었다. 사과 홍로 품종의 배수 조건이 불량한 과원에서는 과실품질이 떨어지고 저장양분축적이 불량하여 동해발생이 우려되었다. 또한 사과의 홍로 품종에서 조기낙엽이되었을 때 과실품질과 저장양분 축적이 불량하여 동해가 발생될수 있으므로 조기낙엽이 되지않도록 관리해야 저장양분이 감소로 인한 동해피해를 예방할 수 있을것으로 사료되었다.
제16세부연구과제: 전남지역 기상에 따른 과수 생물계절 양상 변화와 품질의 연관성 연구
사과(후지, 홍로), 배(신고, 원황), 포도(캠벨얼리), 복숭아(천중도백도, 장호원황도)를 공시하여 장성, 곡성, 나주, 영암, 보성, 순천, 화순, 담양 등 8개 시군 주산지역을 선정 조사한 결과지역별 기상에 따른 과수 생물계절 변화는 조사기간 동안 크게 변하지 않았으며 연차별로점차 빨라지는 경향을 보였다. 그러나 농가 및 조사 지역별로 차이가 오히려 크게 나타나 생물계절과 연관성을 낮았다. 해마다 기상재해 발생 양상이 달라서 재해발생 예측은 어려웠으며 이를 토대로 안전재배지대를 재설정하는 것은 어렵다고 판단되었다. 시험기간중 주산지의동해, 서리피해 등 이상기상이 발생되지 않았으며 조사기간 4년중 태풍 발생은 5회였으며 이중큰 피해를 준 횟수는 3회였다. 착과량과 낙엽정도에 따른 동해발생 양상 구명 시험에서 착과량이 많을수록 과중은 적어지고 과실품질도 낮았다. 동해는 착과량에 따라 큰 차이를 보이지않았다.
제17세부연구과제: 경북지역 기상에 따른 과수 생물계절 양상 변화와 품질의 연관성 연구
사과 ‘후지’ 품종의 생물계절 양상을 보면 발아기는 영주, 영천이 가장 빨랐으며 지역별 차이는 8일 정도 였다. 사과 ‘홍로’ 품종도 ‘후지’ 품종과 같이 발아기는 영주, 영천이 가장 빨랐고,지역별 차이는 9일 정도였다. 배 ‘신고’, ‘원황’ 품종의 생물계절 양상은 품종에 따른 차이는 거의 없었으며, 지역별로도 영덕을 제외한 지역은 2~4일 정도의 차이만 보였다. 복숭아 ‘천중도백도’, ‘장호원황도’ 품종의 개화기, 만개기는 청도, 영덕이 4월 11일에서 4월 15일로 조사지역 중가장 빨랐다. 포도 ‘캠벨얼리’ 품종의 발아기는 영천이 4월 17일로 조사지역 중 가장 빨랐고,지역별 차이는 8일 정도였다. 전체적인 지역별, 과종별 생물계절 양상은 ’14년도가 7~14일 정도빠르게 진행된 것으로 조사되었다.사과 ‘후지’ 품종의 숙기는 안동·영주, 영천, 봉화, 청송 순이었으며 과형지수는 청송이 가장낮았고, 당도는 청송이 16.5°Bx로 가장 높았다. 사과 ‘홍로’ 품종의 지역별 숙기는 안동, 영주,봉화 지역은 거의 비슷하였으며 지역별 차이는 4일 정도 되었다. 배 ‘신고’ 품종의 숙기는 김천이 가장 빨랐고, 영덕이 가장 늦었으며 14일 정도의 차이가 있었다. ‘원황’ 품종의 숙기는 경주가 가장 빨랐고, 영덕이 가장 늦었으며 그 차이는 7일 정도였다. 복숭아 ‘천중도백도’ 품종의숙기는 청도가 8월 19일로 가장 빨랐고, 영주가 8월 27일로 가장 늦었으며 그 차이는 8일 정도났다. ‘장호원황도’ 품종의 숙기는 청도가 가장 빨랐고 영주가 가장 늦었다. 포도 ‘캠벨얼리’ 품종의 숙기는 김천이 가장 빨랐고 영주가 가장 늦었는데 그 차이는 30일 정도였다.2011년 경북 지역 과수 저온피해는 사과가 5,544㏊로 가장 많고, 다음이 포도가 2,843㏊이며자두 827㏊, 복숭아 188㏊ 등이며 총 피해면적은 9,574㏊였다. 2012년 경북지역은 우박이 3회발생하였고, 과수 피해면적은 사과가 3,573ha로 가장 많았다. 그리고 3개의 태풍이 지나갔으며태풍 ‘볼라벤, 산바’의 피해가 컸다. 2014년 경북지역은 우박이 1회 발생하였고, 시군별 과수 피해면적은 안동이 494ha로 가장 많았다.사과 ‘후지’ 품종의 착과 정도에 따른 평균 발아율은 처리온도 별로는 –30℃ 처리까지75~89% 정도를 유지하다가 –35℃ 처리에서 18%로 낮아졌다. 전해질 누출률은 처리온도 별로는 처리온도가 낮을수록 평균 전해질 누출률이 높아졌고, 갈변율은 –35℃ 처리에서 54%로 높아졌다. 저장양분은 주당 착과량이 많을수록 C/N율은 줄어드는 경향이었다.사과 ‘후지’ 품종의 적엽 정도에 따른 평균 발아율은 40℃ 처리에서 13%로 낮아졌고, 전해질누출률은 처리온도 별로는 처리온도가 낮을수록 평균 전해질 누출률이 높아졌다. 갈변율은 –40℃ 처리에서 59%로 높아졌고, 저장양분은 적엽처리율이 높을수록 C/N율은 줄어드는 경향이었다.
제18세부연구과제: 경남지역 기상에 따른 과수 생물계절 양상 변화와 품질의 연관성 연구
경남지역 생물계절 양상 및 과실비대, 과실품질 조사 시험에서는 개화기 평균기온 상승으로인해 4년 동안 개화기가 빨라졌고 수확적기 또한 빨라지는 경향이 나타났고 지역별 과수 품질의 변화는 기상과 각 농가의 재배방법에 따른 복합적 요인에 따른 차이로 사료되었다.배 ‘신고’ 착과정도가 동해에 미치는 영향 시험에서는 국내에서 가장 많이 재배되고 있는‘신고’(Pyrus pyrifolia cv. Niitaka) 배의 재배 중 착과량 조절 및 휴면기 저온처리에따른 내한성을 분석하였다. 착과량은 주당 36개, 60개, 84개로 조절하였으며, 수확시 10a당 착과량은 주당 36개 착과한 경우 표준수량 보다 낮낮았고 주당 60개를 착과한 경우에는 표준수량과 비슷하였고, 84개를 착과한 경우에는 과다 착과가 되었다. 동해 실험은 착과량을 달리한 나무에서 1년생 가지 및 꽃눈을 채취하여 온도를 -15℃, -20℃, -25℃, -30℃ 의 4수준으로 처리한 후 발아율과 갈변율, 전해질 누출율, tetrazolium chloride(TTC)검정, 무기성분 및 전분 함량을 조사하였다. 꽃눈을 포함한 1년생 가지의 발아율은 착과량이 증가하고 온도가낮아질수록 낮아졌고 착과량이 증가할수록 동해피해를 받는 것으로 나타났다. 갈변율은 착과량이 증가하고 온도가 낮을수록 증가하였다. TTC검정에서는 표준수량 보다 과다 착과한 경우에는 각 온도처리별로 흡광률이 낮게 나타나 조직의 활성 정도가 낮아짐을 알수 있었다. 가지내의 sucrose함량은 착과량이 많을수록 높게 나타났다.배 ‘신고’ 배수지 상태에 따른 수체의 내한성 연구에서는 꽃눈을 포함한 1년생 가지의 발아율은 배수등급이 양호하고 저온 처리 온도가 높을수록 높게 나타났으며, 배수가 잘될수록 동해 피해를 덜 받는 경향이었다. 동해 피해 정도를 나타내는 갈변율과 전해질누출률은 배수가 불량하고 저온 처리 온도가 낮아질수록 증가하였다. 조직의 활성정도를 나타내는 TTC검정율은 배수가 불량할수록 감소하였다. 배수상태에 따라 1년생 가지의 C/N율은 배수 양호한 곳이 불량한 곳보다 20% 높았으며, 배수상태가 양호할수록 가지내의 수분 함량은 배수가 불량한 곳보다 낮았고, 유리당 함량 중 sorbitol 함량은 배수 양호 지역이 49%로 가장 높았다. 배수가 양호한 과원은 불량한 과원보다 과중 14%,수량 28% 증대되었다.경남지역 기상재해 발생현황 및 피해조사는 2011년도에 과수 한파 피해로 인해 통영시, 사천시, 거제시, 거창군 4개 시군 249.4ha피해가 나타났고 우박으로 인해 밀양시, 합천군 2개 시군에서 435.5ha 피해가 발생되었다. 태풍 ‘무이파’로 인한 과수 낙과피해가 387.6ha이었다. 2012년도에는 4월 강풍으로 인해 사천시, 거제시, 합천군 3개 시군에서 과수시설피해가 15.6ha이었고,5월 우박으로 인해 거창군, 합천군 50.3ha 피해로 사과 농가에서 피해가 있었다. 연이은 3번의태풍으로 인해 강풍에 의한 과수 낙과 및 낙엽 피해가 많았으며 볼라벤과 덴빈에 의한 과수피해상황은 50%이상 피해지역이 경남 전체 458.28ha이고 태풍 산바에 의한 피해 중 50% 이상피해 받은 지역이 116.18ha였다. 2013년 4월 배 개화기 저온에 따른 피해로는 진주시, 사천시,산청군, 함양군, 합천군 5개 시군에서 107ha피해를 입었다. 2014년도에도 4월 진주시, 창녕군,산청군, 함양군 4개 시군에서 701ha 피해를 받았다.
Title 1: Establish of Freezing temperature limits of apple cultivars(’11~’14)
This study was conducted to find out the freezing hardness by cultivar, dwarf-rootstock, apply time and degree of low temperature, and C/N ratio. The cultivars used were the commercial apple cultivars and apple cultivar
Title 1: Establish of Freezing temperature limits of apple cultivars(’11~’14)
This study was conducted to find out the freezing hardness by cultivar, dwarf-rootstock, apply time and degree of low temperature, and C/N ratio. The cultivars used were the commercial apple cultivars and apple cultivars bred in Korea, and The dwarf-rootstocks used were M.9 and M.26. The applying time of low temperature was from dormancy to full bloom, and the applying low temperature were set as 0, -10℃, -20℃, -30℃, -35℃ and/or -40℃. Chilling methods were set as rapid chilling, rapid thawing, rapid chilling and thawing, and control, while the chilling cycle for control was processed by freezing, maintenance at applying chilling temperature, and thawing. The hours of each freezing or thawing were taken 8 hours, and the hours of maintenance at apply chilling temperature was taken 8 and/or 10 hours.The hours of freezing or thawing in other chilling method treatments were taken 4 hours. Freezing hardness of bourse shoot in‘Fuji'/M.9 apple tree assessed by defoliation degree were set by healthy (percentage of defoliation in whole tree canopy was under 10%, Gunwi region) and defoliation (that was over 60%, Yeongju region). In the results, The water loss and electrolyte leaching were more increased when lower applying chilling temperature and delayed collecting time of the extended bourse shoot, but the sprouting rate was decreased. The water loss, electrolyte leaching, and sprouting by chilling methods did not show the any differences. The water loss and electrolyte leaching of defoliation treatment were higher than that of healthy treatment, but the sprouting of defoliation treatment was lower than that of healthy treatment. Comparing with the different apple cultivars, the sprouting of 'Fuji' was higher than that of ‘Hongro’ and ‘Tsugaru'. Especially, the applying chilling temperature under -3 0℃ was increased the number of bourse shoot that axillary bud only sprouted. The extension of bourse shoot was increased when the defoliation degree was increase or collecting time was delayed. Based on these results, freezing hardiness of apple tree was severe weak after the breaking of internal dormancy and that of late-maturing cultivar was higher than that of early-maturing and mid-maturing cultivars.
Title 2: Establish of Freezing temperature limits of pear cultivars (’11~’14)
Freezing hardiness of winter bud and branch of several pear(Pyrus pyrifolia) cultivars according to degree and duration of low temperatures was investigated by sprouting, electrolyte leaching rate and triphenyltetrazolium chloride(TTC). Sprouting rate as infected by degree and duration of low temperature were different between cultivars. The lower temperature, the longer duration, sprouting rate was decreased. Electrolyte leaching rate was showed above 30% at below –30℃ treatment regardless of cultivars and duration. The lower temperature and the longer duration, Electrolyte leaching rate was increased. Freezing hardiness of pear cultivars at ecodormancy was different according to degree and duration of low temperature treatments.Freezing temperature in dormant period depends on the climatic condition of the year and growth rate, when mid-January to mid February(DVI 1.0 ~ 1.7) was the most strong, and temperature of LT50 was –28~-30℃. Temperature of LT50 during dormant period of 2012 year was –28~-30℃in mid-January, –25~-27℃ in mid-Feburary. Temperature of LT50 in mid-January were differnet as cultivars. 1-year shoot of pear treated as temperature in –15℃, -21℃, -27℃ during 9 hours. Each on temperature were rise and go down, 2, 3, 5, 7℃/hr, respectively. It showed a difference as variety within each treatment. As rising and going down temperature was slowly, sprouting rate was low because of the long exposure time in low temperature. It was investigated cold damage temperature of growth stage(sprouting date, leafting date, white bud stage, flowering time, full bloom stage).Cold damage temperature of each growth temprature was –9℃ in sprouting date,–7℃ in leafting date, –5℃ in white bud stage, –3℃ in flowering time, –2℃ in full bloom stage,respectively. High nitrogen levels in pear tree was effect on freezing temperature. 1-year shootof browing rate of flower bud was significantly high in –15℃, -21℃ treatment and electrolyte leaching rate was significangly high in -21℃ treatment in High nitrogen levels. Browning rate of shoot was showed below –24℃. Consequently, there is low temperature damage, but different in flower bud and 1-year shoot as nitrogen levels. Free sugar content related to freezing resistance substance. Sorbitol content placed first, sucrose was second, followed by glucose, fructose in 1-year shoot and floral bud. Sorbitol of xylem sap was detected in late November as development stage DVI 0.62. It continuously increasing until mid-January (DVI 1.58), and then which was reduced. .Sorbitol content in xylem sap was possible to a good index substance that explain the freezing resistance.
Title 3: Establish of Freezing temperature limits of grape cultivars (’11~’14)
This work was carried out to establish limit temperature in winter injury on grapevine. Nine cultivars including ‘Campbell Early’ were treated with 5 level of low temperature.They were investigated to sprouting rate after cutting and electrolyte leaching. We estimated LT50 (that is temperature that kills 50 percent of bud population in midwinter) that ‘CampbellEarly’ and ‘Cheongsoo’ are -22℃, ‘Hongisul’, ‘ ‘Jinok’, ‘and ‘Muscat Baily A’ -20℃, and Tetraploid of ‘Kyoho’ ‘Heukgoosul’, ‘Suok’ and ‘Heukbosek’ -18℃. Electrolyte leakage rate was higher, as treatment temperature is lower, and in general, according to cultivar. From January to February and March, as time has gone on, electrolyte leakage rates were higher. The relationship of germination rates of cuttings and the electrolyte leakage rate after the cold treatment was r2=0.6431, and y=-126ln(x)+550.86.Spring low temperature according to the grape buds from leafing date of germination in order to recognize the damage after about five or six leaf when she made fun of Maggie's cold treatment to investigate the probability of damage. Campbell early, the blue ribbon, lofty peaks facing each other., Heukgoosul with testing varieties given to the date of germination, leafing Maggie, Maggie, leafing three or four a week or two lobe fifth and sixth Maggie in a chilling temperature to 3 ° C and 0 ° C and – 2 ° C and – 4 ° C,The duration of each hour of leaf, 2 or 3 hours, processing and investigate the probability of damage. Campbell early, lofty peaks facing each other., Heukgoosul and the blue ribbon in each encounter was generated when damage is more than three hours at – 4 ° C.East Sea from the pavement all had cooler than its own can develop in accordance with the sudden temperature drop. Campbell early to see the effect on temperature drop and the rise is East Sea, Kyoho played with mba I held a temperature drop by to the processing speed. Drops Treatability : 0 ° C goal in four hours later increased to 20.0 degrees, eight hours in the temperature goal, descent, 10 hours after the treatment : maintaining 10 hours,eight hours to lower the temperature goal,0 ° C to 4 hours at a temperature increase of rise, fall treatment goal : 0 ° C goal in four hours until decline in maintaining 10 hours, four hours, rising treatment, in contrast is a sphere in eight hoursTarget temperature by descent, 10 hours for maintenance, rising from 8 to 0 ° C for hours processing.When germination percent and electrolyte leakage ratio for processing after the electrolyte leakage rate rise largely a mounting tendency, but as you get much lower processing temperatures lower speed in processing. So a certain trend that's not.Germination rate of descent and rate of rise, temperature conditions – January in January and February, at 19 ° C is in the temperature in March, but there is no meaningful difference compared to a control. Germination rates are low but what about sharply lower.Wine from the variety Campbell Early, in order to investigate the probability of damage after East Sea according to the food processing storage of nutrients estimate that different management methods by storage number field to breed, lofty peaks facing each other. Investigate the percentage of damaged East Sea after inspecting the storage food, cold treatment. Adult tree and control methods were nomadic bigarim bigarim, mature tree house number field of state is the mature tree house's wood with no defensive and nomadic mature tree and the strongest bigarimBigarim the medium.Campbell early grapes of control methods in accordance with the yuridang, when comparing the content of different kinds of nomadic bigarim in glucose content of slightly high, but other kinds in significant. There was no difference. Campbell Early, a breed of germination rate a survey of East Sea and food processing storage management methods by favor. – 19 ° C, and 22° C of, but there is no meaningful difference in – 25 ° C in yuridangOne higher in nomadic germination rates in the rain proof cultivation is remarkably higher.Kyoho grapes grow mature tree house as a result of comparing the content of each kind of control depending on how yuridang peuruk to contain remarkably low, but toss in the other in kindThere was no meaningful difference. Kyoho grapes of the nutrient storage, depending on how management and processing when comparing the germination rate – eaten after East Sea in 19 ° C without meaningful difference in its own, and high rates of germination and 22 ° CContent of the yuridang bigarim the meltdown in hospital, and electrolyte leakage rate is slightly high but meaningful difference in the mature tree who had low levels of yuridang in House Low temperature processing temperatures – 22 ° C the level of the highest in the 66.23 percent.
Title 4: Effects of dormancy depth of fruit trees on the freezing damage (’11~’14)
Dormancy depth estimation models of apple "Fuji”, pear "Niitaka”, grape "Campbell early”, and peach "Kawanakawase Hakuto" have developed. Dormant depth was estimated from early-November until March next year by the developed model. Freezing damage rate was investigated from early November until March next year in regulalr intervals(1 week) according to the low temperature level. As the result, prediction model of freezing damage rate by dormancy depth and low temperature level was developed.
Title 5: Safety zone mapping of fruit tree cultivation (’11~’14)
Cold resistance maps of Korea based on the average yearly minimum temperature of the normal year(1971~2000, 1981~2010) by the method used in such as the United States and Japan. The criteria for classify the cultivation zone of apple, pear, peach, and grape set up through the literature research which can classify the Korea area into five zones. In addition, safety cultivation zone map of varieties of Korean main fruit tree(applle, pear, and grape)based on freezing damage index derived from 1, 2, and 3 task of this project created. Safety zone map that has been derived in this project is believed to be able to take advantage of as basic data of the new fruit orchard establishment and fruit industrial policy establishment.
Title 6: Data Base System establishment of fruit tree phenology and fruit quality (’11~’14)
Data Base System establishment of fruit tree phenology and fruit quality.Phenology and fruit quality investigation manual of apple, pear, grape, and peach were manufactured which were refered Rural Development Administration’s Research and Experiment Investigation Sstandards and BBCH(Biologische Bundesanstalt, Bundessortenamt and Chemical industry). Data Base System(m-fruit) can be input and displayed the data,phenology and fruit quality at harvest time investigated at 8 provinces of Korea, was established. Correlation analysis and regression analysis were performed to fine the relationship between the fruit quality at harvest time and meteorological factors using the data of m-fruit system. As the result fruit quality estimatiom models with meteorological factors during the growing season have been derived. But the determination coefficient value of the regression analysis was low and main meteorological factors which contribute to fruit quality were different depending on crop varieties. In order to reduce the fruit quality estimation error, re-analysis is required after the accumulation of many years of data.
Title 7: Relationship between the fruit dormancy depth and substance gene expression (’11~’14)
The present study was conducted to investigate seasonal changes of cold hardiness and gene expression which is related to cold acclimation in orchard during dormant period. To determine if cold acclimation of fruit tree are associated with specific changes in patterns of gene expression under natural hardening conditions, we compared translatable mRNAs of varietal difference. Cold acclimation increased the expression level of dehydrin (LEA-type proteins), CBF (transcriptional control), PR1 (PR proteins), PGIP (polygalacturonase inhibitor protein) and NCED (abscisic acid biosynthesis) genes probably to control the damage caused by low temperature. Increasing the expression of genes during the fall and winter looks up, showed a seasonal pattern to decrease the spring.A system for differential thermal analysis (DTA) was constructed to assess cold hardiness of fruit tree buds and branch tissues. This system incorporated a sample chamber with a commercially available programmable freezer and data acquisition system (DAS).Thermoelectric modules (TEM) were used to sense exotherms that are produced when water or tissues freeze. The TEM signals recorded by the DAS at 15 sec intervals were downloaded directly to an Excel spreadsheet. The DTA system was designed to test up to35 samples of five buds or three canes per TEM simultaneously. Bud and cane low temperature exotherms (LTE) recorded by this system correlated very closely with those of a standard system, and the extent of cane phloem and xylem injury, based on tissue browning, corresponded well with expected injury based on LTE analysis.
Title 8: Investigation of physiological materials relation with dormancy on fruit trees (’11~’14)
For the main breeds of fruit in Korea, ‘Fuji’ apple and ‘Campbell Early’ grape, this study aims to explore the relationships of the dormancy depth, release of endo-dormancy and low temperature of the bud via characteristic observation through elaborate categorization of the cycles from the growth to the post-dormancy period, and to determine the relationship between the bud break and dormancy by observed the bud development. Also, by tracking the metabolites before and after the dormancy period, we aim to identify the relationship between the initiation and release of dormancy to establish foundational information in forecasting and cooperating against the current issue of climate changes.Through examinations of bud break rate and days to bud break, we find that the endo-dormancy duration of ‘Fuji’ apple tree continues for 70 days, since 165 to 255 days after full bloom (DAFB), from the late October to the early January of the following year.In addition, within 20 days until the first bud break, and based on final bud break rate of 60% or more, we able to find the timing of changeover from the para-dormancy to endo-dormancy, and endo-dormancy to eco-dormancy.Results of calculating the chilling requirement during the endo-dormancy period, chilling accumulated up to 255 DAFB in released endo-dormancy, were investigated 666h and 517CU in CH and Utah model, respectively. In ‘Campbell Early’ grapevines, The rate of bud break was 100% in shoots collected at 150 DAFB, The period until the first bud break was two times longer than in the shoot collected 165 DAFB, and bud break speed was significantly reduced.These results indicate that buds are released from endo-dormancy after 165 DAFB, because at this point the bud break was complete (bud break rate 100%) and it occurred in a very short time period. During this period, when calculating the low temperature accumulated value by CH and Utah model, 321h and 442CU respectively. Onset of endo-dormancy the beginning of October (between the 145 to 160 DAFB), during 80 days, and released end of December in ‘Niitaka’ pear trees. The results of the chilling requirement of the these endo-dormancy breaking was calculated, cold available in both models are beginning to be accumulated around the middle October (Oct. 16), Chill unit of the estimated endo-dormancy has been overcome a 235 DAFB, the 629h and 719CU has been investigated in CH and Utah model, respectively.It is not at all bud break in‘Changhowon Hwangdo’ peach trees, that has been collected 1-year-old branches at 150 DAFB. After have also been carried out continuous observation, but some if it had been taken to December 18 of observation in the October 31 and November 13 has bud break,takes up the first bud break each 48 days and 35 days, it is impossible to determine the endo-dormancy is released completely. The abscisic acid (ABA) content is the highest in the bud, while significantly lower level of ABA is found in the branches. Especially, the ABA contents start to accumulate with the initiation of the endo-dormancy, maintained at a specific level during the endo-dormancy, and decrease with the release of endo-dormancy. The three types of polyamine, PUT, SPD and SPM, are found from the 'Fuji' apple. The PUT and SPD do not show a certain trend according to the growth cycle, but the ratio between the two is confirmed to be related with the growth and development or dormancy. However, SPM does not have any direct relationship with the endo-dormancy with its little change according to the developmental period and low content. The mode of accumulation of the soluble sugar is changed starting from the 165 DAFB showing an abrupt increase of level in ‘Fuji’ apple trees.Also, in all the organs the contents of starch increase from the 150 DAFB; the 1-year and 2-year old branches show the peak at the 180 days, and the bud show the peak at the 210 days and decrease after this point. Also, the level of soluble sugar contents maintained in the bud from 120 to 165 DAFB show the potential to be used as indices to explain the endo-dormancy period of the 'Campbell Early' grapevine, along with the results from the water cutting. Similarly, it was confirmed that the changes accumulation aspects upon start from 175 DAFB. In particular, the time that the content of total soluble sugars increase rapidly in 1-year-old branches, is consistent with the endo-dormancy. The reduction time, it is possible to act as a good indicator that explain the overlap with release of endo-dormancy period.
Title 9 : The study regarding effect of wind speed on fruit growth and cold hardiness and reducing damage by wind
This study was carried out to determine the impact on the physiological response such as photosynthesis and transpiration of fruit tree by wind and also, to establish threshold of fruit dropping by strong wind and find out damage type impacted on fruit by win synthetically. It was studying on different bud-burst and sap flow according to coating(base stem) such as white paint, newspaper, rice straw and foam insulation and winding or not using ‘Fuji’/M9 in dormancy. In results of sap flow using sensor attached on control/winding, non-winding, white paint/winding, newspaper/winding and foam insulation/winding treatment, foam insulation/winding and newspaper/winding was faster than control about 21 days, control and white paint with winding or not were late 18, 13 days respectively. In addition, bud-burst difference was in foam insulation, rice straw, white paint, newspaper, control order. In result of analysing photosynthesis and leaf damage by wind velocity (control, 3, 5m·s-1) and direction of treatment (one and two way) on apple, pear, grape and peach in growing period, photosynthesis and transpiration were promoted by wind velocity on all fruit in the beginning but decreased following increasing time of exposure to the wind treatment.In addition, The reduction in photosynthesis by the wind treatments was correlated with that in the proportion of opened stomate and stomatal conductance. Wind treatment also caused a browning symptom on leaves of four fruit varieties. Adhesivity and fruit characteristics was investigated at different growing stage(July, August and September) and artificial fruit drop angle (0, 30, 60°). In apple, fruit weight and mother branch has increased, but adhesivity was no significant difference at growing stage (2.1±1.25, 1.8±1.26, and 1.6±1.29 kg, respectively). Whereas fruit adhesivity was negative correlate with artificial fruit drop angle at July (R2=-0.6497***), August(R2=-0.6080***), and September (R2=-0.7892***), respectively. A pear also were similar to apple. In result of measuring natural frequency of apple fruiting mother branch in growing period for checking threshold of fruit drop, it was distributed in the range of 0.98~2.69Hz.In the shaking table, wind velocity and displacement has showed proportional relation and when calculated regression equation, it was showed vertical displacement=0.93x-7, horizontal displacement=1.27x-1.2. When wind velocity substitute in this relation, threshold fruit drop was showed 8~10m·s-1.
Title 10: Develoment of molecular maker for efficient selection of seedlings tolerant to coldness in fruit trees (’11~’14)
Low temperature is one of the most important environmental factors that affect the successful production of fruits in Korea. To screen specific expression of abiotic stress-related genes against cold treatment in ‘Campbell Early’ and ‘Muscat Bailey A’ grapevines, the expression of various defense-related genes was investigated by real-time PCR and semi-quantitative RT-PCR. Among 67 genes analyzed by real-time PCR and RT-PCR, 43 and 10 were found to be up-regulated, while 4 and 37 were down-regulated in low temperature treated ‘Campbell Early’ and ‘Muscat Baily A’ grapevines, respectively. Genes encoding cold induced protein (CIP), lipoxygenase (LOX), glutathione S-transferase(GST), polygalacturonase-inhibiting protein (PGIP), and cold acclimation specific protein(CAS15A) were up-regulated, while those encoding cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase 2(CAD2) and cold acclimation protein (WCS120) were down-regulated by low temperature treatment in both ‘Campbell Early’ and ‘Muscat Bailey A’. These changes in gene expression showed that defense response-related genes for cold acclimation were induced and wheat cold-specific gene decreased in grapevines. Among tested genes, the transcript levels of CLP, cell wall protein (CW), TIP, TLP, and WRKY transcription factor 10(WRKY10) increased considerably in response to low temperature in ‘Campbell Early’grapevine. The analysis of transcriptome can provide valuable genes and genetic information as powerful tools in grape breeding program. In the present study,transcriptome of buds from ‘Campbell Early’ and ‘Muscat Baily A’ grapevines was analyzed to select useful genes, to elucidate their function, and to compare their differential expression through assembly, selection of DEGs, clustering, and annotation (GO and KEGG) of data from sequencing short reads on Solexa platform. We have assessed the effect of sequence quality, various assembly parameters and assembly programs on the final assembly output. We assembled ~100 million high-quality trimmed reads using Velvet followed by Oases. Functional categorization of expressed genes in low temperature condition revealed the conservation of genes involved in various biological processes like primary response to chemical stimulus (26.1%), response to abiotic stimulus (23.4%),oxidation reduction (18.1%), and response to stress (14.1%) in ‘Campbell Early’ and ‘Muscat Baily A’ grapes.The major up-regulated genes in ‘Campbell Early’ included chalcone and stilbene synthase family protein, RmlC-like cupins superfamily protein, homolog of carrot EP3-3 chitinase and cytochrome P450. The major down-regulated genes in ‘Muscat Baily A’ included 17.6 kDa class II heat shock protein, HXXXD-type acyl-transferase family protein and gibberellin 2-oxidase 8. Cold-treated grapevine transcript set generated here will provide a resource for gene discovery and development of functional molecular markers in breeding program for grape tolerant to coldness. Also, the strategy for assembly of transcriptome data presented here will be helpful in transcriptome studies with other fruit trees. In addition, these findings suggest that differentially expressed genes could be utilized as candidates for useful genetic resources and molecular markers after additional confirmation in various grapevine cultivars treated with low temperature in breeding programs for grapes with cold-tolerance.To improve the efficiency for breeding new grape cultivars tolerant to coldness, sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) markers were developed from randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers for cold tolerance in seedlings derived from the crosses of ‘Campbell Early’ x ‘Kaiji’, ‘Golden Muscat’ x ‘Tamnara’, ‘Campbell Early’ x ‘Neo Muscat’, and ‘Alden’ x ‘Kaiji’. Bulked segregant analysis (BSA) using 400 primers were conducted and 6 UBC random primers showing polymorphisms were finally selected. RAPD products with 6 primers were cloned and sequenced.
The amplification with 6 SCAR primers(UBC123-428, UBC196-353, UBC221-503, UBC317-800, UBC342-500, and UBC344-451) developed from RAPD analysis were tested and resulted in the amplification of specific fragments in grapevine cross seedlings. Detection of specific fragments related with cold hardiness showed similar patterns in cold tolerance tested by investigation of total carbohydrate content in vine bark skin, electrolytic conductance and bud breakage in grapevine cross seedlings. SCAR makers developed in this study were mapped in chromosomes which genes such as cytochrome P450, glutathione S-transferase, leucine-rich repeat, pleiotropic drug resistance 12, and ribosomal protein were located. The results suggested that new SCAR markers could be used for increasing the efficiency for the preselection of cold-hardy seedlings in grape breeding programs.
Title 11: Correlation analysis between meterological condition and fruit characteristics in Gyeonggi-do area for cultural safety zone of fruit tree under climatic change (’11~’14)
From 2011 to 2014, there are many differences of the full-bloom date, maturity and fruit characteristics depending on meteorological factors by year and region. Because the average temperature from January to April in 2014 was higher than any other year, So the full-bloom date and maturity was faster than common year.The fruit load level is evaluated of the effects on fruit quality and cold injury on‘Changhowon hwangdo’ and ‘Nagasawa Hakuho’. The fruit load level was TCA1, TCA2,TCA3, TCA4 based on cross-sectional area of tree trunk. The appropriate level of fruit load considering of the fruit quality and income is TCA3 on ‘Changhowon hwangdo’. The appropriate level of fruit load considering of the fruit quality and income was TCA3 on ‘Nagasawa Hakuho’. As The fruit load level was higher, the accumulation of reserve nutrient is reduced and flower mortality increased. This test was conducted to reduce the damage of early leaf fall on peach. Treatments are Defoliation 25%, Defoliation 50%,Defoliation 75%, Defoliation 25%+thinning 25%, Defoliation 50%+thinning 50%, Defoliation 75%+thinning 75% and control. The higher level of defoliation is, the fruit weight and soluble solid was decreased. The higher level of defoliation is, the accumulation of free sugar content is decreased and flower mortality increased. The fruit thinning as appropriate rate after defoliation can reduce the reduction of fruit weight and soluble solid. And it can increase the fruit number in following year. The fruit thinning can alleviate the reduction of reserve nutrient, so it can reduce the ratio of flower mortality.
Title 12: Correlation analysis between meterological condition and fruit characteristics in gangwon-do area for cultural safety zone of fruit tree under climatic change (’11~’14)
This study was performed to investigated the fruit growth characteristics according to the weather condition of Gangwon Province.
a. Phenological patterns and fruit characteristics according to the weather condition in Gangwon Province (2011~2014).
'Hongro' : Germination stage in Gangwon is March 27th ~ April 27th, flowering stage is April 3th ~ May15, and maturing stage is September 3th ~ 16th. Fruit weight is 229.5g ~ 293.5g, sugar content is 12.4°Bx ~ 13.5°Bx, acidity is 0.3%. 'Fuji' : Germination stage in Gangwon is March 3th ~ April 11th, flowering stage is April 25th ~ May 14, and maturing stage is October 20th ~ November 1th. Fruit weight is 306.5g ~ 365.3g, sugar content is 13.3°Bx ~ 14.5°Bx, acidity is 0.3% ~ 0.4%. 'Wonwhang' : Germination stage in Gangwon is March 23th ~ April 8th, flowering stage is April 21th ~ May 5, and maturing stage is September 10th ~ 15th. Fruit weight is 510.95g ~ 597.0g, sugar content is 11.8°Bx ~12.1°Bx, acidity is 0.1~0.2%. 'Nikata' : Germination stage in Gangwon is March 23th ~April 6th, flowering stage is April 18th ~ May 1, and maturing stage is October 17th ~ 26th. Fruit weight is 620.9g ~ 729.8g, sugar content is 11.7°Bx ~ 12.0°Bx, acidity is 0.2%.'Cheonjungdo' : Germination stage in Gangwon is March 23th ~ April 10th, flowering stage is April 22th ~ May 6, and maturing stage is August 12th ~ 27th. Fruit weight is 262.5g ~345.5g, sugar content is 9.6°Bx ~ 12.1°Bx, acidity is 0.3%. 'Jang Ho-won Whang do' : Germination stage in Gangwon is March 23th ~ April 16th, flowering stage is April 25th ~ May 9, and maturing stage is September 11th ~ 25th. Fruit weight is 269g ~ 345g, sugar content is 11.4°Bx ~ 12.8°Bx, acidity is 0.4~0.5%. 'Campbell Early' : Germination stage in Gangwon is March 23th ~ April 10th, flowering stage is April 22th ~ May 6, and maturing stage is August 12th ~ 27th. Fruit weight is 360.1g ~ 454.5g, sugar content is 13.8°Bx ~ 15.3°Bx, acidity is 0.4~0.6%. 'Kyoho' Cultivar : Germination stage in Chuncheon is April 26th, flowering stage is June 7, and maturing stage is October 30th. Fruit weight is 328.8g, sugar content is 17.0°Bx, acidity is 0.5%.
b. Meteorological disaster and damage surveys in Gangwon.
Gangwon Province was -20℃ temperatures occurred on an ongoing basis during 2011~2014. In particular, it was caused Yeongseo areas in all regions. Freezing damage area of peach was occurred on 168ha in Gangwon-do. Especially, Freezing damage area was 77.5ha(Chuncheon) and 48.5ha(Wonju).
c. Investigation of cold hardiness according to fruit load.
Three different fruit loads by hand thinning, 1, 2 and 3 fruits per trunk cross-sectional area(TCA, ㎠), were established in th 4th and 5th leafy years of 'Cheonjungdo' peach trees planted at 6 x 5m. Tree responses to reduced crop load included increased longer shoot and heavier fruits with higher leaf area per fruit. The percentage of fruits heavier than 350g increased significantly at the crop load of 2 fruits per TCA ㎠.
d. Influence of defoliation degree on Growth and Freezing Injury of 'Sumi' Tree.
The effects of defoliation treatments during middle July on freezing injury of 'Sumi' peach were determined to investigate the reasonable defoliation method. Three defferent defoliation treatments were done; 25%, 50%, 75% of tree leaves were defoliated on 25th July. Tree responses to reduced defoliation included increased fruit weight, soluble solid. but freezing injury of 'Sumi' peach decreased.
e. Comparison on cold hardness in different peach cultivars.
The experiments were carried out cold resistance of 13 cultivars of peach. Cold resistance of 'Sumi', 'Youngtaek Gold‘, ’Cheonjungdo‘ was stronger than that of 'OkiHebrews', 'AbuKumar', 'KohElmira', 'Perhapscheukusi', 'Izumiwhiteness',
'OkuRedjjeugi', 'NokiKirarakwami', and 'Jjiyomaru'.
f. Development of integrated system individual holding + bird break net.
The experiments were carried out, Gangwon-type safe bird break net. Because many of the bird damage in apple orchards Gangwon-do. We had development of integrated system individual holding + bird break net. it was reducing production costs by 3,122,000 won. This was very safe in the wind and sown.
g. Development of electronic map of fruit safety zone.
We had set up a safety zone of apple, pear, peach, grape. it was used meteorological data for the last 30 years.
Apple : The strong cultivars of cold-resistant were Fuji, Tsugaru, WangOk. The medium cultivars of cold-resistant were Tsugaru. Hongan, Yangang. The weakest cultivars of cold-resistant was Summer Dream, SenHong, Honggem. Gangwon was zone of safe culture.
Pear : The strong cultivars of cold-resistant were Nitaka, Wangim. The medium cultivars of cold-resistant were Hanarim, Manpang, Chuwang. The weakest cultivars of cold-resistant was Wangwnag, Wasan, GamChun. Gangwon was area of safe culture.
Peach : The strong cultivars of cold-resistant were Sumin so on 12 cultivars. The medium cultivars of cold-resistant were Sun Gold on on 11 cutivars. The weakest cultivars of cold-resistant were Ganghong so on 7 cultivas. Gangwon was not area of safe culture.
Grape : The strong cultivars of cold-resistant were Campbell Early and Chongsu. The medium cultivars of cold-resistant were ChinOk, Hongeisiar cutivars. The weakest cultivars of cold-resistant were Khoho so on 5 cultivars. Gangwon was not area of safe culture.
Title 13: Correlation analysis between meterological condition and fruit characteristics in Chungbuk area for cultural safety zone of fruit tree under climatic change(’11∼’14)
Investigation of relationship between meteorological factors and fruit characteristics was conducted at twenty-two orchards in five major production area in Chungbuk area. The latitudes of the invested orchards ranged from 36 to 37 degrees and the longitudes of those is around 127 degrees.There were statistical difference in rainfall and sunlight hours in invested regions, but temperatures were about the same in several places. We found that the whole growing period showed the positive correlation with maximum temperature but negative correlation with minimum temperature, especially, there was highly positive correlation between whole growing period and the amount of precipitation on October. ‘Fuji’ had a bud burst period from March 24th to April 8th and the mean fruit weight of orchard located in Youngdong was the heaviest whereas the soluble solids is the highest at the orchard in Jechon. ‘Niitaka’ had a bud burst period from March 17th to April 3th and the mean fruit weight of orchard located in Jincheon and Youngdong was the heaviest.‘Janghowon hwangdo’ had a bud burst period from March 18th to April 8th and the mean fruit weight of orchard located in Jechon was the heaviest. ‘Campbell early’ had a bud burst period from April 20th to April 28th. Based on the findings of this study, it is expected that these particular characters, such as fruit weight, fruit hardness and soluble solids content, will be sufficient to identify suitable cultivation regions in Chungbuk area. However, the relationship between regions and fruit qualities observed in this study should be further explored.A weather disaster area happened in Chungbuk was 763 ha of cold death in 2011, 639 ha of hailstorm in 2012, 1,044 ha of typhoon in 2012, 1,490 ha of cold death in 2013 and 623 ha of hailstorm in 2014, respectively. The peach damaged by a hailstorm were foliar applied by phosphoric acid from Jun to August. The starch contents of branch treated four times by 0.4% phosphoric acid at an interval of 15 days were higher 42% than those of non-treated branch. In the field, ‘Campbell early’ grape were examined to determine number of fruit set per branch by thinning method for coldhardness. Flower bud death were frequently observed in orchards harvested with excessive fruit set. The excessive fruit set tree were showed higher flower bud death with lighter fruit weight. This appears to be the optimal range for fruit set per branch was 1 to 1.5 cluster per branch. We have examined the flower bud death of ‘Campbell early’ grape in three soil moisture conditions. There were no significant difference in the branch length, leaf length and leaf width in soil with relatively high content of soil moisture. But the soluble solids was decreased in poor drainage conditions, whereas the acidity was the highest. The starch contents of branch was the highest in perfect drainage conditions showing lower flower bud death.
Title 14: Correlation analysis between meterological condition and fruit characteristics in Chungnam area for cultural safety zone of fruit tree under climatic change(’11∼’14)
To investigate the phenological observation of fruit tree in Ghungnam to reduce meteorological disasters as global warming we investigate date of germination, flowering and har'Kyoho' grape for 4years from 2011 to 2014. The flowering and germination was affected by temperature of 4 month from January to April. Over loading more than 1,600㎏/10a or early falling leaves more than 50% before harvest time make a shortage carbohydrate in grape tree during winter and it cause a serious frost damage while so lower temperature in ‘Kyoho’. We concluded to avoid frost damage put more carbohydrate in growth season and avoid some sensitive varieties against chilling injury.
Title 15: Correlation analysis between meterological condition and fruit characteristics in Chonbuk area for cultural safety zone of fruit tree under climatic change(’11∼’14)
Two varieties apple, pear two varieties, two varieties of grapes, peaches two selected locations to target the 21 varieties weather, growing conditions, fruit characteristics, fruit enlargement situation was investigated four years. From 2011 until 2014, the time of flowering, maturity, fruit characteristics, fruit enlargement situation, there were many differences by region and year depending on weather factors. During the study period from January to April the average temperature of the other balahgi nopatdeon 2014 than the previous year, cheotkkot, such as faster mangaegi fruit enlargement situation was good compared to other years. The fruit setting level is influenced of the effects on fruit quality and Frost damage on ‘Hongro’ variety of apple. The fruit setting level was TCA-2, TCA-3, TCA-4 based on cross-sectional area of tree trunk.As The fruit setting level was higher, the accumulation of reserve nutrient is reduced and flower mortality increased. The drainage is early enough and leaves falling of an apple orchard were tested to evaluate the impact on the growth of the trees. A multiple degree of drainage is good and orchard were investigated to find a method to select a bad orchard, that could reduce the damage on the leaf to freezing is about early leaves 25%, 50%, 75% after the experiment was. Drainage is poor orchard was lower in weight and sugar content of apples, the amount of food that is stored in the trees fell. In addition, also due to less amount of food that is high, the leaves are falling ratio of weight and sugar content of apples falling tree flower buds were stored in an increase in the death rate.2011-2014 were examined for damage caused by weather disasters in fruit trees in Jeolabukdo region. Associate weather disaster damage in 2011, received a 20.6ha damaged by hail damage in 2012. The damage occurs apples falling from trees were damaged due to typhoon The area was 2,012ha. Weather disasters in 2013,
has received the 2014 293ha any damage to the fruit to cold damage, reported hail damage where the pear is great and the damage to 80.4ha, then Apple has been damaged by 40.3ha.
Title 16: A study on relationship between a change in the biotic season pattern of fruit tree and quality according to weather in Jeonnam province(’11∼’14)
【Experiment 1】Survey of biotic season pattern, fruit enlargement, and quality in Jeonnam province
Recently, damage caused by meterological disasters (frost, low temperature, hail, etc.) on flowering stage and early growth stage of fruit tree tended to gradually increase due to global warming and abnormal weather. Frost damage increases due to very low temperature in winter, and fruit trees during dormancy have high resistance to low temperature but have low resistance to cold in the sap transfer period. Especially in case of high temperature in February and March, sap transfers early, and thus frost damage becomes severe. Besides, in summer, the actual condition is that typhoon more frequently occurs, and maximum instantaneous wind velocity increases more, therefore damage increases. This experiment was conducted in order to be utilized as data on measures for growing fruit trees according to the future climate change and in order to investigate the meteorological disasters of main kinds of fruit in the chief producing district of fruit and establish the prediction system after monitoring a change in the growth stage of main kinds of fruit and the quality of fruit in Jeonnam province.With regard to kinds of fruit for monitoring the change of biotic season pattern and the quality of fruit in Jeonnam province, 2 varieties in 4 kinds of fruit such as apple, pear, grape and peach were investigated respectively, and 3 areas per variety were investigated. Biotic season was investigated on budding stage, flowering stage, full flowering stage, and harvest stage. The quality of fruit was based on the standard of Rural Development Administration for investigation, such as fruit weight, sugar content, and hardness.With regard to the budding stage in apple according to varieties, the flower of Hongro budded 1~2 day earlier. However, it was shown that the full flowering stage tended to be similar. Jangseong and Gokseong, chief producing districts, didn't show any difference. It was thought that this was because the two areas were located in similar latitude. With regard to the budding stage in pear, flowers budded in March 28 in all of investigated varieties in Boseong, and they budded approximately 6 days earlier than those in Yeongam.And it was shown that the flowering stage tended to be similar.With regard to the budding stage in grape, flowers budded in April 15 in Jangseong, and they budded 5 days earlier than those in Naju. And the flowering stage also had the same tendency. In case of peach, flowers budded 1~2 days earlier in Suncheon than those in Hwasun. It was shown that the flowering stage was different by 3~4 days. The harvest stage of apple was a little earlier in all of investigated varieties in Jangseong than in Gokseong, but didn't show big difference. The harvest stage of pear didn't show any difference according to farms. The reason was that it was difficult to visually determine maturity because pear was not a kind of colored fruit. Accordingly, it was required to develop more accurate method of determining maturity. The harvest stage of grape was earlier in Damyang. It was shown that there was a difference between the earliest farm and the latest farm by approximately 9 days. The quality of fruit showed a small difference in all kinds of fruit and varieties to be investigated according to farms. It was thought that this was a difference according to the management method of farms, not harvest time. Continuous yearly investigations were required.
【Experiment 2】Meteorological disaster occurrence status and damage investigation in Jeonnam province
[2011]
Among investigated apple farms, partial frost damage occurred in farms in Gokseong on the flowering stage, but the damage was at a level where flower petals a little browned. There was little such damage as poor fruit set or deformation. However, frost damage didn't occur in the investigated farms in the chief producing district of pear. And a little frost damage occurred in farms growing peach in Hwasun and Suncheon. There was damage to some flower buds in particular. However, this didn't have any effect on fruit setting. Frost and low temperature damage to grape didn't occur.Typhoon Muifa passed at maximum instantaneous wind velocity of 34m/S in August 7. Apple was little damaged owing to the installation of windbreak structure. In case of pear, damage occurred, and 10~60% of fruits dropped according to each farm growing pear. In case of peach, 20~30% of fruits dropped in farms in Hwasun. And 10~30% of fruits dropped, and some branches were torn off trees in Sunceon. In case of grape, part of rain shelters were damaged. However, damage to the fruits and leaves of grape vine didn't occur.
[2012]
Partial frost damage occurred on the flowering stage in farms in Gokseong among the investigated apple farms. However, there was little damage. And frost damage didn't occur in the investigated pear farms. In case of peach, a little frost damage occurred. Flower buds were damaged in some farms in Hwasun. However, this didn't have any effect on fruit setting.Typhoon caused damage 3 times. The damage ratio in the investigated apple farms was 20~95%. There was mainly much damage of fruit drop. In case of pear, damage occurred, and 10~90% of fruits dropped according to each farm growing pear. The damage of leafdrop also occurred in farms where anti-wind nets were not installed. In case of peach, 50~70% of fruits dropped in farms in Hwasun. And 50~60% of fruits dropped and some branches were torn off trees. In case of grape, damage to rain shelters and damage of leaf drop, leaf tearing, and fruit scar occurred. And sugar content decreased due to the lack of leaf area.
[2013]
Partial frost damage occurred in 1 farm on the flowering stage in Gokseong and 1 farm in Jangseong among the investigated apple farms. They suffered damage of some disk flowers withering. However, this didn't have any effect on yield. In case of pear, peach and grape, low temperature damage and frost damage didn't occur.
[2014]
All kinds of fruit grew faster than those in last year. There was no frost damage owing to favorable weather on the flowering stage. Typhoon occurred once. Accordingly, with regard to the status of damage to the investigated farms, in case of pear, 10~20% of fruits dropped. And in the other kinds of fruit, it was at the level of minor damage.
【Experiment 3】The effects that the fruit set level of 'Wonhwang' variety of pear has on frost damage
This experiment was conduced in an experimental field, Jeonnam Agricultural Research& Extension Services. We gave public notice that a variety on which an experiment would conducted was 8th year Wonhwang, a variety bred in Korea. A study was made in a field where plant spacing was 6×3m, and 56 trees per 10a were planted. With regard to the amount of fruit set, the 2nd fruit thinning was completed around 40 days after flowering, and then it was artificially adjusted to 1,500kg, 2,500kg, and 3,500kg on the basis of 10a. With regard to the number of fruit set per plant, for 1,500kg, 54 pears were left, and for 2,500kg, 90 pears, and for 3,500 kg, 126 pears after converting the final weight of pear into 500g.The number of produced watershoots according to treatment for the amount of fruit set was 46.8 in 1,500kg, which was the largest. And it was 14.5 in 1,500kg, which was small. Besides, it was shown that the length of watershoot also tended to decrease as the amount of fruit set increased. The heaviest weight of fruit was 561g in the amount of fruit set of 1,500kg. The weight of fruit was 496g in the amount of fruit set of 3,500kg, which was light. It was shown that sugar content tended to increase as the amount of fruit set decreased. Hardness didn't show any difference between treatments.In the results of giving the low temperature treatment by artificially controlling temperature to be 15℃, 20℃, 25℃, and 30℃ in a low temperature refrigerator of which the temperature can be controlled after picking bearing branches in January next year according to the treatment for the amount of fruit set, frost damage didn't occur in all the amount of fruit set to the limit of 25℃. However, frost damage occurred in all treatments at 30℃. Frost damage occurred in 90% of buds for the treatment of 3,500kg, a large amount of fruit set. And for 1,500kg, frost damage occurred in 60% or less of buds. Accordingly, it was shown that the occurrence of frost damage tended to increase as the amount of fruit set increased.
【Experiment 4】Comparison of Time and Degree of Defoliation on Growth and Reserved Mineral Nutrients of ‘Wonhwang’ Pear Trees
The study was conducted to evaluate effects of time and degree of defoliation on growth, fruit quality, and winter injury of ‘Wonhwang’ pear (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai) trees. Treatments included degree of defoliation (20% and 60%) with time of defoliation(Early-Aug, End-Aug, and Early-Sep); Early-Aug(20%), Early-Aug(60%), End-Aug(20%), End-Aug(60%), Early-Sep(20%), Early-Sep(60%), and No defoliation. No defoliation and Early-Sep(20%) defoliation increased growth of water sprouts and new shoots, which were improved by delayed defoliation or 20% of defoliation. Total-C, total-N, B, and free sugar contents increased in No defoliation-shoots but decreased in End-Aug(60%)-shoots.Delayed defoliation increased total-C, total-N, and free sugar in shoots, with high contents of C, K, Ca, Mg, and B observed for 20% of defoliation-trees. Fruit yield and weight or fruit length increased in No defoliation, End-Aug(20%) defoliation, and Early-Sep(20%) defoliation, but reduced in End-Aug(60%). Fruit soluble solids content reduced in defoliation in August. Time of defoliation did not affect the fruit yield and fruit quality, while degree of defoliation influenced yield and fruit weight and length. Defoliation at End-Aug(60%) mostly increased the leakage rates in the shoots at –18°C and –21°C and reduced the germination rates at -24°C and –27°C. Under comparison of time and degree of defoliation, the Early-Sep defoliation increased germination rates at –27°C, and 60% of defoliation decreased the germination rates compared to the 20% of defoliation.
Title 17: Correlation analysis between meterological condition and fruit characteristics in Gyeongbuk area for cultural safety zone of fruit tree under climatic change(’11∼’14)
The earliest germinating period for the ‘Fuji’ apple variety grown in Yeongju and Yeongcheon has a variation of eight days in terms of its phenological aspects. The‘Hongro’ apple variety, also showed to have an early germinating period in Yeongju and Yeongcheon with nine days of regional variation. The pear varieties, ‘Niitaka’ and ‘Wonwhang’ showed no difference both in their phenological aspects and regional variation, expect for Youngduk, where it only showed two to four days of variation. The peach varieties, ‘Kawanakajima hakuto’ and ‘Chnaghowon hwangdo’ were found to have the earliest flowering and blooming dates in Cheongdo and Yeongduk in April 11-15. The germinating period of the grape variety, ‘Campbell early’, was the earliest germinating period in Yeongcheon in April 17 with a regional variation of eight days. Overall, the regional and varietal phenological aspects of the above varieties were surveyed to have proceeded earliest in 2014 by 7 to 14 days.
Furthermore, the earliest maturing season of the ‘Fuji’ apple on the following areas was in this order: Andong, Yeongju, Yeongcheon, Bonghwa, and Cheongsong. Cheongsong recorded the lowest shape index of fruit with the highest sugar content of 16.5°Bx. The regional maturing season of the ‘Hongro’ apple, was shown to be similar in Andong, Yeongju, and Bonghwa with a regional variation of four days. The earliest and the latest maturing season of the ‘Niitaka’ pear variety was produced in Gimcheon and Youngduk respectively with a regional variation of fourteen days. For ‘Wonwhang’ pear variety, its earliest and the latest maturing seasons were produced in Gyeongju and Youngduk respectively with a variation of seven days. The earliest maturing season of the peach variety, ‘Kawanakajima hakuto’ was in August 19 in Cheongdo and the latest was in August 27 in Yeongju with a variation of eight days. For the peach variety, ‘Chnaghowon hwangdo’, its earliest and the latest maturing seasons of were found in Cheongdo and Yeongju, respectively. For grape variety, ‘Campbell early’, its earliest and the latest maturing seasons of were found in Gimcheon and Yeongju, respectively with a variation of 30 days.In 2011, the fruit cold damage in Gyeongbuk area was the highest in apples (5,544㏊),followed by grapes( 2,843㏊), plums(827㏊), and peaches(188㏊) with an overall estimated damage area of 9,574㏊. In 2012, hail storms occurred three times in the Gyeongbuk area and damaged the 3,573ha of apple orchards. In addition, three different typhoons hit the area and the super typhoons 'Bolaven' and 'Sanba' left huge damage behind. In 2014, the area had hail once and the estimated damage totaled 494ha at Andong in both the city and the county fruit orchards.The average germination rate of the 'Fuji' apple depends upon fruit-load found in the –30℃ treatment, germination rate kept at 75~89%, while, in the –35℃ treatment, germination rate lowered to 18%. The lower the treatment temperature, the higher the average electrolyte leakage rate and the browning rate rose to 54% at –35℃ treatment. The reserve nutrients showed a tendency to increase depending on the fruit-load per tree as the C/N ratio decreases.The average germination rate of the 'Fuji' apple variety depends upon defoliation,lowered to 13% at -40℃ treatment and the electrolyte leakage rate showed a tendency to increase as the treatment temperature decreases. The browning rate was increased to 59% at –40℃ treatment and the reserve nutrients had a tendency of decreasing the C/N ratio at a higher defoliation rate.
Title 18: Studies on correlation between fruit phenology and fruit quality according to climate changes in Gyeongnam(’11∼’14)
This study was conducted to investigate cold hardiness that would determine optimal 'Niitaka' (Pyrus pyrifolia ) pear cultivation sites, as well as prevent freezing damage. Fruit load was controlled by inducing 36, 60, and 84 fruits per tree at a planting distance of 6m × 2m. The analyses yielded the following results: the bud burst rate of one-year-old branches with flower buds was reduced in inverse and direct proportions to the fruit load and temperature, respectively; fruit load and the extent of freeze damage were directly associated; browning rate increased as fruit load increased and experiment temperature decreased; in the TTC assay, which measures the respiratory activity of the tissue, a low absorbance was observed for the fruit load exceeding the standard amount at each temperature level; among the soluble sugars, sucrose content increased with higher fruit loads.The germination rate of the one-year-old twigs with flower buds got higher as drainage class got better and the temperature of treatment got higher, and they showed the tendency that they got less freezing damage as draining was done better. The browning rate and electrolyte leakage rate, that are the index of freezing damage, increased as draining was not done well and the temperature of treatment got lower. TTC testing rate,which is the index of tissues' degree of activity, decreased as draining got worse. Based on drainage condition the C/N rate of one-year-old twigs was higher as much as 20% in good drainage than in bad drainage; as the drainage condition got better, the moisture content of twigs got lower; the sorbitol content in free sugar was the highest, 49% in good drainage condition; the orchards with good drainage produced more fruits, by 14% in weight and by 28% in quantity than that with bad drainage condition. There are accumulation methods of reserve nutrient such as amount of applied fertilizer control, improvement of light environment of tree crown, fruit loads control, leaf management during aging period.
The reserve nutrient of fruit tree has effects on the cold resistance of tree.
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