[보고서]강수관측 정확도 평가기술 개발

보고서 정보

주관연구기관

경북대학교
KyungPook National University

보고서유형

2단계보고서

발행국가

대한민국

언어

한국어

발행년월

2015-03

과제시작연도

2014

주관부처

기상청
Korea Meteorological Administration(KMA)

등록번호

TRKO201500013470

과제고유번호

1365001845

사업명

기상기술개발사업

DB 구축일자

2015-08-15

키워드

고체강수 비교검증실험.강설량.적설량.강우량.정확도.SPICE.snowfall amount.depth of snow cover.rainfall amount.accuracy.

DOI

https://doi.org/10.23000/TRKO201500013470

표 Winter intensive observation performed at Gangwondo Deagwallyeong, Korea.
표 Scatter plot of 2DVD or POSS reflectivity (y-axis) versus Kumpula radar reflectivity (X-axis) extracted over Jarvenpaa site for 30 Dec 2010 event (Huang et al., 2015).
표 Snow accumulation map for 30 Dec 2010 (entire day) using Ze-SR power law in Table 3. Reflectivity data from three radars have been composited. The solid black dots are locations of 6 FMI snow gauges and the numbers adjacent are the snow gauge measurements of liquid equivalent snow accumulation in mm (Huang et al., 2015).
표 Scatter plots of daily gauge accumulations from the seven FMI snow gauges versus radar-based daily accumulations using daily Ze-SR relationship from Table 3. Data from the 4 snow days are color-coded.
표 RHI scan data from Kumpula radar along the radial to the Jarvenpaa site 30 Dec 2010 at 1053 UTC, and 06 Jan 2011 at 0603 UTC.
표 WMO CIMO precipitation observation intercomparison experiment
표 WMO reference system of precipitation observation intercomparison experiments: (a) IRPG, (b) PIT gauge, and (c) DFIR.
표 20 sites attending SPICE program
표 SPICE field reference systems. (a) Manual gauge with Tretyakov shield within bush (R0 or R0a) (courtesy by Federal Service for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring of Russia), b) manual or automatic gauge within DFIR (R1 or R2) (courtesy by Korea Meteorological Administration, hereafter KMA), and (c) a pair of automatic precipitation gauges of the same type with single alter shield and no shield (R3).
표 Weighing gauge used globally
표 Status of site reference systems SPICE participants perform. Here, G and P indicate GEO and PLU, respectively.
표 Gauge orifice capping.
표 Instruments used in SPICE program.
표 Data of weighing gauges used for intercomparison analysis in SPICE program
표 Photographs of various wind shields equipped on the automatic precipitation gauges. (a) Single alter shield, (b) Tretyakov shield, (c) Canadian double shield (courtesy by EC), (d) Belfort double alter shield (courtesy by EC), (e) DFIR, and (f) PIT (courtesy by KMA).
표 Automatic snow depth sensor used for intercomparison analysis in SPICE program (a) SR50A, (b) SL300, (c) USH-8, and (d) SHM30 (courtesy by Canada weather agency).
표 General characteristics of snow depth sensors. The L, φ, W, and H represent length, diameter, width, and height.
표 Overall layout of the CARE site. The bases for snow depth measurements are indicated by red dashed line. The filled circles (thick edges of filled circles) represent the automatic precipitation gauges (wind shields). The sky blue, red, green, and purple filled circles indicate GEO, PLU, Befort, and TBRG. The navy, purple, red, orange, and green thick edges of filled circles indicate SA, DFIR, CDA, BDA, and TR shield. The thick blue and green squares represent non-catchment type instruments and anemometer, respectively. The thermometers are indicated by thick red square (courtesy by EC).
표 Layout of snow depth measurement system at the CARE (courtesy by EC).
표 Snow depth measurement system. (a) Grey plastic decking (snow depth target), (b) wooden snow stakes, and (c) installation of snow depth sensors for base 11A (courtesy by EC).
표 (a) Tretyakov gauge with TR shield installed within DFIR (R1) and (b) collector.
표 GEO with SA shield and LPM installed within DFIR (R2).
표 Heating device attached to GEO.
표 Comparison between R1 and R2 gauge: (a) time series of accumulated precipitation observed by R1 and R2 gauge from 8 December 2012 to 10 April 2013. Violet line represent R1 gauge. Blue, green, red and yellow-green lines indicate north, south-east, south-west sensor and average value, respectively. (b) Scatter plot of amount from RA (x-axis) and R2 (y-axis) for 10 cases. Red line is derived from linear regression (courtesy by EC).
표 Automatic field reference system of CARE site (R3). (a) GEO with SA shield and (b) GEO with no shield (courtesy by EC).
표 Intercomparison between various wind shields: (a) time series of accumulated precipitation amount observed by GEO with various wind shields from 9 December 2012 to 4 April 2013. Blue, red, pink, yellow-green, and cyan lines represent NS, SA, CDA, BDA, and DFIR wind shield, respectively. Black line is manual observation. (b) Comparison of catch ratios between various wind shield. Blue, green and red bar indicate the GEO, BucketRT of PLU, and AccTotNRT of PLU, respectively.
표 Sensors for measurement of wind and temperature installed at the CARE site.
표 Layout of Sodankyla ARC site.
표 PLU 200 located in DFIR, Sodankyla ARC site. (courtesy by Finland Meteorological Institute, FMI).
표 Automatic field reference system of ARC site (R3). (a) PLU with SA shield and (b) PLU with no shield (courtesy by FMI).
표 One of the snow stake considered as reference of measurement of snow depth (courtesy by FMI).
표 Overall layout of Gochang site (courtesy by KMA).
표 PLU 400 with TR shield within DFIR.
표 Layout of automatic precipitation gauges except for DFIR. The large square represents pit. The word in brackets indicates types of wind shields.
표 The configurations of automatic precipitation gauge and wind shield and the height of gauge orifice at Gochang site.
표 Number of gauge and wind shield in Gochang site.
표 Layout of snow depth measurement system at Gochang site (courtesy by KMA).
표 Snow depth sensors in snow depth intercomparison observation facility.
표 Specification of snow depth sensor in Gochang site.
표 Precipitation Gauges and wind shields for comparison observation according to purposes. The number in blankets means the number of additional instruments which should be purchased or lent.
표 Wind roses of Gochang site: year of (left) 2011 and (right) 2012.
표 Final proposed site layout for Gochang site:(a) 1st and (b) 2nd proposal.
표 Scanning snow depth sensor using laser developed by Weatherpia
표 Data of the scanner type laser snow depth sensor under development in Weatherpia
표 File names of data collected from instruments in Gochang site.
표 Location performed a winter intensive observation during 2013-2014 winter season.
표 Instruments installed in each site.
표 Equipments used for winter intensive observation: (a) PX-1000 X-band weather radar, (b) VertiX, (c) from left, 2DVD, POSS, PARSIVEL and MRR.
표 Specification of PX-1000 X-band Radar developed by Oklahoma University.
표 Observational strategies devised for intensive observation of PX-100 X-Band Radar.
표 Example of observed variables from PX-1000 X-band weather radar.
표 Specifications of the 2DVD.
표 (a) Outer look of 2DVD and (b) inside of 2DVD.
표 Measurement principle of 2DVD.
표 Example of 2DVD observation.
표 Example of PARSIVEL observation.
표 Specification of PARSIVEL.
표 32 average sizes and vertical velocities channel of PARSIVEL
표 Specification of VertiX.
표 Example of VertiX observation.
표 Specification of MRR.
표 Example of MRR observation.
표 Specification of POSS.
표 Example of POSS observation.
표 34 sizes, vertical velocities, and observation volume channel of POSS
표 (a) Scale, pan and (b) Nikon D80 camera installed in a darkroom.
표 The settings of Camera
표 Anemovanes (AT1-3K, WXT-520) located inside of DFIR.
표 Layout of manual and automatic observation used for snow depth comparison analysis and accuracy assessment.
표 Time series of snow depth from 5 December 2012 to 16 January 2013. (a) Manual observation, (b) ultrasonic snow sensor and (c) optical snow sensor. (EO: manual observation, USCM: ultrasonic snow depth sensor, and OSCM: optical snow sensor).
표 Scatter plot of three manual observations and RMSE: (a) No.1 (x-axis) and No.2 (y-axis) manual observation, (b) No.1 (x-axis) and No.3 (y-axis) manual observation, (c) No.2 (x-axis) and No.3 (y-axis) manual observation, and (d) RMSE of snow depth as a function of accumulation time.
표 Intercomparison statistics of manual observation 1, 2, and 3 according to the range of snow depth.
표 Comparison statistics according to neighboring manual observation and the observation range of the snow depth measured in automatic snow depth sensor.
표 Scatter plots of the values measured by automatic snow depth sensors and adjacent manual observation, and RMSE: (a) manual No.1 and ultrasonic 1 (b) manual No.2. and ultrasonic 2 (c) manual No.2 and ultrasonic 3 (d) manual No.2 and ultrasonic 4 (e) manual No.3 and optical sensor (x-axis : manual, y-axis: automatic), (f) RMSE of snow depth as a function of accumulation time.
표 Comparison statistics according to the average of manual observation and the observation range of the snow depth measured in automatic snow depth sensor.
표 Scatter plot of the snow depth measured by automatic snow depth sensors and mean of manual observations, and RMSE: (a) mean of manual observations and ultrasonic 1 (b) mean and ultrasonic 2 (c) mean and ultrasonic 3 (d) mean and ultrasonic 4 (e) mean and optical sensor (x-axis : manual, y-axis: automatic), (f) RMSE of snow depth as a function of accumulation time.
표 Pairs of precipitation gauges for the estimation of mechanical errors of them.
표 Scatterplots of precipitation rate calculated for each gauge pair: (a) GEO T200M PIT vs. GEO T200B Alter, (b) GEO T200B Alter vs. GEO T200, Alter, (c) GEO T200M Alter vs. GEO T200M PIT, (d) PLU200 Tretyakov vs. PLU400 DFIR, (e) TRwS203 Alter vs. TRwS503 Alter, and (f) TBRG1 vs. TBRG2.
표 NRMSE for pairs of precipitation gauges according to accumulation time.
표 NRMSEs as a function of accumulation time for each gauge pair.
표 Errors of each precipitation gauges according to accumulation time
표 NBRRMSEs as a function of accumulation time for each gauge.
표 (a) BEs as a function of accumulation time for wind speed less than 2.0 m s-1 (dashed lines) and total dataset (solid lines). (b) NBRRMSE as a function of accumulation time.
표 Catch ratios as function of wind speed at the height of gauge orifice: (a) PLU200 Tretyakov, (b) TRwS203 Alter, (c) TRwS503 Alter, (d) GEO T200M Alter, (e) GEO T200B Alter.
표 BE and NBRRMSE in comparison with reference system.
표 Slopes of relationships between catch ratio and wind speed.
표 Catch ratios of precipitation gauges according to the wind speed(2m s-1, 4ms-1, 6m s-1) for the accumulation time 30 minutes.
표 Residuals of catch ratios for accumulated precipitation rates for 30 min : (a) PLU200 Tretyakov, (b) TRwS203 Alter, (c) TRwS503 Alter, (d) GEO T200M Alter, (e) GEO T200B Alter.
표 Layout of automatic precipitation gauges during the 2012 summer season. The large square represents pit.
표 Pairs of precipitation gauges paired for estimation of mechanical errors of each gauge.
표 NRMSE according to accumulation time for pairs of precipitation gauges.
표 Scatter plots of rainfall intensity for each gauge pair: (a) TBRG1 vs. TBRG2, (b) TRwS 203 Alter vs. TRwS 503 Alter, (c) GEO T200M DFIR vs. GEO T200B Alter, (d) PLU 200 Tretyakov vs. PLU 400 Tretyakov, (e) GEO T200B Alter vs. GEO T200M PIT, (f) GEO T200M DFIR vs. GEO T200M PIT, (g) GEO T200M PIT vs. GEO T200M Alter, (h) GEO T200B Alter vs. GEO T200M Alter, and (i) GEO T200M DFIR vs. GEO T200M Alter.
표 NRMSEs as a function of accumulation time for each gauge.
표 Errors of each precipitation gauge according to accumulation time(NBRRMSE).
표 NBRRREs as a function of accumulation time for each gauge.
표 (a) BEs as a function of accumulation time for wind speed less than 2.0ms-1 (dashed lines) and total data set (solid lines). (b) NBRRMSE as a function of
표 (a) BEs as a function of accumulation time for wind speed less than 2.0 m s-1 (dashed lines) and total data set (solid lines). (b) NBRRMSE as a function of accumulation time.
표 BE and NBRRMSE in comparison with reference system (GEO DFIR).
표 BE and NBRRMSE in comparison with reference system.
표 Catch ratios as a function of wind speed: (a) PLU200 Tretyakov, (b) TRwS203 Alter, (c) GEO T200M Alter, (d) PLU400 Tretyakov, (e) TRwS503 Alter, and (f) GEO T200B Alter.
표 Slopes of relationships between catch ratio and wind speed.
표 Catch ratios of precipitation gauges according to wind speed(2m s-1, 4m s-1, 6m s-1) for the accumulation time 180 minutes.
표 Catch ratios as a function of wind speed: (a) PLU200 Tretyakov, (b) TRwS203 Alter, (c) GEO T200M Alter, (d) PLU400 Tretyakov, (e) TRwS503 Alter, and (f) GEO T200B Alter.
표 Slopes of relationships between catch ration and wind speed.
표 Snowfall catch ratios of precipitation gauges according to wind speed(2m s-1, 4m s-1, 6m s-1) for the accumulation time 30 minutes.
표 Catch ratios as a function of wind speed: (a) GEO SA, (b) GEO DFIR, (c) PLU NS, and (d) PLU SA.
표 Slopes of relationships between catch ratio and wind speed, range of residual, MAE.
표 Residuals of catch ratio as a function of wind speed: (a) GEO SA, (b) GEO DFIR, (c) PLU NS, and (d) PLU SA.
표 Snowfall catch ratios of precipitation gauges according to wind speed(2m s-1, 4m s-1, 6m s-1) for the accumulation time 60 minutes.
표 Relationship between wind, temperature and correction factor derived in this research.
표 Correction factors as a function of wind speed and temperature: (a) GEO SA, (b) GEO NS, (c) PLU CDA, and (d) PLU SA.
표 Residuals of correction factor as a function of wind speed: (a) GEO SA, (b) GEO NS, (c) PLU CDA, and (d) PLU SA.
표 Scatter plot of snow depth and snowfall
표 Slop () and average SR of the relationship between snow accumulation and fresh snow cover estimated in particle type and in each case.
표 Time series of precipitation depth from each wire of Geonor on base (a) 3 and (b) DFIR on 1 January 2014. The line color indicates different wires. They are forced 0.0 mm at 0000 UTC. (c) Time series of wind speed measured at 3.5 m (black line) and 2.0 m (red line).
표 (a) Time series of temperature and precipitation depth from each wire, (b) Scatter plot of precipitation depth according to temperature (courtesy by EC).
표 Time series of depth(first row), temperature(second row), wind speed(third row, gray: 10m/s, cyan 4m/s, magenta: 2m/s) of two gauges with SA(single alter) (blue: 1000mm, green : 600mm) (courtesy by EC).
표 Data types provided by Pluvio2 (OTT, 2010). The RT and NRT indicate real-time and near real-time, respectively.
표 (a) Time series of the values when the difference of 1 min data is positive (○) and of the variable of Intensity RT(＋), (b) Frequency(count) of Intensity RT.
표 Frequency of accumulated RT-NRT (first row), accumulated NRT (second row), and accumulated total NRT(third row) (courtesy by EC).
표 Time series of depths from (a)　transducer 1, (b) transducer 2, and (c) transducer 3 of GEO with SA shield on base 3 on 1 January 2014. The black lines indicate the raw depth and the red the depth after applying Gaussian convolution.
표 7 flags for representing the quality of data of precipitation gauge.
표 Conversion table of  to .. The  and  are the possible pairs among tree wires. The k indicates each wire.
표 Time series of (a) rainfall rate and (b) rain accumulation calculated from 2DVD (black), POSS (red), GEO (CRN: blue), and GEO (DAT: green) on 27 April 2014.
표 Events for analysis of rain estimation.
표 Maximum rain rate and daily total rain accumulation calculated from 2DVD, POSS, and GEO for 11 cases.
표 Scatter plots of rainfall intensity calculated from 2DVD, POSS, and GEO: (a) 2DVD vs. GEO(DAT), (b) 2DVD vs. GEO(CRN), (c) POSS vs. GEO(DAT), (d) POSS vs. GEO(CRN), and (e) GEO(CRN) vs. GEO(DAT).
표 (a) MAE and (b) NBRRMSE. The orange lines indicate the 2,DVD and the purple lines POSS. The solid lines are obtained from the CRM algorithm and the dotted lines from DAT algorithm.
표 MAE and NBRRMSE according to accumulation time.
표 Intensive snowfall observation performed in Daegwanryung during 2008-2009 and 2009-2010 winter season.
표 Photograph of snowflake on collection plate : (a) needle, (b) graupel, (c) dendrite, and (d) plate.
표 Snowfall cases according to the snowflake habit of snowfall for estimation of relationship between CFAD analysis and reflectivity-snowfall intensity.
표 Snowfall cases used to verify the relationship of reflectivity-snowfall intensity according to snowfall habits.
표 Rain event for calibration of reflectivity measured from VertiX and MRR.
표 Vertical reflectivity profiles obtained from (a) VertiX (31 March 2009) and (b) MRR (9 Feb 2010). The red dashed line indicates the periods for adjusting reflectivity.
표 Comparison of reflectivity between VertiX and PARSIVEL : (a) correlation coefficients and bias according to heights. (b) Time series of VertiX reflectivity and PARSIVEL reflectivity measured at 281.062 m, and (c) scatter plot (red circle: time delay is considered, black circle : time delay not considered). Black dotted line indicates    and red the relationship      .
표 Comparison of reflectivity between MRR and PARSIVEL :(a) correlation coefficients and bias according to heights. (b) Time series of MRR reflectivity and PARSIVEL reflectivity measured at 100.00m, and (c) scatter plot (red circle: time delay is considered, black circle : time delay not considered). Black dotted line indicates   , and red the relationship      .
표 Time-height cross sections of radar reflectivity for different snowflake habit needle (first row), graupel (second row), and dendrite-plate (third row).
표 Examples of the snowflake habit classified as needle and graupel in Fig. 3.5.17.
표 Same as Fig. 3.5.17 except for doppler velocity.
표 CFADs for radar reflectivity for different snowflake habits needle (left), graupel (middle), and dendrite-plate (right).
표 Same as Fig. 3.5.20 except for doppler velocity.
표 Relationship of reflectivity-snowfall intensity induced in this work: (a) needle, (b) graupel, (c) dendrite-plate, (d) all habits.
표 Comparison of the relationship of reflectivity-rainfall intensity. Black line indicates the theoretical relationship and purple the proposed one by NWS ROC. The others are the derived ones in this work.
표 The relationship of reflectivity-snowfall intensity according to snowflake habits derived in this research, the theoretical relationship, and the relationship proposed by NWS ROC.
표 Time series of snowfall intensity obtained from the relationship of reflectivity-snowfall intensity
표 Time series of snow accumulation: (a) 0810 ∼ 1200 UTC 30 JAN 2009, (b) 1850 ∼ 2359 UTC 30 JAN 2009, and (c) 1350 ∼ 2100 UTC 30 MAR 2009.
표 Time series of snow accumulation: (a) 0620 ∼ 1900 UTC 10 FEB 2010, (b) 1500 ∼ 2210 UTC 15 FEB 2010, and (c) 0000 ∼ 0300 UTC 09 MAR 2010.

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강수관측 정확도 평가기술 개발
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