□ 연구의 배경 및 목적 ○ 세계시장의 형성이 가속화되고 기술혁신활동의 주체인 기업들의 해외진출이 보다 활발해지면서 기술혁신활동의 대내외적 개방은 국내 기술혁신주체들의 역량증대를 위한 기본 요소 가운데 하나로 부각되고 있음 - 경제 및 과학기술활동의 세계화는 각 국가들로 하여금 이제까지 국가 내부에서 비교적 독립적으로 이루어져 오던 기술혁신 및 경제활동을 보다 대내외 개방적이면서 동시에 보다 경쟁력 있는 체제로 재구성할 것을 요구 - 가속화되고 있는 기술혁신활동의 세계화, 지구적 차원의 과학기술협력 요구증대, 국가기
□ 연구의 배경 및 목적 ○ 세계시장의 형성이 가속화되고 기술혁신활동의 주체인 기업들의 해외진출이 보다 활발해지면서 기술혁신활동의 대내외적 개방은 국내 기술혁신주체들의 역량증대를 위한 기본 요소 가운데 하나로 부각되고 있음 - 경제 및 과학기술활동의 세계화는 각 국가들로 하여금 이제까지 국가 내부에서 비교적 독립적으로 이루어져 오던 기술혁신 및 경제활동을 보다 대내외 개방적이면서 동시에 보다 경쟁력 있는 체제로 재구성할 것을 요구 - 가속화되고 있는 기술혁신활동의 세계화, 지구적 차원의 과학기술협력 요구증대, 국가기술혁신체제의 선진화 요구 속에서 해외자원과 국내자원을 효과적으로 결합시킬 수 있는 능력이 중요해짐 - 이는 우리가 오랫동안 익숙해져 왔던 수동적인 기술도입에서 나아가 보다 개방적으로 해외의 기술혁신활동과 연계하려는 노력을 기울여야 함을 의미 ○ 우리나라는 1990년대 초반 이후 국제화 및 세계화를 정부정책의 기본 방향 가운데 하나로 채택하고 이를 실현하기 위한 다양한 정책들을 마련하고 추진하여 왔음 - 과학기술 부문에서도 세계화는 1990년대 들어와 과학기술 고도화와 함께 핵심적인 정책 가운데 하나였음 - 탈냉전이후 첨단기술이 국가경쟁력을 좌우하는 핵심요소로 부각되고 세계 각 국간의 산업경쟁력제고를 위한 기술개발경쟁이 치열해지는 상황 속에서 한국은 자체적인 연구개발 노력과 함께 해외 선진기술의 이전을 위한 과학기술활동의 세계화를 적극 추진하여 옴 ○ 이제까지 시행된 다양한 국제화 정책 등을 통해 어느 정도 대내외 개방이 이루어져 왔는지에 대한 정확한 이해는 향후 보다 실효성 있고 적극적인 국제화 추진을 위해 반드시 필요함에도 불구하고 현재까지 우리나라 과학기술 국제화의 전반적인 실태 분석을 시도한 연구가 충분히 이루어지지 않았음 - 구체적으로 본 연구에서는 과학기술 투입요소인 과학기술투자 및 과학기술인력, 과학기술성과, 과학기술 국제화기반의 네 부문에서 개방과 글로벌 스탠더드의 관점에서 국제화 실태를 분석하고자 함
Abstract▼
Ⅰ. Internationaligation of S&T investment Despite the globalization trend of technology innovation activities in private as well as public sectors, it is often evaluated that Korea's progress in opening up its private and public R&D activities to the foreign counterparts and attracting foreign R&
Ⅰ. Internationaligation of S&T investment Despite the globalization trend of technology innovation activities in private as well as public sectors, it is often evaluated that Korea's progress in opening up its private and public R&D activities to the foreign counterparts and attracting foreign R&D investments has been quite sluggish compared to other countries. Korea's overseas R&D expenditure is seven times higher than foreign R&D investment into Korea. Korean private companies pay 97% of the overseas R&D expenditure while the remaining 2% is paid by the government-funded research institutes. In case of foreign R&D investment into Korea, 91% is concentrated on private sector while 7% goes to universities and the remaining 2% is invested in the government-funded research institutes. The ratio of overseas R&D expenditure to foreign R&D investment differs by the type of organizations. For example, in case of private companies, the ratio stands at 8:1 while that of the government- funded research institutes is estimated at 6:1. In case of universities, the trend is the opposite. Foreign R&D investment into the national and public universities in Korea is 28 times more than their overseas R&D expenditure. Even the ratio for private universities stands at 1:1.6. In terms of where the foreign R&D investment is made, in case of government-funded research institutes, 77% of the investment is made in science while respective 10% are allocated in engineering and medical science separately. The ratio of foreign R&D investment in the total R&D expenditure at the government-funded research institutes stands at only about 0.09%. As for foreign R&D investment into universities, a major share of 60% is allocated to 4-year national and public universities while 38% is spent by 4-year private universities. Foreign R&D investment accounts for about 0.75% of the total R&D budget of universities. In case of private companies, 0.56% of their total R&D expenses are covered by foreign R&D investment. The distribution of foreign R&D investment by the size of company shows that more than half of the foreign R&D investment is directed to mid-sized companies whose revenues range from $ 9-90 million with 100 to 299 employees. The remaining half goes to large companies whose revenues exceed $ 90 million with more than 1,000 employees. The ratio of foreign R&D investment in the total R&D budget in Korea stills remains very low compared to 18% of the U.K. and 7.2% of France. The review on the ratio of overseas R&D expenditure in the total R&D cost reveals that the ratio differs by the type of R&D organization, for example, 4.6% for private companies, 0.6% for government-funded research institutes, 0.01% for national and public universities, and 0.1% for private universities. In 2001, Korea spent total $ 468 million as overseas R&D expenses, which accounts for 3.5% of the country's total R&D cost. In 2002, $ 43 million, or about 1.1% of the total R&D cost of $ 4 billion, were invested in international cooperation. Specific areas of S&T globalization where the investment was made include supporting information exchange on human resources (48.5%), building up infrastructure for S&T globalization (14.7%), and supporting international research (36.8%). According to a survey on sub projects of Frontier and Creative Research Promotion Project whose basic information has been disclosed, in case of sub projects where international cooperation is under way, about 16% of the total project budget, or $ 270,000, is being spent in the international cooperation. A review on the cases of 20 Korean companies shows a huge gap between companies from 0% to 83% in the ratio of overseas R&D investment to total R&D budget. In general, it turns out that overseas expenditure is high in such areas as IT, telecommunication, and automotive. Compared to other types of organizations like government-funded research institutes and universities, R&D centers at private companies spend more on overseas R&D investment. However, still overseas R&D investment by private companies is relatively small in size and accounts for a limited share in the total R&D budget of the private companies.
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