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Kafe 바로가기주관연구기관 | 순천대학교 산학협력단 SunChon Natinal University |
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보고서유형 | 최종보고서 |
발행국가 | 대한민국 |
언어 | 한국어 |
발행년월 | 2016-02 |
과제시작연도 | 2015 |
주관부처 | 농촌진흥청 Rural Development Administration(RDA) |
등록번호 | TRKO201600003142 |
과제고유번호 | 1395041059 |
사업명 | 신품종지역적응연구 |
DB 구축일자 | 2016-06-25 |
DOI | https://doi.org/10.23000/TRKO201600003142 |
Ⅳ. 연구개발결과
참다래 궤양병 모니터링을 위하여 참다래 궤양병균 신균주 Psa3 특이적인 분자마커 개발하여 Multiplex PCR진단법을 확립하였다. Multiplex PCR진단법에 의해 참다래 궤양병의 발생을 조사한 결과 2013년 참다래 궤양병균 신균주 Psa3에 의한 궤양병이 발생한 농가는 단지 1개 농가에 불과했지만 2014년도에는 27개 농가, 2015년도에는 73개 농가로 매우 급속하게 확산되고 있음이 확인되었다.
참다래 궤양병의 적정 모니터링 시기는 줄기와 잎과 꽃봉오리에서 모두 궤양병균이 잘 검출되는 5
Ⅳ. 연구개발결과
참다래 궤양병 모니터링을 위하여 참다래 궤양병균 신균주 Psa3 특이적인 분자마커 개발하여 Multiplex PCR진단법을 확립하였다. Multiplex PCR진단법에 의해 참다래 궤양병의 발생을 조사한 결과 2013년 참다래 궤양병균 신균주 Psa3에 의한 궤양병이 발생한 농가는 단지 1개 농가에 불과했지만 2014년도에는 27개 농가, 2015년도에는 73개 농가로 매우 급속하게 확산되고 있음이 확인되었다.
참다래 궤양병의 적정 모니터링 시기는 줄기와 잎과 꽃봉오리에서 모두 궤양병균이 잘 검출되는 5월로 확인되었으며, 전남농업기술원, 국립원예특작과학원 남해출장소, 농림축산검역본부, 제주특별자치도농업기술원과의 협력을 통한 체계적인 궤양병 모니터링 체계를 구축하였다.
국내육성 참다래 신품종에 피해를 주는 돌발병해로 균핵병, 과실곰보병, 줄기탄저병 발생을 국내에서 최초로 보고하였으며, 저장병의 품종별 발생양상을 비교 검토하였다.
참다래 궤양병 병원세균에 효과적인 박테리오파지 7개를 국내 참다래 재배지 토양에서 선발하였는데, 항균활성 지속도가 높았고 또한 온도, pH, 자외선 등에 매우 안정적임을 확인하였다.
선발된 박테리오파지들은 참다래 궤양병 병원세균 뿐만 아니라 Pseudomonas syringae 종내 다른 pathovar들에도 효과를 보였으며, 간이 온실 실험 결과 처리한 박테리오파지들의 참다래 궤양병에 대한 방제효과가 유의성있게 나타내었다.
참다래 궤양병 병원세균에 항균활성이 좋은 식물체 오일들과 성분들을 분석한 결과, cinnamaldehyde가 가장 좋은 항균활성을 보였고, estragole, eugenol, methyl eugenol 등도 좋은 활성을 보였다.
국내육성 참다래 품종 중 비단품종은 비타민C와 페놀함량을 많이 함유하고 있으며, 생리활성 (항산화, 항치매 활성) 측면에서도 효과를 보였다.
참다래 과실 가공 시, 건조 온도가 높을수록 페놀성 물질과 항산화능이 증가함. 기능성 성분의 성질에 따라 온도 안정성이 다른 것으로 나타났다.
조기수확과는 만기수확과에 비해 미백 및 항치매 활성에서 높은 효과를 보임. 수확시기가 늦을수록 페놀성 물질은 증가하였으며, 카로티노이드 함량이 낮아졌다.
조기수확과는 저온저장 시, 루테인 및 베타카로틴 함량이 유지되거나 다소 감소한 반면, 만기수확과는 저장동안 증가하는 경향을 보임. 수확된 과실의 저장동안 항치매 활성은 감소하였다.
비단, 치악, 다래2호, 해금, 해향, 만수 등의 품종을 수확시기별 항산화능, 총페놀 함량, 총플라보노이드 함량을 분석하였고, 항산화능은 총페놀 함량과 밀접한 상관관계를 보였다.
헤이워드, 비단, 치악, 다래2호, 해금, 해향, 만수 등 7품종의 신경세포 보호능 평가에서 세포내 산화 스트레스를 완화시켜 신경세포 보호 활성을 보였다.
수컷 BALB/c 쥐 대식세포, 비장세포의 TNF-alpha, IL-6, IL-12, IFN-gamma, IL-2, IL-4 등을 분석을 통해 면역활성능이 비단 품종에서 우수함을 확인하였다.
국내육성 참다래 품종들을 키위잼, 디톡스 주스, 발효액, 동결건조스낵 등의 시제품 개발을 통해 상품화 가능성 제시하였다.
키위 과실의 연화는 처음 두달동안 높은 비율로 발생하여 품종에 따라 80~90%의 경도 감소가 관찰되었다. 수용성펙틴 증가와 이온성펙틴 감소가 과일연화와 밀접한 관련이 있었다. 이 연화과정은 pectate lyase, α-L-arabinofuranosidase 및 xylanase와 같은 세포벽 변형효소의 활성 증가의 영향을 크게 받으며 결과적으로 수용성 펙틴의 분해를 일으켰다. 그러나 polyglacturonase와 β-galactosidase가 과실연화에 미치는 영향은 덜 중요하였다.
수확전 키토산 처리는 효과적으로 처음 2달간 과실 연화를 지연시켰는데 이 과정은 세포벽 변형효소의 활성 감소와 밀접한 관련이 있었다. 그러나 저장 2개월후의 과실 경도는 처리간 차이가 크지 않았다.
키토산 처리는 수확기의 과실 건물중과 전분함량을 증가시켰는데 이 결과는 키토산 처리가 광합성산물의 이동을 방해하지 않는 것을 의미하는 것으로 생각할 수 있다.
수확전 키토산 처리 과실은 과피표면에 항균막을 형성하여 과피반점 형성 및 증산을 억제시켜주어 가시적 품질유지에 기여하였다. 수확전 키토산 처리는 과실내부의 CO2 농도를 높여 아마도 에틸렌 작용과 호흡을 억제시켜 과실 성숙을 지연시키는 것으로 이해되었다. 그러나 수확 전 키토산 처리는 과실을 고르게 성숙시켜 결과적으로 수확기에 연화과 발생을 크게 줄여주었다. 수확전 키토산 처리과실은 수확기에 산함량은 높고 가용성 고형물 수준은 낮았지만 후숙후 과실 품질은 영향을 받지 않았다. 즉, 후숙한 과실의 가용성 고형물은 물론 포도당, 과당 및 자당 함량은 영향을 받지 않았다. 수확후 고농도 CO2 처리는 과실 경도 유지에 상가적 효과가 부분적으로 관찰되었다. 저장성 증진을 위한 수확전 키토산 살포는 약 2~3주 정도의 시간이 요구되었다.
수확 후 키토산 살포는 100~500 ug/L의 농도에서 농도에 관계없이 저장성 증진에 대해 효과적이지 않았다. 고농도의 1회 처리는 골드 키위 저장성 증진에 효과적이지 않았다. 전반적으로 칼슘을 포함한 키토산처리는 저장잠재력이 적은 골드 혹은 레드키위 저장성 증진에 효과적인 수단으로 간주된다.
골드키위의 후숙은 1~5 ppm ethylene, 24시간 처리로 충분하였다. 후숙에 소요되는 시간은 에틸렌 농도에 의존하며 식용 가능한 수준으로 후숙되는 5~7일이 소요되었다. 그러나 저장 2개월 후에는 후숙처리가 필요하지 않았다.
동일한 상자에 포장된 과실의 성숙수준에 많은 편차가 있어 이러한 과실의 불균일한 성숙편차는 키위 시장확대에 장애가 되는 것으로 판단된다. 포장된 과실의 일부는 후숙되기까지 기다리는 과정에서 일분 신선도를 상실한다. 출하전 에틸렌을 이용한 후숙처리는 소비자 만족을 위하여 매우 필요한 조치로 판단된다.
국내육성 황색과육 참다래의 후숙 후 과실품질에 대한 회귀식을 구명하였으며 이를 토대로 후숙 후 과실의 당도 예측 프로그램을 개발하였다. 국내육성 황색과육 참다래의 수체생육 및 과실 품질 변화를 구명하였으며 기존 ‘헤이워드’ 품종과의 재배 방식의 차별성이 필요하다고 판단된다.
국내육성 황색과육 참다래의 광환경 개선을 위한 전정 시기, 전정 방법 및 결과모지 관리 방법 구명하였으며 참다래의 고품질 안정생산을 위한 맞춤형 재배매뉴얼을 개발하였다.
Occurrences of bacterial canker and several emerging diseases were monitored during the 2013~2015 growing seasons of kiwifruits. Typical bacterial canker symptom with reddish bacterial exudates caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa) occurred on trunks in early spring followed by halo sp
Occurrences of bacterial canker and several emerging diseases were monitored during the 2013~2015 growing seasons of kiwifruits. Typical bacterial canker symptom with reddish bacterial exudates caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa) occurred on trunks in early spring followed by halo spots on leaves of kiwifruits. May was turned out to be the optimum time to detect Psa from trunks, leaves and flowers on kiwifruit trees. Among the populations of Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae populations, three biovars designated as Psa1, Psa2 and Psa3 are present globally, but Psa2 and Psa3 have been detected until now in Korea. Psa2 has been continuously causing bacterial canker on kiwifruits since late 1980s, but new emerging virulent Psa3 was first detected on the yellow-fleshed kiwifruit cultivar ‘Yellow King’ and the red-fleshed kiwifruit cultivar ‘Hongyang’ at an orchard in Goheung, Jeonnam Province from 2011 to 2014. However, sudden outbreaks of Psa3 took place in Gyeongnam and Jeju Provinces in 2014 and in many regions including Jeonnam Provine in 2015. We developed the multiplex PCR primers that could distinguish Psa populations using the sequence data of randomly amplified polymorphic DNA(RAPD) analyses. Epidemiological and molecular analyses using the multiplex PCR primers revealed two possible spread pathways of Psa3: infected seedlings imported from China were turned to be the inoculum sources of the first epidemics of Psa3 on ‘Yellow King’ and ‘Hongyang’, and contaminated pollens might be responsible the recent outbreaks of Psa3 on various cultivars of kiwifruits in many regions throughout Korea. All of the yellow-fleshed and red-fleshed kiwifruit cultivars were highly susceptible to Psa3 but ‘Hayward’ showed relatively resistant reaction to Psa3.
Sclerotinia rot caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and side-rot caused by Pseudocercospora spp. were found to be frequently occur on the yellow-fleshed and red-fleshed kiwifruit cultivars as recent emerging diseases. The typical symptom of Sclerotinia rot was a small grey, soft lesion on the developing fruitlet surface, often associated with petals attached to the side or basal areas of the fruitlet. Although the rot may progress and cause the fruit to drop under continuously wet conditions, the rot commonly resulted in scarring of the fruit surface as the fruit gradually matured under normal environmental conditions. The lesions were sometimes cracked and ranged from approximately 5 mm to 50 mm in length. The typical symptom of side-rot appeared as small concavities on the surface of fruits. The symptoms developed into distinct, black or dark brown, irregular to angular scab‐like lesions with discolored corky fruit fleshes immediately beneath the lesions. Symptoms were observed in maturation period on trees, but some fruits fell to the ground prematurely.
Whereas the incidence rates of fruit rots of ‘Hayward’ and ‘Hort16A’ were 18.5% and 30.5%, those of ‘Jecy-Gold’, ‘Halla-Gold’, ‘Chiak’, ‘Haegeum’, ‘Haehyang’ and ‘Haewon’ were 5.5%, 12.5%, 3.3%, 3.3%, 12.5% and 13.5%, respectively. All of the new Korean cultivars showed low incidence rates of fruit rots compared with the old cultivars. Among them, ‘Chiak’, ‘Haegeum’ and ‘Jecy-Gold’ seemed to be more resistant to the fruit rots than the other cultivars. Although the isolation rates of the causal fungi were quite variable according to the varieties, Botryosphaeria dothidea and Diaporthe actinidiae causing ripe rot and stem-end rot symptoms were turned out to be the major pathogens of the fruit rots on the new Korean cultivars as well as the old cultivars of kiwifruit, respectively.
Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae causes bacterial canker disease in kiwifruit. Owing to the prohibition of agricultural antibiotic use in major kiwifruit-cultivating countries, alternative methods need to be developed to manage this disease. Bacteriophages are viruses that specifically infect target bacteria and have recently been reconsidered as potential biological control agents for bacterial pathogens owing to their specificity in terms of host range. In this study, we first isolated bacteriophages against P. syringae pv. actinidiae from soils collected from kiwifruit orchards in Korea and selected seven bacteriophages for further characterization based on restriction enzyme digestion patterns of genomic DNA. Among the studied bacteriophages, two belong to the Myoviridae family and three belong to the Podoviridae family, based on morphology observed by transmission electron microscopy. The host range of the selected bacteriophages was confirmed using 18 strains of P. syringae pv. actinidiae, including the Psa2 and Psa3 groups, and some were also effective against other P. syringae pathovars. Lytic activity of the selected bacteriophages was sustained in vitro until 80 h, and their activity remained stable up to 50℃, at pH 11, and under UV-B light. These results indicate that the isolated bacteriophages are specific to P. syringae species and are resistant to various environmental factors, implying their potential use in control of bacterial canker disease in kiwifruits. Next, antibacterial activity of plant essential oils (PEOs) originating from forty-nine plant species were tested against Psa by a vapor diffusion assay and a liquid culture assay. The five PEOs from Pimenta racemosa, P. dioica, Melaleuca linariifolia, M. cajuputii , and Cinnamomum cassia efficiently inhibited Psa growth by either assays. For finding active compounds, their major components were separated. As a result, estragole, eugenol, and methyl eugenol showed significant antibacterial activity by only the liquid culture assay, while cinnamaldehyde exhibited antibacterial activity by both assays. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of estragole and cinnamaldehyde by the liquid culture assay were 1,250 and 2,500 ppm, respectively. The MIC of cinnamaldehyde by the vapor diffusion assay was 5,000 ppm. Based on the formation of clear zones or the decrease of optical density caused by these compounds, they might kill the bacterial cells and this feature might be useful for managing the bacterial canker disease in kiwifruit.
Analysis of functional components and performance of standard components in Korean bred kiwifruits are required as a potent source of bioactive components and functional products. Functional factors of numerous kiwifruits were comparatively analyzed.
It was found that certain kiwifruits, especially 'Bidan', contained high antioxidants and anti-dementia materials as compared with imported kiwifruits, Hort16A and hayward. Correlation between the bioactive components and antioxidant or anti-dementia activity among seven varieties of kiwifruits was analyzed. Vitamin C (Vc) had the highest correlation with antioxidant activity. Total phenolics had the highest correlation with acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity. Acetylcholinesterase activity was not significantly correlated with total phenolics or Vc, but the butyrylcholinesterase activity was significantly correlated with total flavonoids. Several biological activities, including cosmetic activities, and carotenoids, including lutein and beta-carotene, in immature kiwifruits were evaluated. Immature fruits showed more anti-dementia activity and higher whitening effect whereas ripened fruits showed more antioxidant activity. Various chemical components and antioxidant activities in fruits are affected by processing temperature. Thus, antioxidant activities and contents of total phenolics and flavonoids in kiwifruits processed at different drying temperatures were investigated. 'Halla gold' and 'Jecy gold' were sliced and dried at 30℃, 50℃, 70℃, 90℃ in a drying oven. Antioxidant activities of 'Jecy gold' dried at 70 and 90℃ were increased compared to the activities of 'Jecy gold' dried at 30℃. Otherwise, antioxidant activities of 'Halla gold' dried at 30℃ showed the highest values. The fruits processed at 90℃ contained the highest content of total phenolics in both varieties. Functional components in pre- and post-harvested kiwifruits, 'Halla gold' and 'Jecy gold', were evaluated. Lutein and beta-carotene were more accumulated in immature fruits and gradually decreased when fruits were matured. On the other hand, vitamin C, flavonoids and phenolics were tended to increase when fruits are maturing. Storage time seemed no influence to the fluctuation of carotenoids. Early harvested fruits showed more anti-dementia activities in enzymetic analysis.
This study was conducted to comparatively evaluate total phenolics, total flavonoids, antioxidant capacity and cell protective effects on PC-12 of seven cultivars of kiwifruits grown in Korea. And Six cultivars of kiwifruits grown in Korea, including Actinidia eriantha ‘Bidan’, A. arguta ‘Chiak’, A. arguta ‘Darae no. 2’, A. chinensis ‘Haegeum’, A. chinensis ‘Haehyang’, and A. arguta × A. deliciosa ‘Mansoo’, were harvested at various maturity stages to test whether kiwifruit maturity has an influence on antioxidant capacity or total phenolic and flavonoid contents. The skin extracts showed higher total phenolics, total flavonoids, and antioxidant capacity than the flesh extracts. Antioxidant capacity and total phenolics of the skin extracts from Haehyang, Haegum and Bidan were approximately 3-10 fold higher than those of the other. The flesh extract of Bidan showed the highest antioxidant capacity and total phenolics among seven kiwifruits.
Kiwifruit of Actinidia eriantha cv. Bidan and cv. Hayward evaluated the anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory using peritoneal macrophages and splenocytes of male Balb/c mice. The skin and flesh extracts of cv. Bidan and cv. Hayward decreased the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-12 in LPS-stimulated macrophages in a dose-dependent manner.
The result of CD4, B220, and CD40 using flow cytometry showed that cv. Bidan has an anti-inflammatory effect through regulation of the production of antibody.
The processed food of kiwifruit developed pickled kiwi(using salt water, doenjang, gochujang and sugar), freeze-dried snack and Detox juice using Bidan, Haegeum, Mansoo, Chiak etc. The water content of freeze-dried snack kiwi was 8~14% and solid was 86~92%. The sensory test of pickled kiwi was highest doenjang gold kiwi.
Softening of the kiwifruit occurred in higher rate in the first 2 months and firmness loss was approximately near 80-90% between cultivars, and then firmness loss was much slower. Increase of water soluble pectin (WSP) and decrease of chelator soluble pectin (CSP) is closely associated with softening of fruit. This process was significantly affected by the increasing activities of wall modifying enzymes such as pectate lyase, α-L-arabinofuranosidase and xylanase, resulting in the depolymerization of WSP. However, the potential role of polyglacturonase and β-galactosidase on fruit softening seemed to be less effective.
Preharvest treatment of chitosan effectively delayed fruit softening at the first 2 months through down-regulation of wall modifying enzymes. However, fruit firmness after 2 months of storage was little difference between treatments.
There was an increase of not only dry matter but also starch content in chitosan treated fruit at harvest, indicating that chitosan did not interrupt the translocation of photosynthates.
Fruit treated with chitosan before harvest seemed to develop antimicrobial film on fruit skin resulting in suppression of brown to black spot formation and moisture loss of fruit, which contributed to keeping visual quality. Preharvest spray of chitosan induced the increase of internal CO2, which delayed the ripening of fruits probably via inhibition of fruit respiration and ethylene action. However, preharvest chitosan spray made fruit even mature and thus, the incidence of soft fruit at harvest was much decreased. Low soluble solid level and high acidity of fruit treated with preharvest chitosan did not affect the fruit quality at ripe stage. Levels of both soluble solids and soluble sugars such as glucose, fructose and sucrose was not affected by chitosan treatment at ripe stage. An additive effect of high pCO2 on keeping fruit firmness was found during storage in part. There was a lag time (about 2-3 weeks) to induce the effect of shelf-life improvement through chitosan treatment.
Postharvest treatment of chitosan was not effective on improvement of kiwifruit shelf-life regardless of chitosan concentration from 100 to 500 ug/L. No significant positive effect on keeping freshness of golden kiwifruit storage was found in a single treatment with higher concentration. In general, chitosan with calcium seemed to be effective measure to improve the shelf-life of golden and red kiwifruit with short storage potential.
Ripening of golden kiwifruit was completed with 24 hr exposure to 1~5 ppm of ethyelne. Time required for ripening was dependant on ethylene concentration. Edible quality was obtained with 5~7 days at ambient temperature. However, ripening treatment was not required after 2 months fo storage.
Uneven ripening of kiwifruit seemed to be barrier for the enlargement of kiwifruit market because the great maturity difference in a same slae box was found. Part of fruit lose their freshness in waiting ripeness due to skin shrinkage. Ripening treatment with ethylene before marketing seemed to be strongly required to satisfy the consumers.
The new promising yellow-fleshed kiwifruit varieties in Korea, such as Jecy Gold (Actinidia chinensis var. ‘Jecy Gold’) and Halla Gold (A. chinensis var. ‘Halla Gold’), were investigated. In case of unripe, soluble solids content (SSC) and dry matter content(DM) of kiwifruit during fruit development are gradually increased. On the other hand, acidity is gradually decreased. In case of ripe, soluble solids content (SSC), acidity and dry matter content (DM) of kiwifruit during fruit development are gradually increased. According to result of the relationship between unripe fruit characteristics and ripe fruit characteristics, dry matter content (DM) measured on unripe fruit correlated with soluble solids content (rSSC) measured after ripening. According to the results of photosynthesis measurements, varieties are increasing from May to August and then are decreasing to October. According to the results of nutrient measurements like nitrogen, phosphate and potassium, They are increasing from December to June and then decreasing. But there are not significance in varieties. Pruning time was late May and pruning methods which were cutted fruiting branch under 5 leaves (Short Pruning ; SP), 10 leaves (Long Pruning ; LP)were conducted in Korea. According to investigation of light transmittance short pruning (SP) was higher than long pruning and control. Photosynthesis rate (PPFD 1,000 umol·m-2s-1) were 9. 8, 16. 9, 17.0 umol CO2m-2s-1 at short pruning (SP), long pruning (LP) and control. From the result, We can suppose that short pruning (SP) makes good condition of light transmittance in tree canopy and these factors conduct Photosynthes is in leaves. Shoot leng that short pruning (SP) was longer than the other treatment and the fewer then umber of reserve vines, the higher relative solar radiation under canopy was. Number of leaves and diameter in short pruning (SP) has be come more and thicker than long pruning (LP) and control. Fruit weight in short pruning (SP) and long pruning (LP) has be come heavy than control. And soluble solid was in short pruning (SP) has become higher than other treatments. Flesh color (Lvalue) was same tendency as fruit weight
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