[보고서]북극권 해저에너지자원 예비탐사 연구

강무희

북극권 해저에너지자원 예비탐사 연구
Preliminary survey for marine energy resources in the Arctic region 원문보기

보고서 정보
주관연구기관	한국지질자원연구원 Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources
연구책임자	강무희
참여연구자	공기수 , 김지훈 , 김진호 , 이영주 , 최종규
보고서유형	최종보고서
발행국가	대한민국
언어	한국어
발행년월	2016-12
과제시작연도	2016
주관부처	미래창조과학부 Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning
등록번호	TRKO201700000423
과제고유번호	1711041346
사업명	한국지질자원연구원연구운영비지원
DB 구축일자	2017-09-20
키워드	북극.환북극권.해저에너지자원.해저자원탐사.탄성파 탐사.Arctic.Circum-Arctic.marine energy resources.marine resources exploration.seismic survey.
DOI	https://doi.org/10.23000/TRKO201700000423

초록 ▼

최종목표
◦ 북극 유빙/결빙해역 소규모 해저에너지자원 탐사기술 개발
◦ 북극권 국가별 해저에너지자원 탐사프로세스 수립

개발내용 및 결과
◦ 북극 유빙/결빙해역 소규모 해저에너지자원 탐사기술 개발
- 북극 탐사용 다중채널 (8채널 이상) 소규모 탄성파 탐사시스템 구축
- 쇄빙연구선 아라온호 북극해 탐사 참여, 북극 동시베리아해 및 척치해 유빙/결빙해역 물리탐사 및 퇴적물 시추 수행
- 680 L-km 고해상 스파커 탄성파 자료 및 4개 JPC포함 퇴적물 시추
- 탄성파상 과거 거대 빙하의 존재를 지시하는 diamicton층 발달
- 하부에서부터 탄화수소의 이동을 지시하는 gas chimney 구조 발달
- 북극 척치해 사면 퇴적물내 가스하이드레이트 실물채취
- 가스하이드레이트 동위원소 분석결과 열기원 가스로 규명
- 북극 스발바르 군도 석유가스 근원암 조사 및 스발바르 피요르드 국제공동탐사 수행
- 근원암 TOC >0.5 wt%, T_max 435~450 ℃, 유기물 Type III 우세
- 총 120개 측선의 물리탐사자료 및 28개 지점 퇴적물 시추시료 취득
◦ 북극권 국가별 해저에너지자원 탐사프로세스 수립
- 북미 및 북유럽 북극해 탐사 프로세스 (규제, 절차) 분석
- 북극 글로벌 이슈 (북극이사회, UN대륙붕한계, IMO Polar Code 및 북극 스발바르 조약) 분석

기대효과
◦ 북극권에서의 미래 안정적 에너지자원 확보 및 수급을 위한 북극 유빙/결빙해역 해저자원 탐사기술 확보
◦ 국제 공동 북극연구 수행을 통한 북극이사회 협력국 (영구옵서버) 위상 제고

적용분야
◦ 북극권 해저에너지자원개발을 위한 기초 조사자료 활용
◦ 북극 기후변화와 연관된 물질거동 및 순환규명 활용
◦ 북극항로 개발에 필수적인 북극해 공간정보 활용

Abstract ▼

Ⅳ. Results
◦ Developing techniques of marine geophysical survey and conducting pilot survey for marine energy resources in the Arctic free-floating sea-ice/ice-covered water
- Establishment of multi-channel (> 8 channels) sparker seismic acquisition system for the Arctic survey
- Participating the survey of IBRV Araon of KOPRI in the Arctic Ocean for 2015-2016
- Conducting shallow geophysical survey and sediment coring in unsurveyed area of East Siberian Shelf and Chukchi Sea, the Arctic Ocean
- Acquiring total 680 L-km of sparker multi-channel seismic data
- Analyzing geochemical characteristics of sediment cores including 4 sites of JPC(Jumbo Piston Corer)
- Recognizing diamicton layers which indicating the presence of huge glaciers in the past from the high-resolution seismic profiles
- Gay chimneys developed in the East Siberian Shelf, may indicate the migration of hydrocarbons from the deep subsurface
- Gas hydrate recovered in the slope of Chukchi Sea and its origin is thermogenic by the geochemical analysis
- Conducting geologic field excursion for source rock evaluation and hydrocarbon potential in the Svalbard (18 source rock samples collected)
- Characteristics of the Svalbard source rocks : TOC >0.5 wt%, Tmax 435 ~ 450 ℃, dominant of organic type III

◦ Establishment of survey process for marine energy resources in the Arctic Ocean
- Analyses of survey process for marine energy resources in the Arctic related to the governments of North America and Northern Europe
- Analyses of the organization of Arctic Council and its working groups
- Analyses of UNCLOS outer limit of continental shelf and UNCLCS submissions from the Arctic coastal states in the Arctic Ocean
- Analysis of International Maritime Organization Polar Code and the Svalbard Treaty

목차 Contents

표지 ... 1제 출 문 ... 2최종보고서 요약서 ... 4요 약 문 ... 6SUMMARY ... 8CONTENTS ... 12목차 ... 14List of Tables ... 16List of Figures ... 18제 1 장 연구개발 과제의 개요 ... 26 제 1 절 연구의 목적 및 필요성 ... 26 1. 연구의 목적 ... 26 2. 연구의 필요성 ... 26 제 2 절 연구개발 범위 ... 28제 2 장 국내외 기술개발 현황 ... 30 제 1 절 북극자원개발 ... 30 1. 서 언 ... 30 2. 북극자원탐사 및 개발 현황 ... 37 제 2 절 북극 글로벌 이슈 ... 40 1. 북극이사회 ... 40 2. 유엔대륙붕한계 ... 42 3. IMO Polar code (극지운항선박 안전코드) ... 46 4. 스발바르 조약 ... 46제 3 장 연구개발수행 내용 및 결과 ... 49 제 1 절 서 론 ... 49 제 2 절 북극탐사용 탄성파 탐사시스템 ... 52 1. 스파커 탄성파 탐사시스템 ... 52 2. 북극탐사대비 동해 시험탐사 ... 53 제 3 절 북극해 탐사 ... 60 1. 스파커 탄성파 탐사 ... 60 2. 북극해 퇴적물 시추 및 지화학 분석 ... 78 제 4 절 북극 스발바르 탐사 ... 103 1. 스발바르 군도 지형 및 지질 ... 103 2. 스발바르 군도 주요 에너지자원 ... 117 3. 스발바르 근원암 조사 ... 121 4. 스발바르 피요르드 국제공동탐사 ... 132 제 5 절 북극 글로벌 이슈 ... 143 1. 북극이사회 ... 143 2. 유엔대륙붕한계 ... 166 3. IMO Polar Code ... 187 4. 스발바르 조약 ... 196 제 6 절 북극해 탐사프로세스 ... 200 1. 미국 탐사프로세스 ... 200 2. 캐나다 탐사 프로세스 ... 204 3. 덴마크 탐사 프로세스 ... 215제 4 장 목표달성도 및 관련분야에의 기여도 ... 225 제 1 절 연구목표의 달성도 ... 225 제 2 절 관련분야에의 기여도 ... 226 1. 정책적 기여도 ... 226 2. 기술적 기여도 ... 226제 5 장 연구개발결과의 활용계획 ... 227제 6 장 연구개발과정에서 수집한 해외과학기술정보 ... 228제 7 장 참고문헌 ... 232끝페이지 ... 236

표/그림 (131)

표 Analysis of the Arctic sea ice melting and Arctic resources development.
표 The scope of the project.
표 Circumpolar Map Highlighting the Arctic Circle in Orange and Key Regions and Sea Routes
표 Estimates of undiscovered oil and gas in north of the Arctic Circle
표 Potential Arctic oil and gas resources (EYGM, 2013). Total assessed resources in the Arctic are 412 billion boe.
표 Oil and gas fields discovered in Yamal Peninsula, Russian Arctic
표 Organization of the Arctic Council.
표 Maritime boundaries and extended continental shelf in the Arctic Sea
표 List of the nations signed on the Svalbard Treaty.
표 Arctic sea ice extent analysis since 1981
표 Arctic Sea Ice volume anomaly and trend from PIOMAS
표 Arctic governance and regulations.
표 Sparker multichannel seismic acquisition system for the Arctic free-floating sea ice/ice covered water.
표 System layout of SBP 120 sub-bottom profiler and EM 120 series multibeam echosounder mounted on IBRV Araon.
표 Specification of Kongsberg EM122 Multibeam Eco-sounder mounted on IBRV Araon.
표 Flow chart of multibeam data processing using Caris HIPS & SIPS.
표 Multibeam bathymetry data acquired by IBRV Araon in the East Sea during the test cruise for 2015 Arctic survey.
표 Multibeam bathymetry of the Anyongbok Seamount in the East Sea.
표 IBRV Araon max. 39 m Jumbo Piston Corer (JPC) installation and trial for the Arctic cruise.
표 Sparker seismic tracks and profiles acquired in the East Sea during IBRV Araon test cruise for 2015 Arctic expedition
표 Survey tracks and JPC (Jumbo Piston Corer) sites during 2015 IBRV Araon 2nd Arctic Cruise (ARA06C).
표 Sparker multichannel seismic survey using IBRV Araon in the Arctic free-floating sea-ice/ice-covered water during ARA06C Expedition
표 General layout and towing diagram of streamer and sparker electrode during ARA06 cruise.
표 Arctic Sea-Ice image around Chukchi Sea and East Siberian Sea during IBRV Aron 2015 cruise
표 Collision of free-floating sea ice and multichannel streamer during the sparker survey.
표 Real-time acquisition QC display and brute stack for the first sparker seismic line.
표 Salinity distribution measured from ADCP during IBRV Araon 2015 2nd Cruise (ARA06C) in the Arctic ocean
표 Sparker electrode towing layout diagram with an iron weight
표 Comparison of direct wave amplitudes with electrode towing depth.
표 High resolution sparker seismic acquisition parameters used for ARA06C cruise in 2015.
표 Sparker seismic line information acquired during ARA06C.
표 A sparker seismic profile showing iceberg scours and diamicton layers in the Chukchi Shelf, the Arctic Ocean.
표 A sparker seismic profile showing gas chimney in the East Siberian Shelf, the Arctic Ocean.
표 A sparker seismic profile showing glacially incised valleys in the slope of Chukchi Borderland.
표 Sparker seismic profiles showing erosional channels in the Chukchi Continental Shelf.
표 Arctic Sea-Ice image around East Siberian Sea and Chukchi Sea during IBRV Aron 2016 Arctic 2nd cruise (data from AWI).
표 Sparker multichannel seismic survey using IBRV Araon in the Arctic free-floating sea-ice/ice-covered water during ARA07C cruise
표 General layout and towing diagram of streamer and sparker electrode source during ARA07C cruise.
표 Salinity and temperature measured using ADCP during IBRV Araon 2016 2nd Cruise (ARA07C) in the Arctic ocean.
표 High resolution sparker seismic acquisition parameters used for ARA07C cruise in 2016.
표 Summary of high resolution sparker seismic survey during ARA07C cruise in 2016.
표 Brute stacks of sparker multichannel seismic data acquired in the East Siberian Shelf, the Arctic Ocean during IBRV Araon 2016 Arctic 2nd cruise.
표 Sediment coring by JPC (Jumbo Piston Corer) system used for ARA06C cruise in 2015.
표 Summary of location, water depth, sediment recovery and core type in each coring site during ARA06C cruise in 2015.
표 Summary of location, water depth, sediment recovery, and core type in each coring site during ARA07C cruise in 2016.
표 The information of headspace gas in each site (ARA06C).
표 Information of headspace gas (HS), void gas (VG) and dissociated hydrate gas (GH) in each site from the ARA07C cruise (mbsf : meter below seafloor).
표 Extraction of pore fluid in core by Rhizon.
표 Pore fluid sampling, pre-treatment, and storage for the onboard and post-cruise analyses.
표 Downcore profile of CH4 in headspace gas (HS) at Sites JPC-01, JPC-02, JPC-03, and JPC-04 from ARA06C cruise (mbsf : meter below seafloor).
표 Downcore profile of CH4, C2H6 and C3H8 in a) headspace gas (HS) at Sites GC02, GC02-1, GC03, GC05, GC07, GC13 and GC14, and b) in void gas (VG) and dissociated hydrate gas (GH) at Sites GC13 and GC14 of ARA07C cruise (mbsf : meter below seafloor).
표 Isotopic properties of headspace gases at Site JPC-01 from the ARA06C cruise (mbsf : meter below seafloor).
표 Photos of gas hydrate collected at Site GC13 from the ARA07C cruise.
표 Cartoon representing the depth distribution of common electron acceptors in the environment, the names used to represent the zones where these different electron acceptors are used and chemical zonations
표 Photos of methane-derived authigenic carbonate (MDAC) at Sites GC13 and GC14 from ARA07C cruise.
표 Geological map of the Svalbard
표 Surging-type tide water glacier in the Svalbard.
표 Patterned ground made up of rings of stones in the Svalbard.
표 Generalized cross-section along the Isfjorden transect in the Svalbard (Hjelle, 1993; Dallmann et al. 1993; Braathen et al. 1999; Bergh et al. 2000; Blinova et al., 2012). BFZ : Billefjorden Fault Zone, FG : Forlandsundet Graben, OL : Oscar II Land, IF : Isfjorden, NB : Nordfjorden block, NL : Nordenskiöld Land.
표 The basement of Svalbard formed during Precambrian to Silurian
표 The landscape around Wooodfjorden is characterized by red-coloured Devonian sandstones
표 Templet mountain in the end of Isfjorden, Svalbard consists of flat lying sediments from the Permian period
표 Mesozoic rocks in Svalbard
표 Tertiary rocks in Svalbard
표 Coal mines and operators in Svalbard (ArcticEcon, 2012). SNSG : Store Norske Spitsbergen Grubekompani AS, SNSK : Store Norske Spitsbergen Kulkompani AS.
표 Russian drilling rig in Billefjorden
표 Location map of source rock samples for hydrocarbon in the Svalbard.
표 Geologic field trip for hydrocarbon source rock around Longyearbyen in the Svalbard.
표 List of source rock samples around Longyearbyen, the Svalbard.
표 Geological map and stratigraphy around Barentsburg, the Svalbard
표 Geologic field trip for hydrocarbon source rock around Barentsburg in the Svalbard.
표 List of source rock samples around Barentsburg in the Svalbard.
표 Geologic field trip for hydrocarbon source rock around fjords in Longyearbyen, the Svalbard.
표 List of source rock samples around Longyearbyen fjords in the Svalbard.
표 Analysis condition of VINCI Technologies Rock-Eval 6.
표 Peaks from Rock-Eval pyrolysis.
표 Terminology used for Rock-Eval pyrolysis.
표 Geochemical parameters for potential of hydrocarbon source rock.
표 Results of Rock-Eval pyrolysis for source rock samples of the Svalbard.
표 TOC vs S1 + S2 diagram for source rock samples of the Svalbard.
표 Modified van Krevelen diagram for source rock samples of the Svalbard.
표 Parameters for thermal maturation of organic matters.
표 Tmax vs HI diagram for source rock samples of the Svalbard.
표 R/V Helmer Hannsen of the Arctic University of Norway
표 Survey area of the Svalbard using R/V Helmer Hannsen.
표 Polish Arctic research station located in Hornsund Fjord of the Svalbard.
표 Survey tracks and the result of multibeam bathymetry survey in Hornsund Fjord of the Svalbard.
표 Location map of sediment cores during the Svalbard fjords survey.
표 Summary of location, water depth, sediment recovery, and core type in each coring site during the Svalbard fjords survey.
표 CH4 concentration of headspace gas (HS) collected during the Svalbard fjords survey
표 17 Recommendations in PAME 2009 AMSA Report
표 Arctic Council Working Group and its main project.
표 Classification of the sea and definition of United Nations continental margin.
표 Schematic diagram of the formula line
표 Final formula line for the outer limit of continental shelf
표 Schematic diagram of active continental margin
표 Schematic diagram of passive continental margin
표 Schematic diagram of constraint line
표 Final constraint line for the outer limit of continental shelf
표 Final outer limit of continental shelf based on the outer envelope of formula line and constraint line
표 Disputes with respect to the maritime boundaries of the Coastal States in the Arctic Sea
표 Classification of maritime boundaries (left) and outer limits of the continental shelf of Coastal States around the Arctic Sea (right).
표 Submission to the UNCLCS for the outer limits of the continental shelf of the Coastal States in the Arctic Sea.
표 Submitted outer limit of Russian continental shelf in the Arctic Sea.
표 Outer continental shelf in the Norwegian Sea submitted by Iceland.
표 Submitted Canadian continental shelf in the northern Atlantic Ocean.
표 Submitted Danish outer limit of continental shelf in the northern area (upper left) and the southern area (upper right) of Faroe Island, and the northern area (lower right) and the northeastern area (lower left) of the Greenland, in 2009, 2013, and 2014, respectively
표 Submitted Norwegian outer continental shelf in Barents Sea, Norwegian Sea, and the Arctic Ocean.
표 Survey Areas explored by USA in 2011~2015 (left) and the intended areas for the submission of outer continental shelf.
표 IMO Polar Code development. FSICR : Finnish-Swedish ice class Regulation–1971, CASPPR : Canadian Arctic Shipping Pollution Prevention Regulations, RMRS : Russian Maritime Register of Shipping
표 Contents of IMO Polar Code.
표 Contents of IMO Polar Code Part I-A (Safety).
표 Contents of IMO Polar Code Part II-A (Pollution).
표 Korean Register (KR) classification of ice class ship.
표 Classification of ice class ship in IMO Polar Code.
표 Concept of POLARIS (Polar Operational Limit Assessment Risk Indexing System).
표 Operation of ship in Polar seas based on RIO.
표 POLARIS RIO based on 2010-2015 average Arctic ice conditions in Chukchi Sea, the Arctic Ocean.
표 POLARIS RIO map for Ice Class ship based on 2012 Arctic ice conditions in Chukchi and East Siberian seas, the Arctic Ocean.
표 Seismic data acquired in the Arctic Sea stored and managed in USGS NAMSS.
표 Map of areas where the NEB regulates Oil and Gas Exploration and Production.
표 (a) Inuvialuit Settlement Region and (b) Nunavut Settlement Area.
표 Chart flow of process overview for a proposed Arctic offshore drilling project.
표 Danish Arctic Strategies.
표 Current licenses issued from Danish government in the North Sea Oil Field. Green color represents the open block as the first come first served basis. Those blocks have not been produced yet
표 Licenses within the Faroe Area
표 Greenland licenses for developing mineral resources.
표 Arctic seismic acquisition system used for Denmark-Greenland Arctic Continental Shelf Project.
표 Research areas of Green-CAP project
표 Picture of (a) IBRV Polarstern and (b) the conceptual model of Polarstern II of AWI, Germany.
표 Survey track lines of IBRV Polarstern (AWI) in the Arctic Ocean

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총연구비 (DetailSeriesProject) :	-
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연구내용(Abstract) :	-
기대효과(Effect) :	-

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북극권 해저에너지자원 예비탐사 연구
Preliminary survey for marine energy resources in the Arctic region 원문보기