[보고서]법정 증거로 활용할 마약류에 대한 감정기법 연구 개발

이강봉

법정 증거로 활용할 마약류에 대한 감정기법 연구 개발
Research on Surveillance of Illicit Drugs for Legal Enforcement 원문보기

보고서 정보
주관연구기관	서울대학교 Seoul National University
연구책임자	이강봉
참여연구자	김정한 , 이재신
보고서유형	3단계보고서
발행국가	대한민국
언어	한국어
발행년월	2015-08
과제시작연도	2014
주관부처	미래창조과학부 Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning
등록번호	TRKO201700010105
과제고유번호	1711019126
사업명	바이오·의료기술개발
DB 구축일자	2017-10-28
키워드	불법마약.대사.메트암페타민.디에칠페네칠아민.칸나비노이드.illicit drug.metabolism.methamphetimine.diethylphenethylamine.cannabinoid.
DOI	https://doi.org/10.23000/TRKO201700010105

초록 ▼

Ⅱ. 연구개발의 목적 및 필요성
마약의 최첨단의 극미량 정밀 기기 분석법 개발, 새로운 생체시료를 이용한 마약류 분석법 개발, 마약의 1차, 2차 대사현상 연구, 메트암페타민 중 특이 약리활성물질 분석 및 신종 남용물질에 대한 법과학적 기반 연구 등을 통하여 신뢰성 있는 분석 기술을 표준화하고 분석 자료를 데이터베이스화함으로써 마약감정의 과학화 및 선진화에 기여하고자 함

Ⅲ. 연구개발의 내용
첨단 분석 장비와 고감도 분석 기술을 이용하여 남용빈도가 높은 약물의 체계적 분석시스템을 구축함으로써 미지시료로부터 어떤 약물이 남용되었는지를 체계적으로 분석하여 확인할 수 있는 시스템을 구축하였고, 남용 마약에 대한 1차, 2차 대사체 연구를 통해 대사체를 확인하고 이를 포함한 분석 대상물질을 설정하여 적합한 분석방법을 구축함으로써 다양한 생체 시료에 포함된 극미량 성분을 분석하여 증거물을 확인하고자 하였다. 또한, 신종 마약을 포함한 남용 마약류의 다성분 동시 분석법 구축, 케라틴을 기질로 하는 손톱 등 대체시료를 이용한 새로운 감정 방법 개발, 메트암페타민에 함유된 특이 약리활성물질 분석, 메트암페타민의 유사체인 엔,알파-디에칠페네칠아민 (N,α-Diethylphethylamine) 및 신종 합성 칸나비노이드 수용체 길항제의 일제분석법 개발 및 법과학적 기반 연구를 통하여 남용빈도가 높은 마약류의 극미량 검출방법정립을 통하여 국내 마약류 분석의 체계적인 시스템을 확립함으로써 사회적 문제로 자리 잡은 마약 관련 범죄 수사에 활용하고자 함.

Ⅳ. 연구개발결과의 기대효과 및 활용범위
○ 마약 관련 범죄의 신속한 규명 및 마약사범 적발 가능
○ 마약의 대사물 활용 마약 복용을 확인할 수 있는 정밀 검정기법 활용.
○ 모발 뿐 만 아니라 손톱, 타액 등을 이용한 마약 감정 기법 활용.
○ 국내에서 유통되는 메트암페타민에 함유된 특이 약리활성물질 분석을 통해 메트암페타민의 이동 경로 및 제조방법 확인.
○ 메트암페타민 유사체인 엔,알파-디에칠페네칠아민 및 신종 합성대마류에 대한 분석법을 실제 감정에 활용하고, 규제정책 수립 및 후속 연구를 위한 기초 자료로서 활용.
○ 마약 범죄의 복합성을 파해 칠 수 있는 새로운 융합기술 또는 통합기술 축적
○ 국외 선진 법과학 분석센터에 필적하는 국내의 마약분석기술 역량 확충

( 출처 : 요약문 4p )

Abstract ▼

II. Research Objectives
This research was designed to contribute to the foundation of forensic scientific and advanced drug testing methodology by standardization of reliable and validated illegal drug analysis techniques and establishment of data base for illicit drug analysis. These studies were achieved by a wide range of method developments including drug analysis at trace level using advanced analytical instruments and with new biological samples, research on primary and secondary metabolites of illegal drugs, analysis of pharmaceutically active substances, and forensic study of synthetic cannabinoids and methamphetamine analog.

III. Methodology
This research has been carried out to analyze pharmacologically active compounds contained various biological samples and for the compounds to be used for criminal evidence through various analytical methods development. Firstly, using advanced analytical instruments and techniques with high sensitivity, the analysis system for frequently abused drugs was established to determine which drugs was abused from the unknown samples. Secondly, through studies on primary and secondary metabolites of abused drugs, metabolites of target compounds were identified. Based on the identified target compounds, appropriate analytical methods were developed.

This research was also performed to apply for investigation of drug related crimes causing social issues by setting up the methods to determine the psychoactive substances at trace level and establishing the national wide system for reliable and rapid analysis of illicit drugs through a variety of studies. Analytical methodologies were developed to analyze simultaneously multi-active compounds including new psychoactive substances.
New drug testing was developed with alternative samples such as nails made of a tough protective protein called keratin. Analytical methods were also developed to analyze pharmacologically active compounds in methamphetamine and its analog, N,α-diethylphenethylamine, and synthetic cannabinods including UR-144 and XLR-11. The research for construction of forensic infrastructure was also performed to lay the legal foundation for law enforcement about new psychoactive substances, especially for syntehtic cannabinoids.

IV. Expected effects derived from Research Development Results and Applications
❍ Rapid definition of illicit drugs related crimes and increased possibilities to uncover illicit drug related criminals
❍ Application of the precise drug testing techniques to determine drug taking, using illegal drug metabolites
❍ Application of drug testing methodologies using nails and saliva as well as hair
❍ Location of distributing routes and manufacturing methods of illicit drugs through profiling of pharmaceutically active compounds in methamphetamine seized in Korea.
❍ Prevention of spread of new psychoactive substances, MA analogs and synthetic cathinones, by building forensic infrastructure through developing analytical methods.
❍ Suppression of trade and abuse of fast-changing synthetic cannabinoids by contributing to Analog Legislation by developing classification system.
❍ Accumulation of new combined technologies to expose the complexity of illicit drug related crimes
❍ Establishment of national wide illegal drug analysis techniques equivalent to advanced analytical centers for forensic science in other countries

( 출처 : SUMMARY 5p )

목차 Contents

표지 ... 1제 출 문 ... 2보고서 요약서 ... 3요 약 문 ... 4SUMMARY ... 5CONTENTS ... 7목차 ... 8제1장 연구개발과제의 개요 ... 9 제1절 연구개발의 개요 ... 9 제2절 연구개발의 필요성 및 중요성 ... 9 제3절 선행연구의 내용 및 결과 ... 11제2장 국내외 기술개발 현황 ... 13제3장 연구개발수행 내용 및 결과 ... 14제4장 연구개발결과의 활용계획 ... 134제5장 연구시설ㆍ장비 현황 ... 136제6장 참고문헌 ... 137끝페이지 ... 144

표/그림 (64)

표 암페타민계 마약류의 MRM 크로마토그램 (A) Drug-free urine without internal standards, (B) Drug-free urine, (C) Spiked urine containing 30ng/mL of each analyte, (D) Drug positive urine samples
표 암페타민계 마약류의 MRM 조건
표 정량곡선 범위 및 검출한계, 정량한계
표 LC-MS/MS 분석 결과 크로마토그램 (A) Blank urine and (B) a marijuana abuser’s urine
표 암페타민계 마약류의 MRM 조건
표 정량곡선 범위 및 검출한계, 정량한계
표 FPIA와 GC-MS를 이용한 모발시료 분석 결과
표 THCCOOH, TOCCOOH-glu의 질량스펙트럼
표 Intra- and inter-day precision and accuracy
표 소변시료에서 암페타민계 마약류의 정량분석 결과
표 시료 전처리 과정
표 Intra-와 inter day의 정확도와 정밀도
표 소변 시료에서 THCCOOH와 THCCOOH-glu 정량분석
표 효소가수분해법을 이용한 시료 전처리 과정
표 FPIA 농도별 sensitivity와 specificity
표 모발 시료량의 차이에 따른 FPIA 분석 결과
표 MRM 크로마토그램 (A) drug-free urine without IS, (B) drug-free urine, (C) spiked urine containing 300 ng/mL of HAP, 600 ng/mL of AP and RA, and 30 ng/mL of MPH), and (D, E) drug positive urine samples
표 분석대상 성분의 MRM 조건
표 정량곡선 범위 및 검출한계, 정량한계
표 일내, 일간 정밀도 및 정확도
표 The apical to basal (A to B) and the basal to apical (B to A) transport of 2 mM DPT were measured in LLC-PK1-mock (A) and -MDR1 (B) cell monolayer as a function of time. Effect of 20 mM cyclosporin A (CsA) on the transport rate was also measured. Results are expressed as the transport rate calculated from the slope of the cumulative amount transported of DPT vs. time profile. Bar represents the mean ± SD of three independent experiments
표 Transport rate and efflux ratio of 2 mM DPT in LLC-PK1-mock and 􍾢MDR1 cells Efflux ratio (ER) was calculated by dividing the B to A transport rate of DPT by the A to B transport rate of DPT in LLC-PK1 cells. Net efflux ratio (NER) was calculated by comparing the efflux ratio of DPT in LLC-PK1-MDR1 cells with that in LLC-PK1-mock cells
표 (A) Concentration dependence of the B to A transport rate of DPT (2 - 200 mM) was measured in LLC-PK1-MDR1 monolayer. (B) Eadie-Hofstee transformation of the B to A transport rate of DPT was shown. Each data point represents the mean ± SD of triplicate determinations. Solid line was generated from kinetic parameters estimated using a linear regression analysis
표 (A) Concentration dependence of the ATP-dependent uptake of DPT (2 - 200 mM) was measured in BCRP vesicles. The ATP-dependent uptake (6) was calculated by subtracting the DPT uptake in the presence of ATP (l) from the DPT uptake in the presence of AMP (m). (B) Eadie-Hofstee transformation of the B to A transport rate of DPT was shown. Each data point represents the average of duplicate determinations. Solid line was generated from kinetic parameters estimated using a linear regression analysis
표 Apparent permeability (Papp)of DPT in Caco-2cells
표 Pharmaceutical impurities identified in the methamphetamine (MA) crystals seized in Korea
표 Gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID) chromatograms of the methamphetamine (MA) crystals containing pharmaceutical impurities
표 Identification of the pharmaceutical impurities in the MA crystals seized in 609 cases
표 Total ion chromatogram (upper) and electron ionization-mass spectrometry (EI-MS) spectrum (lower) of the target compound in the seized material
표 1H-1H correlation spectroscopy (COSY) spectrum of the seized material in CDCl3
표 Heteronuclear single-quantum coherence (HSQC) spectrum of the seized material in CDCl3
표 Assignments of the observed chemical shifts of the target compound
표 Pre-workout supplements used for the present study. Candy Grape Flavor (left) and Berry Lemonade Flavor (right) of “Craze”
표 1H-NMR spectrum of N ,α-diethylphenethylamine (NADEP) and certified reference materials (maleic acid and dimethylsulfone) in D2O
표 1H-NMR spectrum of NADEP and maleic acid (internal standard) in sample 1 dissolved in deuterated solvent mixture
표 Total ion chromatogram (upper) and electron ionization-mass spectrometry (EI-MS) spectrum (lower) of sample 1. NADEP; N ,α-diethylphenethylamine, PEA; β-phenethylamine
표 Intraday and interday precision (CV, %) of the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis for N ,α-diethylphenethylamine (NADEP) using the sample 1
표 Quantitative results of NADEP in samples 1 and 2
표 Effects of N ,α-diethylphenethylamine (NADEP) and methamphetamine (METH) on rat stereotypy, measured on the 1st, 2nd, 4th and 6th day (n=5 for each test). The data represents the mean stereotypy score of the group ± standard deviation (SD), as scored by the modified method of Naylor and Olley [23]. NADEP 5 or METH 5 indicates the intraperitoneal administration of 5 mg drug / kg of rat body weight. The values marked with “*” indicate significant difference from “saline” values
표 Multiple reaction monitoring transitions, retention times and conditions of each analyte and the internal standards
표 Precision, accuracy, limits of detection (LOD) and limits of quantification (LOQ) at low (6 ng/g) and high (1200 ng/g) concentrations of each analyte
표 Matrix effects for each analyte and internal standard
표 Synthetic cannabinoids of class 1 identified in the seized materials identified by the National Forensic Service from 2009 to April 2014
표 Synthetic cannabinoids of class 2 identified in the seized materials identified by the National Forensic Service from 2009 to April 2014
표 Number of the seizures in which synthetic cannabinoids were detected by the National Forensic Service from 2009 to 2013. Class 1 includes the classical synthetic cannabinoids such as naphthoylindole, phenylacetylinole, benzoylindole, and CP-47,497 derivatives, and Class 2 includes new substances with cyclopropylindole, cyclopropylthiazole, aminocarbonylindazole, adamantylindole, adamantylindazole, and quinolinylindole structure
표 Synthetic cannabinoids as a function of halogenated derivatization identified in materials seized by the National Forensic Service from 2009 to2013. Halogenated compounds include AM-2201, AM-694, MAM-2201, EAM-2201, XLR-11, 5F-APICA, 5F-APINACA, and ADB-FUBINACA
표 Total ion chromatogram (upper) of a herbal high extract containing N -[3-(2-methoxyethyl)-4,5-dimethyl-1,3-thiazol-2-ylidene]-2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropane -1-carboxamide (A-836,339) and XLR-11 (a) and the electron ionization mass spectrum of A-836,339 (b)
표 Number of the synthetic cannabinoid species identified in materials seized by the National Forensic Service from 2009 to 2013
표 Active co-ingredients identified in the herbal highs (n=97) containing synthetic cannabinoids
표 Classification of the synthetic cannabinodis identified during 2009-2013 by NFS
표 Total ion chromatogram (TIC) (a) and electron ionization mass (EI-MS) spectrum (b) of compound 1
표 TIC (a) and EI-MS spectrum (b) of compound 2
표 1H-Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra of compound 2 in CD3OD
표 13C- NMR spectra of compound 2 in CD3OD
표 Heteronuclear multiple bond correlation (HMBC) spectrum of compound 2 in CD3OD
표 Representative LC-MS chromatogram of XLR-11 metabolites in sample No. 1 with (A) and without (B) hydrolysis
표 Representative combined extracted ion chromatograms of in vitro metabolites of XLR-11 (A) and UR-144 (B) after incubation with human liver microsomes. The chromatographic peaks of analyte are indicated with respective quantifier transition
표 Representative combined extracted ion chromatograms of blank urine sample fortified with analytes at low quality control concentrations (0.5 ng/mL) and urine specimens (No. 1-6). The chromatographic peaks of analytes are indicated with respective quantifier transitions
표 Multiple reaction monitoring transitions, retention times and parameters for XLR-11 metabolites and internal standards
표 Accurate mass data of XLR-11 and its postulated metabolites
표 Identification of XLR-11 metabolites in authentic specimens
표 Linearity, matrix effect and recoveries for analysis of XLR-11 metabolites in human urine by LC- MS/MS
표 Intra- and interday precision and accuracy for XLR-11 metabolites in human urine
표 Quantification of XLR-11 metabolites in authentic human urine specimens

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연합인증

법정 증거로 활용할 마약류에 대한 감정기법 연구 개발
Research on Surveillance of Illicit Drugs for Legal Enforcement 원문보기