In this study, antioxidant and anti-carcinogenic effects of extract of fermented wheat germ (EFWG) using Aspergillus oryzae were investigated to compare with extract of wheat germ (EWG) in vitro and in vivo. In addition, anti-carcinogenic mechanisms of MBQ and DMBQ, known as contained in wheat germ ...
In this study, antioxidant and anti-carcinogenic effects of extract of fermented wheat germ (EFWG) using Aspergillus oryzae were investigated to compare with extract of wheat germ (EWG) in vitro and in vivo. In addition, anti-carcinogenic mechanisms of MBQ and DMBQ, known as contained in wheat germ were examined in HT-29 and HCT116 cells. The EFWG was prepared by ethanol extraction of fermented wheat germ using Aspergillus oryzae at 30 ℃ for 72 h and EWG was not fermented. The wheat germ is known to contain many pholyphenol compounds such as ferulic acid. The total phenolic acid and ferulic acid contents of EFWG were improved than EWG. EFWG was dose-dependently increased peroxyl-and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, reduction potential, and Cu2+-chelating activity. Also, EFWG was dose-dependently decreased to induced intracellular oxidative stress by AAPH, CuSO4, and H2O2 in HepG2 cells. These results are indicated that EFWG has directly ROS scavenging activity stronger than EWG. In addition, EFWG was expressed to genes and proteins of phase Ⅱ detoxifying enzymes such as HO-1, GSTα2 and NQO1 through ARE-dependent gene expression in HepG2 cells. Similarly with EFWG, the ferulic acid is showed to dose-dependently increased antioxidant activity in HepG2 cells. Anti-caricnogenic effects of EFWG were investigated compared with Avemar® and EWG in HCT116 cells and xenograft model. EFWG treated for 48 h was inhibited to invasion of HCT116 cells and it was suppressed to expression of VEGF, MMP-2 and -9 proteins related with metastasis. Besides, EFWG was highly decreased to cell viability through apoptotic cell death properties such as chromatin condensation and it was induced to expression of redox state apoptosis signaling genes and proteins such as p53, Bax, caspase-3, and cleaved PARP in HCT116 cells. EFWG treatment group was strongly reduced tumor size compared with control and Avemar® treatment groups in HCT116 cells injected xenograft models. Anti-carcinogenic mechanisms of MBQ and DMBQ were examined in HT-29, HCT116 cells, and xenograft models. The MBQ and DMBQ was induced alteration of intracellular redox state by time-dependently changed ROS level through H2O2 and O2-generation and transient reduced GSH level. MBQ and DMBQ were indicated apoptotic cell death through expression of redox state apoptosis signaling genes and protein such as p53, Bax, released cytochrome c, caspase-3 and cleaved PARP in HT-29 and HCT116 cells. DMBQ was showed anti-carcinogenic effect stronger than MBQ in both HT-29 and HCT116 cells. In HT-29 and HCT116 cells injected xenograft models, DMBQ treatment group was strongly induced reduction of tumor size through expression of redox state apoptosis signaling proteins compared to control group. These results indicate that EFWG have strong antioxidant effect as bifunctional antioxidant due to improved ferulic acid contents and anti-carcinogenic effect through inhibition of metastasis and induction of apoptotic cell death via redox state apoptosis signaling by fermentation using Aspergillus oryzae. In particularly, known as contained to wheat germ, MBQ and DMBQ shown that contribute to anti-carcinogenic effects of EFWG through induction of redox state apoptosis signaling expression by change of intracellular redox state. These results suggest that EFWG could use to components of functional foods for prevention of colorectal cancer and reduction of side effects by cancer therapy.
In this study, antioxidant and anti-carcinogenic effects of extract of fermented wheat germ (EFWG) using Aspergillus oryzae were investigated to compare with extract of wheat germ (EWG) in vitro and in vivo. In addition, anti-carcinogenic mechanisms of MBQ and DMBQ, known as contained in wheat germ were examined in HT-29 and HCT116 cells. The EFWG was prepared by ethanol extraction of fermented wheat germ using Aspergillus oryzae at 30 ℃ for 72 h and EWG was not fermented. The wheat germ is known to contain many pholyphenol compounds such as ferulic acid. The total phenolic acid and ferulic acid contents of EFWG were improved than EWG. EFWG was dose-dependently increased peroxyl-and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, reduction potential, and Cu2+-chelating activity. Also, EFWG was dose-dependently decreased to induced intracellular oxidative stress by AAPH, CuSO4, and H2O2 in HepG2 cells. These results are indicated that EFWG has directly ROS scavenging activity stronger than EWG. In addition, EFWG was expressed to genes and proteins of phase Ⅱ detoxifying enzymes such as HO-1, GSTα2 and NQO1 through ARE-dependent gene expression in HepG2 cells. Similarly with EFWG, the ferulic acid is showed to dose-dependently increased antioxidant activity in HepG2 cells. Anti-caricnogenic effects of EFWG were investigated compared with Avemar® and EWG in HCT116 cells and xenograft model. EFWG treated for 48 h was inhibited to invasion of HCT116 cells and it was suppressed to expression of VEGF, MMP-2 and -9 proteins related with metastasis. Besides, EFWG was highly decreased to cell viability through apoptotic cell death properties such as chromatin condensation and it was induced to expression of redox state apoptosis signaling genes and proteins such as p53, Bax, caspase-3, and cleaved PARP in HCT116 cells. EFWG treatment group was strongly reduced tumor size compared with control and Avemar® treatment groups in HCT116 cells injected xenograft models. Anti-carcinogenic mechanisms of MBQ and DMBQ were examined in HT-29, HCT116 cells, and xenograft models. The MBQ and DMBQ was induced alteration of intracellular redox state by time-dependently changed ROS level through H2O2 and O2-generation and transient reduced GSH level. MBQ and DMBQ were indicated apoptotic cell death through expression of redox state apoptosis signaling genes and protein such as p53, Bax, released cytochrome c, caspase-3 and cleaved PARP in HT-29 and HCT116 cells. DMBQ was showed anti-carcinogenic effect stronger than MBQ in both HT-29 and HCT116 cells. In HT-29 and HCT116 cells injected xenograft models, DMBQ treatment group was strongly induced reduction of tumor size through expression of redox state apoptosis signaling proteins compared to control group. These results indicate that EFWG have strong antioxidant effect as bifunctional antioxidant due to improved ferulic acid contents and anti-carcinogenic effect through inhibition of metastasis and induction of apoptotic cell death via redox state apoptosis signaling by fermentation using Aspergillus oryzae. In particularly, known as contained to wheat germ, MBQ and DMBQ shown that contribute to anti-carcinogenic effects of EFWG through induction of redox state apoptosis signaling expression by change of intracellular redox state. These results suggest that EFWG could use to components of functional foods for prevention of colorectal cancer and reduction of side effects by cancer therapy.
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