[학위논문]DPF 및 SCR 장치를 장착한 대형 디젤차의 유해대기오염물질 배출특성 변화 Variations of Hazardous Air Pollutants Emission Characteristics for Heavy-Duty Diesel Vehicles Equipped with DPF and SCR Systems원문보기
최근 디젤자동차 배출가스가 인체에 미치는 위해도가 높다는 많은 연구 결과가 발표되면서 자동차 배출 유해대기오염물질에 대한 관심이 증가하고 있다. 자동차에서 배출되는 유해대기오염물질로는 규제물질 및 미규제물질이 있으며, 선행연구들을 통해 대형 디젤차에서 배출되는 유해대기오염물질의 배출량 및 발암 위해도가 높은 것으로 확인되었다. 본 연구에서는 유해대기오염물질의 발생이 높은 대형 디젤차를 대상으로 규제물질 및 인체 위해도가 높은 미규제 미량 유해물질의 배출특성을 배출허용기준(EURO4, EURO5) 강화에 따라 장착된 ...
최근 디젤자동차 배출가스가 인체에 미치는 위해도가 높다는 많은 연구 결과가 발표되면서 자동차 배출 유해대기오염물질에 대한 관심이 증가하고 있다. 자동차에서 배출되는 유해대기오염물질로는 규제물질 및 미규제물질이 있으며, 선행연구들을 통해 대형 디젤차에서 배출되는 유해대기오염물질의 배출량 및 발암 위해도가 높은 것으로 확인되었다. 본 연구에서는 유해대기오염물질의 발생이 높은 대형 디젤차를 대상으로 규제물질 및 인체 위해도가 높은 미규제 미량 유해물질의 배출특성을 배출허용기준(EURO4, EURO5) 강화에 따라 장착된 후처리장치(DPF, SCR)의 영향에 대해 비교·분석하고자 한다. 점유율 조사를 통해 대형 디젤차를 선정하였으며, 분석항목으로는 규제물질(THC, CO, NOx, PM)과 미규제 미량 유해물질인 입자상물질에 포함되어있는 metals, 배출가스 중 VOCs와 aldehydes를 선정하여 대형 차대동력계에서 실험을 진행하였다. 연구결과 규제물질의 경우는 후처리장치에 따른 배출특성 결과 DPF 대비 SCR 장착 차량의 THC는 59.3 %, PM은 10 %, NOx는 12.1 % 적게 배출되었다. 반면 CO는 57.2 % 높게 배출되었으며, 이는 엔진 맵핑 변화 때문인 것으로 판단된다. SCR 후처리장치의 NOx 저감효율은 요소수 분사량 및 분사시기가 정밀하게 제어되지 못해 미미한 것으로 판단되며, THC는 높은 저감효율을 나타냈다. VOCs의 후처리장치에 따른 배출특성 결과 DPF 대비 SCR 장착 차량 BTEX의 배출량은 benzene은 12.3 %, toluene은 15.1 %, ethylbenzene은 27.8 %, xylene은 22.2 % 적게 배출 되었다. 물질별 배출량은 toluene > xylene > ethylbenzene > benzene > styrene 순으로 배출되었으며, toluene이 DPF, SCR 장착 차량 각각 16.25 mg/km, 13.80 mg/km로 가장 높은 배출량을 나타내었다. 이는 디젤 연료성분에 따른 연소과정 중에 나타난 것으로 판단된다. 차속에 따른 배출특성 결과 10.6 km/h 이하의 저속주행 시 불완전연소에 의해 75.0 % 높게 배출되었다. THC와 BTEX 상관성 분석결과 배출량의 증감률이 비례하는 상관관계를 확인하였다. BTEX/THC ratio(%)를 차속별로 분석한 결과 toluene이 가장 높은 비율을 나타냈으며, THC 중 약 19.1 %를 BTEX가 차지하였다. aldehydes의 후처리장치에 따른 배출특성 결과 DPF 대비 SCR 장착 차량의 배출량은 formaldehyde는 21.3 %, acetaldehyde는 38.1 % 적게 배출되었다. 물질별 배출량은 formaldehyde > acetaldehyde 순으로 배출되었으며, DPF, SCR 장착 차량의 formaldehyde 배출량이 각각 1.18 mg/km, 0.93 mg/km로 가장 높은 배출량을 나타내었다. 이는 분해 메커니즘에 따른 완전연소 전 최종 연소형태인 것으로 판단된다. 차속에 따른 배출특성 결과 10.6 km/h 이하의 저속주행 시 73.2 % 다량 배출되었으며, 차속이 증가함에 따라 완전연소의 우세로 배출량이 감소하여 완만한 형태로 배출되었다. metals의 성분별 배출 비율은 Ca, Al, Zn, Fe 등이 높게 배출되었으며, 반면 인체 위해도가 큰 MSAT(Cr, Ni, Mn, Pb, As)은 0.4 % 가장 낮은 배출 비율을 나타냈다. Ca, Zn, P 등은 윤활유 첨가제에서 기인하여 배출되는 주요물질로 전체 금속성분 배출량의 약 60 %로 기여도가 높은 것으로 나타났으며, 윤활유 제조의 품질기준 관리가 필요할 것으로 판단된다. 디젤 연료와 디젤 입자상물질(DPM) 중 중금속은 유사한 분포 패턴을 보였으며, 상관계수가 0.90으로 높은 상관성을 나타냈지만 디젤 연료 중 중금속 농도는 검출한계 수준인 미량으로 나타나 연료에서 기인된 배출은 낮은 것으로 판단된다.
최근 디젤자동차 배출가스가 인체에 미치는 위해도가 높다는 많은 연구 결과가 발표되면서 자동차 배출 유해대기오염물질에 대한 관심이 증가하고 있다. 자동차에서 배출되는 유해대기오염물질로는 규제물질 및 미규제물질이 있으며, 선행연구들을 통해 대형 디젤차에서 배출되는 유해대기오염물질의 배출량 및 발암 위해도가 높은 것으로 확인되었다. 본 연구에서는 유해대기오염물질의 발생이 높은 대형 디젤차를 대상으로 규제물질 및 인체 위해도가 높은 미규제 미량 유해물질의 배출특성을 배출허용기준(EURO4, EURO5) 강화에 따라 장착된 후처리장치(DPF, SCR)의 영향에 대해 비교·분석하고자 한다. 점유율 조사를 통해 대형 디젤차를 선정하였으며, 분석항목으로는 규제물질(THC, CO, NOx, PM)과 미규제 미량 유해물질인 입자상물질에 포함되어있는 metals, 배출가스 중 VOCs와 aldehydes를 선정하여 대형 차대동력계에서 실험을 진행하였다. 연구결과 규제물질의 경우는 후처리장치에 따른 배출특성 결과 DPF 대비 SCR 장착 차량의 THC는 59.3 %, PM은 10 %, NOx는 12.1 % 적게 배출되었다. 반면 CO는 57.2 % 높게 배출되었으며, 이는 엔진 맵핑 변화 때문인 것으로 판단된다. SCR 후처리장치의 NOx 저감효율은 요소수 분사량 및 분사시기가 정밀하게 제어되지 못해 미미한 것으로 판단되며, THC는 높은 저감효율을 나타냈다. VOCs의 후처리장치에 따른 배출특성 결과 DPF 대비 SCR 장착 차량 BTEX의 배출량은 benzene은 12.3 %, toluene은 15.1 %, ethylbenzene은 27.8 %, xylene은 22.2 % 적게 배출 되었다. 물질별 배출량은 toluene > xylene > ethylbenzene > benzene > styrene 순으로 배출되었으며, toluene이 DPF, SCR 장착 차량 각각 16.25 mg/km, 13.80 mg/km로 가장 높은 배출량을 나타내었다. 이는 디젤 연료성분에 따른 연소과정 중에 나타난 것으로 판단된다. 차속에 따른 배출특성 결과 10.6 km/h 이하의 저속주행 시 불완전연소에 의해 75.0 % 높게 배출되었다. THC와 BTEX 상관성 분석결과 배출량의 증감률이 비례하는 상관관계를 확인하였다. BTEX/THC ratio(%)를 차속별로 분석한 결과 toluene이 가장 높은 비율을 나타냈으며, THC 중 약 19.1 %를 BTEX가 차지하였다. aldehydes의 후처리장치에 따른 배출특성 결과 DPF 대비 SCR 장착 차량의 배출량은 formaldehyde는 21.3 %, acetaldehyde는 38.1 % 적게 배출되었다. 물질별 배출량은 formaldehyde > acetaldehyde 순으로 배출되었으며, DPF, SCR 장착 차량의 formaldehyde 배출량이 각각 1.18 mg/km, 0.93 mg/km로 가장 높은 배출량을 나타내었다. 이는 분해 메커니즘에 따른 완전연소 전 최종 연소형태인 것으로 판단된다. 차속에 따른 배출특성 결과 10.6 km/h 이하의 저속주행 시 73.2 % 다량 배출되었으며, 차속이 증가함에 따라 완전연소의 우세로 배출량이 감소하여 완만한 형태로 배출되었다. metals의 성분별 배출 비율은 Ca, Al, Zn, Fe 등이 높게 배출되었으며, 반면 인체 위해도가 큰 MSAT(Cr, Ni, Mn, Pb, As)은 0.4 % 가장 낮은 배출 비율을 나타냈다. Ca, Zn, P 등은 윤활유 첨가제에서 기인하여 배출되는 주요물질로 전체 금속성분 배출량의 약 60 %로 기여도가 높은 것으로 나타났으며, 윤활유 제조의 품질기준 관리가 필요할 것으로 판단된다. 디젤 연료와 디젤 입자상물질(DPM) 중 중금속은 유사한 분포 패턴을 보였으며, 상관계수가 0.90으로 높은 상관성을 나타냈지만 디젤 연료 중 중금속 농도는 검출한계 수준인 미량으로 나타나 연료에서 기인된 배출은 낮은 것으로 판단된다.
Recently with the announcement of various different research showing that diesel vehicles exhaust gas is highly toxic to the human body, interest in hazardous air pollutants from vehicle emission is rising. There are both regulated and unregulated pollutants amongst hazardous air pollutants from veh...
Recently with the announcement of various different research showing that diesel vehicles exhaust gas is highly toxic to the human body, interest in hazardous air pollutants from vehicle emission is rising. There are both regulated and unregulated pollutants amongst hazardous air pollutants from vehicle emission, and it has been confirmed through previous research that the emissions and the carcinogenic toxicity of heavy-duty diesel vehicles is high. In this study, the influence of the equipped with aftertreatment systems(DPF, SCR), which were equipped according to stringent regulations on emissions allowance standards(EURO4, EURO5) on emission characteristics of regulated pollutants and unregulated trace hazardous pollutants, was compared and analyzed for heavy-duty diesel vehicles with a high rate of hazardous air pollutants emissions. The heavy-duty diesel vehicles for the research were selected based on a survey of market share, and VOCs and aldehydes in exhaust gas, metals contained in particulate matter that unregulated trace hazardous pollutants were selected as analysis items and the tests were conducted on a large chassis dynamometer. The results of the research showed that in the case of regulated pollutants, the emission characteristics according to aftertreatment systems showed that, compared to vehicles equipped with DPF, the vehicles equipped with SCR had 59.3 %, 10 %, and 12.1 % lower emissions for THC, PM, and NOx, respectively. On the other hand emissions for CO was 57.2% higher and this was determined to be caused by changes in the engine mapping. The NOx reduction efficiency of the SCR aftertreatment was determined to be low due to both the urea injection dosing and the inaccuracy of injection timing. THC showed a high reduction efficiency. The results of the VOCs emission characteristics according to aftertreatment systems showed that compared to vehicles equipped with DPF, the vehicles equipped with SCR had 12.3%, 15.1%, 27.8%, and 22.2% lower BTEX emissions of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene, respectively. The emissions per pollutants were in the order of toluene > xylene > ethylbenzene > benzene > > styrene, and toluene had the highest levels of emissions at 16.25 mg/km and 13.80 mg/km, respectively, for the vehicles equipped with DPF and SCR. This is determined to be caused by the combustion process of the diesel fuel ingredients. The results of emission characteristics from vehicle speed, when the vehicle was operated at low speeds below 10.6 km/h, showed that due to incomplete combustion, emission was 75% higher. The results of analyzing the correlation between THC and BTEX showed a proportionate correlation with the rate of change of the emissions. As a result of analyzing the BTEX/THC ratio(%) for each of vehicle speed, toluene was shown to have the highest proportion, and BTEX took up about 19.1% of the THC. The results of the aldehydes emission characteristics according to aftertreatment systems showed that compared to vehicles equipped with DPF, the vehicles equipped with SCR had a 21.3% and 38.1% lower emissions of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde, respectively. The emissions per pollutants was in the order of formaldehyde > acetaldehyde, and the emissions of formaldehyde was the highest at 1.18 mg/km and 0.93 mg/km, respectively, for the vehicles equipped with DPF and SCR. This is determined to be caused by being in the final state before complete combustion due to the dissociation mechanisms. The results of emission characteristics from vehicle speed, showed that when the vehicle was operated at low speeds below 10.6 km/h, there was a large amount of emissions at 73.2%, and with the increase in vehicle speed, due to the dominance of complete combustion, the emissions dropped and was emitted more gradually. The emissions ratio for each of the metals was showed that Ca, Al, Zn, Fe etc. were high, while on the other hand, the MSAT (Cr, Ni, Mn, Pb, As), which are highly toxic to the human body, showed the lowest emission ratio at 0.4 %. Ca, Zn, P etc. are the main substances in emissions as a results of lubricant additives and were shown to have a high composition amongst all the metal substance emissions at 60%, therefore showing the need for stringent management of the quality standards of lubricant oil manufacturing. Heavy metals showed a similar distribution pattern in diesel fuel and DPM, and showed a high correlation at 0.90, but the heavy metals concentrations from diesel fuel emissions was shown to be emitted as trace amounts at the level of the detection limit, so it is determined that level of emission caused by the to the fuel is low.
Recently with the announcement of various different research showing that diesel vehicles exhaust gas is highly toxic to the human body, interest in hazardous air pollutants from vehicle emission is rising. There are both regulated and unregulated pollutants amongst hazardous air pollutants from vehicle emission, and it has been confirmed through previous research that the emissions and the carcinogenic toxicity of heavy-duty diesel vehicles is high. In this study, the influence of the equipped with aftertreatment systems(DPF, SCR), which were equipped according to stringent regulations on emissions allowance standards(EURO4, EURO5) on emission characteristics of regulated pollutants and unregulated trace hazardous pollutants, was compared and analyzed for heavy-duty diesel vehicles with a high rate of hazardous air pollutants emissions. The heavy-duty diesel vehicles for the research were selected based on a survey of market share, and VOCs and aldehydes in exhaust gas, metals contained in particulate matter that unregulated trace hazardous pollutants were selected as analysis items and the tests were conducted on a large chassis dynamometer. The results of the research showed that in the case of regulated pollutants, the emission characteristics according to aftertreatment systems showed that, compared to vehicles equipped with DPF, the vehicles equipped with SCR had 59.3 %, 10 %, and 12.1 % lower emissions for THC, PM, and NOx, respectively. On the other hand emissions for CO was 57.2% higher and this was determined to be caused by changes in the engine mapping. The NOx reduction efficiency of the SCR aftertreatment was determined to be low due to both the urea injection dosing and the inaccuracy of injection timing. THC showed a high reduction efficiency. The results of the VOCs emission characteristics according to aftertreatment systems showed that compared to vehicles equipped with DPF, the vehicles equipped with SCR had 12.3%, 15.1%, 27.8%, and 22.2% lower BTEX emissions of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene, respectively. The emissions per pollutants were in the order of toluene > xylene > ethylbenzene > benzene > > styrene, and toluene had the highest levels of emissions at 16.25 mg/km and 13.80 mg/km, respectively, for the vehicles equipped with DPF and SCR. This is determined to be caused by the combustion process of the diesel fuel ingredients. The results of emission characteristics from vehicle speed, when the vehicle was operated at low speeds below 10.6 km/h, showed that due to incomplete combustion, emission was 75% higher. The results of analyzing the correlation between THC and BTEX showed a proportionate correlation with the rate of change of the emissions. As a result of analyzing the BTEX/THC ratio(%) for each of vehicle speed, toluene was shown to have the highest proportion, and BTEX took up about 19.1% of the THC. The results of the aldehydes emission characteristics according to aftertreatment systems showed that compared to vehicles equipped with DPF, the vehicles equipped with SCR had a 21.3% and 38.1% lower emissions of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde, respectively. The emissions per pollutants was in the order of formaldehyde > acetaldehyde, and the emissions of formaldehyde was the highest at 1.18 mg/km and 0.93 mg/km, respectively, for the vehicles equipped with DPF and SCR. This is determined to be caused by being in the final state before complete combustion due to the dissociation mechanisms. The results of emission characteristics from vehicle speed, showed that when the vehicle was operated at low speeds below 10.6 km/h, there was a large amount of emissions at 73.2%, and with the increase in vehicle speed, due to the dominance of complete combustion, the emissions dropped and was emitted more gradually. The emissions ratio for each of the metals was showed that Ca, Al, Zn, Fe etc. were high, while on the other hand, the MSAT (Cr, Ni, Mn, Pb, As), which are highly toxic to the human body, showed the lowest emission ratio at 0.4 %. Ca, Zn, P etc. are the main substances in emissions as a results of lubricant additives and were shown to have a high composition amongst all the metal substance emissions at 60%, therefore showing the need for stringent management of the quality standards of lubricant oil manufacturing. Heavy metals showed a similar distribution pattern in diesel fuel and DPM, and showed a high correlation at 0.90, but the heavy metals concentrations from diesel fuel emissions was shown to be emitted as trace amounts at the level of the detection limit, so it is determined that level of emission caused by the to the fuel is low.
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