To grasp the characteristics of floral distribution and resource plants in five rivers (the Bukhangang river, the Namhangang river, the Geumgang river, the Nakdongang river, and the Yeongsangang river) and the Musucheon stream and the Gangjeongcheon stream on Jeju Island, literature reiview and fiel...
To grasp the characteristics of floral distribution and resource plants in five rivers (the Bukhangang river, the Namhangang river, the Geumgang river, the Nakdongang river, and the Yeongsangang river) and the Musucheon stream and the Gangjeongcheon stream on Jeju Island, literature reiview and field surveys were conducted from June 2014 to September 2018. Based on survey findings and literature data, flora, life forms, and eco-types were analyzed, on which available resource plants were selected.
The vascular flora surveyed in the five rivers were found to be of an average of 259 species (51 families, 155 genera, 223 species, 33 varieties, and 2 forma), representing 6.16% of the 4,191 vascular plant species in Korea (Nakai, 1952). In terms of vascular plants, most of them are made up of Angiosperms (98.66%), while Pteridophytes account for 1.34%. The flora including two streams in Jeju Island consists of Pteridophytes (2.36%) and Angiosperms (97.64), proving Angiosperms have lion's share. Regarding vascular plants surveyed on the floodpain of five rivers, an average of 219 species (47 families, 147 genera, 188 species, 29 varieties, and 2 forma) was observed, while the number of flora including two streams on Jeju Island showed Pteridophytes (3.19), Gymnosperm (0.04%), and Angiosperms (96.77%).
The five major rivers, excluding Jeju Island, had similar structures and functions of streams, showing similar rate of life forms. In case of the Dormancy form of the entire plants in five rivers, Therophytes (Ths) and Hydatophytes (HHs) comprised 60% of total flora. This is the result of a large seasonal variation, such as discharge and velocity, which are characteristics of the river environment. When it comes to Radicoid formations in the five largest rivers, monophytes (R5: non-clonal growth) had the highest rate in entire study areas, demonstrating the various ways for rivers to adapt to environment. In terms of Disseminule form, D4 (disseminated by only gravity) and D1 (disseminated by wind and water) were the highest in the sites region, which was reflected by the spatial characteristics of the rivers. In particular, it is believed that seeds of D4 plants move to other areas using water and adapt to the favorable environment for survival, so its rate seems high. In contrast. D1 appears to be closely related to the open space of rivers.
Except for Gangjeongcheon Stream and Musucheon Stream on Jeju Island, which have structural and topological difference from others, the five major rivers in the Korean Peninsula demonstrate similar characteristics of flora, life forms, growth forms, and eco-types, similar distribution characteristics of aquatic plants, and very similar species composition of riparian areas and water bodies. Therefore, the distribution characteristics of stream plants were not significantly different. However, life forms of the Korean peninsular and life forms of forest vegetation (Mt. Jirisan) were considerably different in terms of spatial location of the plant distribution, dominant communities, the topography, and the soils, which resulted in a greate difference of life forms. This difference presumably derives from the overall physical, chemical and biological factors of the plant distribution areas.
Compared to the Mangyeongang river (midstream), which is smaller than the five major rivers, Hydatophytes (HHs) showed 1.2 times more while Therophtyes (Ths) had 0.8 time higher in case of species composition. Compared to the Gyeongancheon stream, 1.4 times of Hydatophytes (HHs) were observed while Therophytes (Ths) were the almost same. Compared to the Gwangjucheon river, a urban river, Hydatophytes (HHs) was 3.5 times more while Therophytes (Ths) was almost similar. The figures lead us to conclusion that the level of river disturbance determines the rate of life forms.
Particularly, the comparison with Jeju Island and its Musucheon stream discovered 14.8 times more Hydatophytes (HHs) and 0.8 time more Therophytes (Th). Compared to the Gangcheoncheon stream, 2.3 times more of Hydapophytes (HHs) were found while 0.6 times of Therophytes (Th) was distributed. This is seen as a result of reflecting the structural, functional, and geographical characteristics of rivers and streams on Jeju Island.
The criteria for valuation of resources were established to assess the value of resource plants in line with the space for use of resource plants distributed in the five rivers. Resource plants were selected based on the criteria, which include native plants, landscapes, provision of habitats, feeding animals, erosion prevention, and water purification.
The valuation of the selected resource plants was classified into 12 categories: suitability of the utilized space, regional availability, national availability, potential, harmonization, resiliency, ease of use, biodiversity, relative importance from the landscape ecology perspective, the size of natural communities of used plants, tipicallity of stream vegetation and the environmental adaptability of the river. The rating was assigned as 1st-, 2nd-, and 3rd-grades. The 1st grade was rated as significantly high value, the 2nd grade was evaluated as high value and the 3rd grade was classified as valuable.
The first grade of resource plants classified by the valuation criteria include total 40 species such as Phragmites communis, Phragmites japonica, Iris ensata var. spontanea, Miscanthus sacchariflorus, Alisma plantago-aquatica var. orientale, and Sparganium stoloniferum. There are the 47 second-grade plants: Hydrilla verticillata, Sium suave, Myriophyllum verticillatum, Salix gilgiana, and Miscanthus sinensis var. purpurascens, while the 23 species are judged as the third-grade: Aster yomena, Glycine soja, Chelidonium majus var. asiaticum, Hydrocharis dubia, Aristolochia contorta, and Lysimachia clethroides.
The flora of the fiver major rivers showed very similar species composition, but certain species were observed only in specific rivers because of climatic characteristics of vegetation distribution triggered by different longitudes. Additionally, various river environments contribute to life forms and growth forms of plants, but the forms are different in developed areas including floodplain and banks because of some naturalized plants and planted species. The species composition resulted fromthe evaluation of the resource value of the plants distributed in the 5 rivers are very similar. Therefore, with the exception of some species, it is deemed that plant resources distributed in a particular stream out of the five major rivers are sufficiently applicable to the restoration of vegetation in the five major rivers and tributaries.
To grasp the characteristics of floral distribution and resource plants in five rivers (the Bukhangang river, the Namhangang river, the Geumgang river, the Nakdongang river, and the Yeongsangang river) and the Musucheon stream and the Gangjeongcheon stream on Jeju Island, literature reiview and field surveys were conducted from June 2014 to September 2018. Based on survey findings and literature data, flora, life forms, and eco-types were analyzed, on which available resource plants were selected.
The vascular flora surveyed in the five rivers were found to be of an average of 259 species (51 families, 155 genera, 223 species, 33 varieties, and 2 forma), representing 6.16% of the 4,191 vascular plant species in Korea (Nakai, 1952). In terms of vascular plants, most of them are made up of Angiosperms (98.66%), while Pteridophytes account for 1.34%. The flora including two streams in Jeju Island consists of Pteridophytes (2.36%) and Angiosperms (97.64), proving Angiosperms have lion's share. Regarding vascular plants surveyed on the floodpain of five rivers, an average of 219 species (47 families, 147 genera, 188 species, 29 varieties, and 2 forma) was observed, while the number of flora including two streams on Jeju Island showed Pteridophytes (3.19), Gymnosperm (0.04%), and Angiosperms (96.77%).
The five major rivers, excluding Jeju Island, had similar structures and functions of streams, showing similar rate of life forms. In case of the Dormancy form of the entire plants in five rivers, Therophytes (Ths) and Hydatophytes (HHs) comprised 60% of total flora. This is the result of a large seasonal variation, such as discharge and velocity, which are characteristics of the river environment. When it comes to Radicoid formations in the five largest rivers, monophytes (R5: non-clonal growth) had the highest rate in entire study areas, demonstrating the various ways for rivers to adapt to environment. In terms of Disseminule form, D4 (disseminated by only gravity) and D1 (disseminated by wind and water) were the highest in the sites region, which was reflected by the spatial characteristics of the rivers. In particular, it is believed that seeds of D4 plants move to other areas using water and adapt to the favorable environment for survival, so its rate seems high. In contrast. D1 appears to be closely related to the open space of rivers.
Except for Gangjeongcheon Stream and Musucheon Stream on Jeju Island, which have structural and topological difference from others, the five major rivers in the Korean Peninsula demonstrate similar characteristics of flora, life forms, growth forms, and eco-types, similar distribution characteristics of aquatic plants, and very similar species composition of riparian areas and water bodies. Therefore, the distribution characteristics of stream plants were not significantly different. However, life forms of the Korean peninsular and life forms of forest vegetation (Mt. Jirisan) were considerably different in terms of spatial location of the plant distribution, dominant communities, the topography, and the soils, which resulted in a greate difference of life forms. This difference presumably derives from the overall physical, chemical and biological factors of the plant distribution areas.
Compared to the Mangyeongang river (midstream), which is smaller than the five major rivers, Hydatophytes (HHs) showed 1.2 times more while Therophtyes (Ths) had 0.8 time higher in case of species composition. Compared to the Gyeongancheon stream, 1.4 times of Hydatophytes (HHs) were observed while Therophytes (Ths) were the almost same. Compared to the Gwangjucheon river, a urban river, Hydatophytes (HHs) was 3.5 times more while Therophytes (Ths) was almost similar. The figures lead us to conclusion that the level of river disturbance determines the rate of life forms.
Particularly, the comparison with Jeju Island and its Musucheon stream discovered 14.8 times more Hydatophytes (HHs) and 0.8 time more Therophytes (Th). Compared to the Gangcheoncheon stream, 2.3 times more of Hydapophytes (HHs) were found while 0.6 times of Therophytes (Th) was distributed. This is seen as a result of reflecting the structural, functional, and geographical characteristics of rivers and streams on Jeju Island.
The criteria for valuation of resources were established to assess the value of resource plants in line with the space for use of resource plants distributed in the five rivers. Resource plants were selected based on the criteria, which include native plants, landscapes, provision of habitats, feeding animals, erosion prevention, and water purification.
The valuation of the selected resource plants was classified into 12 categories: suitability of the utilized space, regional availability, national availability, potential, harmonization, resiliency, ease of use, biodiversity, relative importance from the landscape ecology perspective, the size of natural communities of used plants, tipicallity of stream vegetation and the environmental adaptability of the river. The rating was assigned as 1st-, 2nd-, and 3rd-grades. The 1st grade was rated as significantly high value, the 2nd grade was evaluated as high value and the 3rd grade was classified as valuable.
The first grade of resource plants classified by the valuation criteria include total 40 species such as Phragmites communis, Phragmites japonica, Iris ensata var. spontanea, Miscanthus sacchariflorus, Alisma plantago-aquatica var. orientale, and Sparganium stoloniferum. There are the 47 second-grade plants: Hydrilla verticillata, Sium suave, Myriophyllum verticillatum, Salix gilgiana, and Miscanthus sinensis var. purpurascens, while the 23 species are judged as the third-grade: Aster yomena, Glycine soja, Chelidonium majus var. asiaticum, Hydrocharis dubia, Aristolochia contorta, and Lysimachia clethroides.
The flora of the fiver major rivers showed very similar species composition, but certain species were observed only in specific rivers because of climatic characteristics of vegetation distribution triggered by different longitudes. Additionally, various river environments contribute to life forms and growth forms of plants, but the forms are different in developed areas including floodplain and banks because of some naturalized plants and planted species. The species composition resulted fromthe evaluation of the resource value of the plants distributed in the 5 rivers are very similar. Therefore, with the exception of some species, it is deemed that plant resources distributed in a particular stream out of the five major rivers are sufficiently applicable to the restoration of vegetation in the five major rivers and tributaries.
주제어
#life forms eco-types the evaluation of the resource value Stream Plant resource plants 하천식물 자원식물 생활형 생태형 가치평가
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